政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/68305
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113325/144300 (79%)
造访人次 : 51153845      在线人数 : 849
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/68305


    题名: 論阿拉伯之春期間內戰是否發生：以阿爾及利亞和利比亞為例
    Whether Civil War Happened During the Arab Spring: Exemplified by Algeria and Libya
    作者: 楊邵帆
    Yang, Shao Fan
    贡献者: 劉長政
    Liu, Chang Cheng
    楊邵帆
    Yang, Shao Fan
    关键词: 內戰
    阿拉伯之春
    和平持續期
    半民主
    阿爾及利亞
    利比亞
    civil war
    Arab Spring
    peace duration
    anocracy
    Algeria
    Libya
    日期: 2013
    上传时间: 2014-08-06 11:55:18 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本文主要關注：何種原因造成2011年阿拉伯之春期間的內戰發生與否。在評估由Boix、Collier和Hoeffler，以及Fearon和Laitin所提出的內戰理論後，我發現單獨適用Collier和Hoeffler即可有效又簡約地解釋阿拉伯之春期間的情況。此外，我認為「和平持續期」(peace duration)和「半民主」(anocracy)可能是內戰的必要條件。為了進一步確認理論的解釋力，我將焦點轉移至探索造成理論預測例外（如阿爾及利亞和利比亞）的原因。最後，我提出對理論發展和政策的一些建議。
    The main concern of this study lies in what is the cause behind whether civil war broke out during the Arab Spring (2011). By evaluating civil war theories by Boix, Collier and Hoeffler, and Fearon and Laitin, I find that applying the theory by Collier and Hoeffler alone can effectively and parsimoniously explains the situation during the Arab Spring. In addition, I identify two variables: “peace duration” and “anocracy”, which might be the necessary conditions behind the civil wars during the Arab Spring. To further assure the explanatory power of theories, I switch the focus to explore the reasons why there are exceptions, such as Algeria and Libya, out of the theoretical prediction. Finally, I present some recommendations for theoretical development and policy.
    參考文獻: "Algeria Police Prevent Fresh Opposition Rally." (Feb. 19, 2011). BBC. Web. Jun. 10, 2014.
    "Algeria Protesters Push for Change." (Feb. 12, 2011). Al Jazeera. Web. Jun. 10, 2014.
    "Arab Barometer Survey Project: Algeria Report." (2009). Arab Barometer. Web. May 30, 2014.
    "Bahrain Courts Ruling in Activists Case." (Apr. 23, 2013). Al Jazeera. Web. Apr. 9, 2014.
    "Bomb Blast Kills Three Bahrain Policemen." (Mar. 3, 2014). BBC. Web. Apr. 9, 2014.
    "China Recognizes Libya`s Ntc as Ruling Authority, Representative of People." (Sep. 12, 2011). Xinhua News Agency. Web. Jun. 6, 2014.
    "Egypt Unrest: 846 Killed in Protests - Official Toll." (Apr. 19, 2011). BBC. Web. Jun. 10, 2014.
    "Field Reports for Arab-Barometer Survey." (2009). Arab Barometer. Web. May 30, 2014.
    "Focus-Libya: Frattini, the Ntc Is Italy’s Only Interlocutor." (Apr. 4, 2011). Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Web. Jun. 6, 2014.
    "Fourth Meeting of the Libya Contact Group - Chair`s Statement." (Jul. 15, 2011). U.S. Department of State. Web. Jun. 6, 2014.
    "Germany Recognises Libya Rebel Council - Rebel Says." (Jun. 13, 2011). Reuters. Web. Jun. 6, 2014.
    "Libya (2011 – First Combat Deaths)." (Aug. 2013). Project Ploughshares: Research and Action on Peace. Web. Nov. 5, 2013.
    "Libya: France Recognises Rebels as Government." (Mar. 10, 2011). BBC. Web. Jun. 6, 2014.
    "Middle East Unrest as It Happened." (Feb. 16, 2011). BBC. Web. Jun. 5, 2014.
    MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7 ed. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 2009. Print.
    "Results of the Arab Barometer Surveys for 2006." (2009). Arab Barometer. Web. May 30, 2014.
    "Statement by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs." (Sep. 1, 2011). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. Web. Jun. 6, 2014.
    "Syria (2011 – First Combat Deaths)." (Aug. 2013). Project Ploughshares: Research and Action on Peace. Web. Nov. 5, 2013.
    "UN Casualty Figures for December, 2013, Deadliest since 2008 in Iraq." (Jan. 2, 2014). United Nations Iraq. Web. Apr. 9, 2014.
    "UN Casualty Figures for November 2013." (Jan. 2, 2014). United Nations Iraq. Web. Apr. 9, 2014.
    "Yemen (2004 – First Combat Deaths)." (Aug. 2013). Project Ploughshares: Research and Action on Peace. Web. Nov. 5, 2013.
    "Yemen President Sacks 2 Army Chiefs after Houthis Advance." (Jul. 13, 2014). Yemen Fox. Web. Jul. 14, 2014.
    Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif. "Libya, Social Origins of Dictatorship, and the Challenge for Democracy." The Journal of the Middle East and Africa 3 (2012): 70-81. Print.
    Ajami, Fouad. "The Arab Spring at One: A Year of Living Dangerously." Foreign Affairs 91.2 (2012): 56-65. Print.
    Al-Jamali, Ra`id Zuhair. "Oman, Kind of Not Quiet?" POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 29-31. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Al-Rasheed, Madawi. "Yes, It Could Happen Here." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 21-24. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Al-Werfalli, Mabroka. Political Alienation in Libya: Assessing Citizens` Political Attitude and Behaviour. Reading: Ithaca Press, 2011. Print.
    Alesina, Alberto, et al. "Fractionalization." Journal of Economic Growth 8.2 (2003): 155-94. Print.
    Álvarez-Ossorio, Ignacio. "Syria`s Sruggling Civil Society." Middle East Quarterly 19.2 (2012): 23-32. Print.
    Ashour, Omar. Islamists in a Changing Middle East. Ed. Lynch, Marc. 2012. Web. Apr. 1, 2014.
    Auty, Richard M. "The Political Economy of Resource-Driven Growth." European Economic Review 45 (2001): 839-46. Print.
    Ayoob, Mohammed. "State Making, State Breaking, and State Failure." Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managin International Conflict. Eds. Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2001. 127-42. Print.
    Babbie, Earl. The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2010. Print.
    Bennett, Andrew, and Alexander L. George. "Case Studies and Process Tracing in History and Political Science: Similar Strokes for Different Foci." Bridges and Boundaries: Historians, Political Scientists, and the Study of International Relations. Eds. Elman, Colin and Mirian Fendius Elman. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2001. 137-66. Print.
    Boix, Carles. "Civil Wars and Guerrilla Warfare in the Contemporary World: Toward a Joint Theory of Motivations and Opportunities." Order, Conflict, and Violence. Eds. Kalyvas, Stathis N., Ian Shapiro and Tarek Masoud. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 197-218. Print.
    Brahimi, Alia. "Libya`s Revolution." The Journal of North African Studies 16.4 (2011): 605-24. Print.
    Brumberg, Daniel. "Sustaining Mechanics of Arab Autocracies." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 7-10. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Brynen, Rex, et al. Beyond the Arab Spring: Authoritarianism & Democratization in the Arab World. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2012. Print.
    Carr, Adam. "People`s Democratic Republic of Algeria: Legislative Elections of 17 May 2007." Psephos: Adam Carr`s Electoral Archive. Web. May 30, 2014.
    ---. "People`s Democratic Republic of Algeria: Legislative Elections of 30 May 2002." Psephos: Adam Carr`s Electoral Archive. Web. May 30, 2014.
    ---. "People`s Republic of Algeria: Legislative Elections of 5 June 1997." Psephos: Adam Carr`s Electoral Archive. Web. May 30, 2014.
    ---. "People`s Republic of Algeria: Presidential Elections of 8 April 2004." Psephos: Adam Carr`s Electoral Archive. Web. May 30, 2014.
    ---. "People`s Republic of Algeria: Presidential Elections of 9 April 2009." Psephos: Adam Carr`s Electoral Archive. Web. May 30, 2014.
    ---. "People`s Republic of Algeria: Presidential Elections of 15 April 1999." Psephos: Adam Carr`s Electoral Archive. Web. May 30, 2014.
    Catalano, Serida Lucrezia. "Shari`a Reforms and Power Maintenance: The Cases of Family Law Reforms in Morocco and Algera." The Journal of North African Studies 15.4 (2010): 535-55. Print.
    Central Intelligence Agency. "World Factbook." (various years). Central Intelligence Agency. Web. Jan. 31, 2013.
    Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz. "The Price of Wealth: Business and State in Labor Remittance and Oil Economy." International Organization 43.1 (1989): 101-45. Print.
    Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. "Data for `Greed and Grievance in Civil Wars`." (2004). Anke Hoeffler Publications and Work in Progress. Web. Oct. 4, 2013.
    ---. "Greed and Grievance in Civil War." Oxford Economic Papers 56.4 (2004): 563-95. Print.
    Cordesman, Anthony H., and Sam Khazai. Iraq in Crisis. Washington: Center for Strategic & International Studies, 2014. Print.
    Daadaoui, Mohamed. "A Moroccan Monarchical Exception?" POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 35-37. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Dalacoura, Katerina. "The 2011 Uprisings in the Arab Middle East: Political Change and Geopolitical Implications." International Affairs 88.1 (2012): 63-79. Print.
    Davidson, Christopher M. "Yes, the Gulf Monarchies Are in Trouble." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 17-18. Web. Dec. 24, 2013.
    Deeb, Marius K. "Libya." Political Parties of the Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Tachau, Frank. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994. 369-79. Print.
    Dorlian, Samy. "The Ṣa`da War in Yemen: Between Politics and Sectarianism." The Muslim World 101 (2011): 182-201. Print.
    Eckstein, Harry. "On the Etiology of Internal Wars." History and Theory 4.2 (1965): 133-63. Print.
    El Fathaly, Omar I. and Monte Palmer. Political Development and Social Change in Libya. Lexington: Lexington Books, 1980. Print.
    Entelis, John P. "Algeria: Democracy Denied, and Revived?" The Journal of North African Studies 16.4 (2011): 653-78. Print.
    Fattah, Khaled. "Yemen: A Social Intifada in a Republic of Sheikhs." Middle East Policy 18.3 (2011): 79-85. Print.
    Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. "Additional Tables for `Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War`." (Feb. 6, 2003). Replication Data. Web. Nov. 19, 2013.
    ---. "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War." American Political Science Review 97.1 (2003): 75-90. Print.
    ---. "Replication Data for `Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War`." (Mar. 2003). Replication Data. Web. Nov. 19, 2013.
    Gause, F. Gregory, III. "Why Reform in the Gulf Monarchies Is a Family Feud." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 13-14. Web. Dec.1, 2013.
    George, Alexander L., and Andrew Bennett. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 2005. Print.
    Gladwell, Malcolm, and Clay Shirky. "From Innovation to Revolution: Do Social Media Make Protests Possible?" Foreign Affairs 90.2 (2011): 153-54. Print.
    Gleditsch, Nils Petter. "Armed Conflict and the Environment: A Critique of the Literature." Journal of Peace Research 35.3 (1998): 381-400. Print.
    Goldstone, Jack A. "Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in Middle Eastern Autocracies." Foreign Affairs 90.3 (2011): 8-16. Print.
    Haddad, Bassam. "The Political Economy of Syria: Realities and Challenges." Middle East Policy 18.2 (2011): 46-61. Print.
    ---. "Syria`s Stalemate: The Limits of Regime Resilience." Middle East Policy 19.1 (2012): 85-95. Print.
    Hagelstein, Roman. "Explaining the Violence Pattern of the Algerian Civil War." HiCN Working Paper. 43 (Mar. 2008): 1-28. Web. May 25, 2014.
    Hegre, Håvard, et al. "Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War 1816-1992." American Political Science Review 95.1 (2001): 16-33. Print.
    Henry, Clement M. "Algeria`s Agonies: Oil Rent Effects in a Bunker State." Islam, Democracy and the State in Algeria. Eds. Bonner, Michael, Megan Reif and Mark Tessler. London: Routledge, 2005. 82-92. Print.
    Herb, Michael. "Monarchism Matters." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 11-12. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Hertog, Steffen. "The Costs of Counter-Revolution in the GCC." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 19-21. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Hilsum, Lindsey. Sandstorm: Libya in the Time of Revolution. New York: The Penguin Press, 2012. Print.
    Hinnebusch, Raymond. "Syria: From `Authoritarian Upgrading` to Revolution?" International Affairs 88.1 (2012): 95-113. Print.
    Howard, Philip N., and Muzammil M. Hussain. "The Role of Digital Media." Journal of Democracy 22.3 (2011): 35-48. Print.
    Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1968. Print.
    ICG (International Crisis Group). "Breaking Point? Yemen`s Southern Question." Middle East Report. 114 (Oct. 20, 2011). International Crisis Group. Web. Jul. 14, 2014.
    ---. "Diminishing Returns: Algeri`s 2002 Legislative Elections." ICG Middle East Briefing. (Jun. 24, 2002). International Crisis Group. Web. May 30, 2014.
    ---. "The Huthis: From Saada to Sanaa." Middle East Report. (Jun. 10, 2014). International Crisis Group. Web. Jul. 14, 2014.
    ---. "Iraq`s Civil War, the Sadrists and the Surge." Middle East Report. 72 (Feb. 7, 2008). International Crisis Group. Web. Jul. 14, 2014.
    ---. "Make or Break: Iraq`s Sunnis and the State." Middle East Report. 144 (Aug. 14, 2013). International Crisis Group. Web. Jul. 14, 2014.
    ---. "The Next Iraqi War? Sectarianism and Civil Conflict." Middle East Report. 52 (Feb. 27, 2006). International Crisis Group. Web. Jul. 14, 2014.
    ---. "Popular Protest in North African and the Middle East (III): The Bahrain Revolt." Middle East/North Africa Report. 105 (Apr. 6, 2011). International Crisis Group. Web. Apr. 1, 2014.
    ---. "Popular Protest in North African and the Middle East (V): Making Sense of Libya." Middle East/North Africa Report. 107 (Jun. 6, 2011). International Crisis Group. Web. Apr. 1, 2014.
    ---. "Yemen: Defusing the Saada Time Bomb." Middle East Report. 86 (May 27, 2009). International Crisis Group. Web. Jul. 14, 2014.
    Ismael, Jacqueline S., and Shereen T. Ismael. "The Arab Spring and Uncivil State." Arab Studies Quarterly 35.3 (2013): 229-40. Print.
    Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. "Tracking Democracy`s Third Wave with the Polity Iii Data." Journal of Peace Research 32.4 (1995): 469-82. Print.
    Kapil, Arun. "Algeria." Political Parties of the Middle East and North Africa. Ed. Tachau, Frank. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994. 1-68. Print.
    Kaufman, Stuart J. "Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Test Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence." International Security 30.4 (2006): 45-86. Print.
    Khemissi, Hamidi, Ricardo René Larémont, and Taybi Taj Eddine. "Sufism, Salafism and State Policy Towards Religion in Algeria: A Survey of Algerian Youth." The Journal of North African Studies 17.3 (2012): 547-58. Print.
    Khondker, Habibul Haque. "Role of the New Media in the Arab Spring." Globalizations 8.5 (2011): 675-79. Print.
    Lacher, Wolfram. "Families, Tribes and Cities in the Libyan Revolution." Middle East Policy 18.4 (2011): 140-54. Print.
    Lacroix, Stéphanie. "Saudi Islamists and the Potential for Protest." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012). Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Leenders, Reinoud. "Social Movement Theory and the Onset of the Popular Uprising in Syria." Arab Studies Quarterly 35.3 (2013). Print.
    Lesch, Ann M. "Egypt`s Spring: Causes of the Revolution." Middle East Policy 18.3 (2011): 35-48. Print.
    Levy, Jack S., and William R. Thompson. "Civil War." Causes of War. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2010. 187-204. Print.
    Lust-Okar, Ellen. "Legislative Elections in Hegemonic Authoritarian Regimes: Competitive Clientelism and Resistance to Democratization." Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition. Ed. Lindberg, Staffan I. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. 226-355. Print.
    Lynch, Marc. "Does Arab Monarchy Matter?" POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 5-6. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce. The Berber Identity Movement and the Challeng to Northe African States. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2011. Print.
    ---. "Is Morocco Immune to Upheaval?" Middle East Quarterly 19.1 (2012): 87-93. Print.
    Mancini, Luca, Frances Stewart, and Graham K. Brown. "Approaches to the Measurement of Horizontal Inequalities." Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 85-105. Print.
    Marshall, Monty G., Ted Robert Gurr, and Keith Jaggers. "Dataset Users` Manual." (Apr. 21, 2013). Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2012. Web. Dec. 24, 2013.
    ---. "Polity IV Country Report 2010." (Jun. 1 and Aug. 1, 2011). Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2012. Web. Jul. 22, 2013.
    Mattes, Hanspeter. "Formal and Informal Authority in Libya since 1969." Libya since 1969: Qadhafi`s Revolution Revisited. Ed. Vandewalle, Dirk. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 55-81. Print.
    Matthiesen, Toby. "Saudi Arabia`s Shiite Problem." POMEPS Briefings (Dec. 19, 2012). Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    ---. "A `Saudi Spring?`: The Shi`a Protest Movement in the Eastern Province 2011-2012." Middle East Journal 66.4 (2012): 628-59. Print.
    Meier, Gerald M., and James E. Rauch. "Chapter III: International Trade and Technology Transfer." Leading Issues in Economic Development. 8th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 133-81. Print.
    Mortimer, Robert. "State and Army in Algeria: The `Bouteflika Effect`." The Journal of North African Studies 11.2 (2006): 155-71. Print.
    Niblock, Tim. "Pariah States" and Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2002. Print.
    Obeidi, Amal S. M. Political Culture in Libya. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001. Print.
    ---. "Political Elites in Libya since 1969." Libya since 1969: Qadhafi`s Revolution Revisited. Ed. Vandewalle, Dirk. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 105-26. Print.
    Pargeter, Alison. Libya: The Rise and Fall of Qaddafi. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2012. Print.
    ---. "Qadhafi and Political Islam in Libya." Libya since 1969: Qadhafi`s Revolution Revisited. Ed. Vandewalle, Dirk. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 83-104. Print.
    Phillips, Sarah. Yemen and the Politics of Permanent Crisis. Adelphi Series. New York: Routledge, 2011. Print.
    Reno, Willam. "Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars " Greed & Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Eds. Berdal, Mats and David M. Malone. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2000. 43-68. Print.
    Richards, Alan, and John Waterbury. A Political Economy of the Middle East. 3rd ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, Inc., 2007. Print.
    Ross, Michael L. "Oil, Drugs, and Diamonds: The Varying Roles of Natural Resources in Civil War." The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance. Eds. Ballentine, Karen and Jake Sherman. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. 47-70. Print.
    ---. "What Do We Know About Natural Resources and Civil War?" Journal of Peace Research 41.3 (2004): 337-56. Print.
    ---. "Will Oil Drown the Arab Spring? Democracy and the Resource Curse." Foreign Affairs 90.5 (2011): 2-7. Print.
    Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Andrew M. Warner. "Natural Resources and Economic Development: The Curse of Natural Resources." European Economic Review 45 (2001): 827-38. Print.
    Saikal, Amin. "Authoritarianism, Revolution and Democracy: Egypt and Beyond." Australian Journal of International Affairs 65.5 (2011): 530-44. Print.
    Salih, Kamal Eldin Osman. "The Roots and Causes of the 2011 Arab Uprisings." Arab Studies Quarterly 35.2 (2013): 184-206. Print.
    Sarkees, Meredith Reid, and Frank Wayman. Resort to War: 1816 - 2007. CQ Press, 2010. Print.
    Seeley, Nicholas. "Jordan Is Not About to Collapse." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012): 32-35. Web. Dec. 1, 2013.
    Seibold, Marisol. "Algeria: "Radical Islamist" Set to Create New Political Party." (Nov. 27, 2011). Jihad Watch. Web. May 30, 2014.
    Shahin, Emad El-Din. "The Egyptian Revolution: The Power of Mass Mobilization and the Spirit of Tahrir Square." Journal of the Middle East and Africa 3 (2012): 46-69. Print.
    Shehata, Dina. "The Fall of the Pharaoh: How Hosni Mubarak`s Reign Came to an End." Foreign Affairs 90.3 (2011): 26-32. Print.
    Shirky, Clay. "The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change." Foreign Affairs 90.1 (2011): 28-I. Print.
    Soysa, Indra de. "Paradise Is a Bazaar? Greed, Creed, and Governance in Civil War, 1989-99 " Journal of Peace Research 39.4 (2002): 395-416. Print.
    St. John, Ronald Bruce. Libya: Continuity and Change. New York: Routledge, 2011. Print.
    Stewart, Frances. "Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: An Introduction and Some Hypotheses." Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies. Ed. Stewart, Frances. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. 3-24. Print.
    ---. "Horizontal Inequalities as a Source of Conflict." From Reaction to Conflict Prevention: Opportunities for the UN System. Eds. Hampson, Fen Osler and David M. Malone. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2002. 105-36. Print.
    Sueur, James D. Le. Algeria since 1989: Between Terror and Democracy. Black Point, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing Ltd, 2010. Print.
    Talhamy, Yvette. "Syrian Muslim Brotherhood." Middle East Quarterly 19.2 (2012): 33-40. Print.
    Tlemçani, Rachid. "Algeria under Bouteflika: Civil Strife and National Reconciliation." Carnegie Papers. 7 (Feb. 2008): 1-18. Web. May 25, 2014.
    Tobin, Sarah A. "Jordan`s Arab Spring: The Middle Class and Anti-Revolution." Middle East Policy 19.1 (2012): 96-109. Print.
    Vandewalle, Dirk. A History of Modern Libya. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print.
    Vanhanen, Tatu. Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries. London: Routledge, 1997. Print.
    Volpi, Frédéric. "Algeria Versus the Arab Spring." Journal of Democracy 24.3 (2013): 104-15. Print.
    ---. "Algeria`s Pseudo-Democratic Politics: Lessons for Democratization in the Middle East." Democratization 13.3 (2006): 442-55. Print.
    Vreeland, James Raymond. "The Effect of Political Regime on Civil War: Unpacking Anocracy." Journal of Conflict Resolution 52.3 (2008): 401-25. Print.
    ---. "The Effect of Political Regime on Civil War: Unpacking Anocracy - The Web Appendix." (2008) 1-23. Georgetown University. Web. Dec. 22, 2013.
    Waal, Alex De. "African Roles in the Libya Conflict of 2011." International Affairs 89.2 (2013): 365-79. Print.
    Wantchekon, Leonard. "Why Do Resource Dependent Coutries Have Authoritarian Governments?" (2000). Web. 2013.12.24.
    Watt, Nicholas. "Britain Recognises Libyan Rebels and Expels Gaddafi`s London Embassy Staff." (Jul. 27, 2011). The Guardian. Web. Jun. 6, 2014.
    Werenfels, Isabelle. Managing Instability in Algeria: Elites and Political Change since 1995. New York: Routledge, 2007. Print.
    Willis, Michael J. "Political Parties in the Maghrib: Ideology and Identification. A Suggested Typology." The Journal of North African Studies 7.3 (2002): 1-28. Print.
    ---. "Political Parties in the Maghrib: The Illusion of Significance?" The Journal of North African Studies 7.2 (2002): 1-22. Print.
    Winter, Lucas. "Conflict in Yemen: Simple People, Complicated Circumstances." Middle East Policy 18.1 (2011): 102-20. Print.
    World Bank. "World Development Indicators." (various years). World Bank. Web. Sep. 27, 2013.
    Worral, James. "Oman: The `Forgotten` Corner of the Arab Spring." Middle East Policy 19.3 (2012): 98-115. Print.
    Yaphe, Judith S. "Republic of Iraq." The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa. Eds. Long, David E., Bernard Reich and Mark Gasiorowski. 6th ed. Boulder: Westview Press, 2011. 123-59. Print.
    Yom, Sean L. "The Survival of the Arab Monarchies." POMEPS Briefings. 16 (Dec. 19, 2012) 14-16. Project on Middle East Political Science. Web. Dec 1, 2013.
    Zoubir, Yahia H., and Ahmed Aghrout. "Algeria`s Path to Reform: Authentic Change?" Middle East Policy 19.2 (2012): 66-83. Print.
    Zunes, Stephen. "Bahrain`s Arrested Rebolution." Arab Studies Quarterly 35.2 (2013): 149-64. Print.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    100253025
    102
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G1002530253
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[外交學系] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 大小格式浏览次数
    025301.pdf850KbAdobe PDF2544检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈