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    题名: 俄羅斯婦女的政治參與─以國家杜馬為例
    Political participation of Russian women: the case of state Duma
    作者: 曾冠綸
    贡献者: 林永芳
    曾冠綸
    关键词: 女性代表背景
    政治文化
    政治參與
    俄羅斯婦女
    國家杜馬
    The Background of Female Deputies
    Political Culture
    Political Participation
    Russian Women
    State Duma
    日期: 2013
    上传时间: 2013-10-01 14:34:19 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 以學者Pamela Paxton對於「女性參與民主」的形式作為本研究的主軸──依照參與程度劃分了「正式的代表性」、「書面上的代表性」、「實質上的代表性」這三種層次。作者藉由Paxton的研究成果作為研究途徑，並參考文獻資料、統計數據、新聞報導，及國際組織之研究報告，對俄羅斯婦女參與國家杜馬運作的情形進行分析與研究。
    本論文的內容劃分成三大部分：首先概括性從全球各區域及後共歐洲國家的國會女性代表現況作為開頭，再以Paxton對於「女性參與民主」的形式來檢視俄羅斯國家杜馬當中的女性代表參與程度。第二部分將以「微觀」的角度來探討歷屆國家杜馬女性代表的背景研究，包含：當選年齡、教育程度及職業背景、委員會的選擇，以統計數據及表格的方式來探討其特性及變化趨勢。最後的部分，探究了國家杜馬女性代表的貢獻與困境，當中以提升婦女權利的法案制定與列出表現傑出的女性代表以肯定女性代表的貢獻；再由「選舉制度與政黨」與「政治文化」兩種面相來探討俄羅斯婦女投身於國家杜馬選舉時所面臨的困境。
    整體而言，俄羅斯國家杜馬當中的女性代表需要更積極性的替廣大的俄羅斯女性制訂出對她們有益與利的相關法案，並且也需要積極地改變父權觀點，進一步改變傳統的角色定位，以能發揮影響俄羅斯政治圈及社會的力量。
    The main approach of the thesis is Pamela Paxton’s research for “women`s representation in democracy”. In Paxton’s view, there are three levels of different degrees of representation: formal representation, descriptive representation, and substantive representation. With the purpose to analyse the the contempoary situation and trend of Russian women’s political participation in State Duma, so this thesis is composed of literatures, statistics, Russian news websites, and reports from international research institutions.

    This thesis is divided for three main topics: At first, the article starts from general introduction of global and Post-Communist Europe women political participation in the parliaments. The second part is with “microcosmic” way to review the background of female deputies of State Duma from the first convocation (in 1993) to the sixth convocation (in 2011), inclusive of age, the educational level, occupation before being elected, and committees choosing. The final part discusses contributes and predicaments of Russian female deputies of State Duma.

    Generally speaking, the female deputies of State Duma have to be more positive to legislate for bringing benefits to a large number of Russian women. Moreover, they also have to be more positive to overcome the viewpoint and redirect the gender role from traditional political culture of patriarchy society. Therefore, the female deputies of State Duma will have more influences on the Russian politics and society.
    參考文獻: 一、 中文文獻
    專書
    郭武平，1999，《俄羅斯的政黨政治》，台北：五南出版社。
    盛杏湲，2008，〈民主政治〉，於陳義彥(主編)《政治學》，台北；五南圖書出
    版公司。
    盛杏湲，2008，〈政治參與〉，於陳義彥(主編)《政治學》，台北；五南圖書出
    版公司。

    期刊
    王業立、蘇子喬，2010，「為何廢棄混合式選舉制度？－義大利、俄羅斯與泰國
    選制改革之研究」，東吳政治學報，第28卷第三期，頁1-81。
    胡昊，2000，「俄羅斯國家杜馬選舉後的政局」，世界縱橫，第1期，頁16-
    17。
    張淑伶，2013，〈台灣性別平等世界第四強的背後〉，《全球中央》，No.31，
    頁54-55。
    姜貞吟，2005，〈兩性參政之現況問題與未來展望〉，《國家政策季刊》，第
    4:1期，頁33-68．
    楊婉瑩，2000，〈選舉制度對婦女參政影響之評估〉，《理論與政策》，第十四
    卷第四期，頁71-90。
    趙竹成，2006，「俄羅斯聯邦選舉制度與總統職權」，問題與研究，第45卷第一
    期，頁53-79。
    戴隆斌，2004，「俄羅斯杜馬選舉後的政黨政治格局及其影響」，當代世界與社
    會主義，第一期，頁99-100。

    論文
    王名騄，1994，《女性菁英政治參與之分析—以第五屆女性立委為例》，台北：
    國立政治大學中山人文社會科學研究所碩士論文。
    李鴻儀，2010，《普丁時期俄國婦女地位之研究》，台北：國立政治大學俄羅斯
    研究所碩士論文。
    林宜瑾，2012，《台灣基層女性參政之困境分析─以縣市議員為例》，國立成功大
    學政治經濟研究所碩士論文。
    洪國禎，2005，《俄羅斯政黨與選舉：以2003-2004選舉週期為例》，台北：國
    立政治大學俄羅斯研究所碩士論文。
    茅慧青，1985，《蘇聯婦女地位之研究》，台北：國立政治大學東亞研究所碩士
    論文。

    二、 西文文獻

    專書
    Anderson, Richard D., “Russian Constitution and Women’s
    Political Opportunities,” in Wilma Rule and Norma C.
    Noonan eds, Russian women in politics and society.
    (Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1996), pp. 135-153.
    Belin, Laura and Orttung, Robert W., The Russian
    Parliamentary Elections of 1995 : The Battle for the
    Duma. (Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 1997)
    Cook, Linda J. and Nechemias, Carol, “Women in the Russian
    State Duma,” in Marilyn Rueschemeyer & Sharon L.Wolchic
    eds., Power in Post-Communist Parliaments. (Bloomington:
    Indiana University Press, 2009), pp. 25-60.
    Franklin, Diane W. and Sweeney, Joan L., “Women and
    Corporate Power,” in Ellen Boneparth and Emily Stoper
    eds, Women, Power, and Policy : Toward the Year 2000.
    (New York : Pergamon Press, 1988)
    Gal, Susan and Kligman, Gail,“After Socialism”, in Susan
    Gal and Gail Kligman eds, The Politics of Gender After
    Socialism. (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2000),
    pp. 3-14.
    Matland, Richard E. “Women’s Representation in Post-
    Communist Europe,” in Richard E. Matland, and Kathleen
    A. Montgomery eds., Women’s Access to Political Power in
    Post-Communist Europe. (Oxford : Oxford University Press,
    2003) , pp. 321-342.
    Moser, Robert & Thames, Frank, Compromise Amidst Political
    Conflict in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of
    Both Worlds? (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
    Moser, Robert G., Unexpected Outcomes: Electoral Systems,
    Political Parties, and Representation in Russia.
    (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001)
    Norris, Pippa and Lovenduski, Joni, Political
    Recruitment :Gender, Race and Class in the British
    Parliament. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
    Norris, Pippa, “Legislative Recruitment,” in Lawrence
    LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi, and Pippa Norris eds., Comparing
    Democracies. (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications,
    1996)
    Nechemias, Carol, “Women’s Participation: From Lenin to
    Gorbachev,” in Wilma Rule and Norma C. Noonan eds,
    Russian women in politics and society. (Westport, Conn :
    Greenwood Press, 1996), pp. 15-30.
    Paxton, Pamela, Gender and Democratization in Christian W.
    Haerpfer eds, Democratization. (New York: Oxford
    University Press, 2009)
    Phillips, Anne, The Politics of Presence: The Political
    Representation of Gender,Ethnicity and Race. (Oxford:
    Clarendon Press, 1995)
    Pilkington, Hilary, “Behind the Mask of Soviet Unity:
    Realities of Women’s Lives,” in Chris Corrin ed,
    Superwomen and the Double Burden: Women`s Experience of
    Change in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former
    Soviet Union. (Toronto: Second Story Press, 1992).
    Norris, Pippa & Lovenduski, Joni. Political Recruitment:
    Gender, Race, and Class in British Parliament.
    (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
    Rule, Wilma and Noonan, Norma C.. Russian Women in Politics
    and Society. (Westport, Conn : Greenwood Press, 1996)
    Remington, Thomas F., “Putin, the Duma, and Political
    Parties,” in Dale R. Herspring ed , Putin’s Russia:
    Past Imperfect, Future Uncertain.( Lanham : Rowman &
    Littlefield, 2005)
    Schleiter, Petra and Morgan-Jones, Edward, “Russia: the
    Benefits and Perils of Presidential Leadership,” in
    Thomas F. Remington ed, Parliamentary Politics in Russia.
    (New York : Longman, 2004), pp. 43-61

    期刊
    Andreenkova, Anna V, “Women’s Representation in the
    Parliament of Russia and Ukraine,” Sociological
    Research, Vol.41, No.2 (2002), pp.5-25.
    De Young, Alan J., “ Gender and the Pedagogical Mission in
    Higher Education in Tajikistan,” European Education,
    Vol. 44, No. 2(2012), pp. 44-64.
    Galligan, Yvonne and Clavero, Sara, “Prospects for
    Women’s Legislative Representation in Post-socialist
    Europe,” Gender and Society, Vol.2, No.22 (2008), pp.
    149-171.
    Kenworthy, Lane and Malami, Melissa, “Gender Inequality in
    Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative
    Analysis. ” Social Forces, Vol.78, No. 1(1999), pp. 235-
    268.
    Kitschelt, Herbert, “Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-
    Communist Democracies: Theoretical Propositions,” Party
    Politics, Vol. 11 (1995), pp. 447-472.
    McFaul, Michael and Petrov, Nikolai, “What the Elections
    Tell Us,” Journal of Democracy, Vol.15, Issue 3 (2004),
    pp. 20-31.
    Nechemias, Carol, “Politics in Post-Soviet Russia: Where
    Are the Women?”Demokratizatsiya, Vol.8, No.2 (2000),
    pp.199- 217.
    Paxton, Pamela and Kunovich, Sheri, “Women’s Political
    Representation: The Importance of Ideology,” Social
    Forces, Vol. 82 (2003), pp. 87-114
    Pinterič, Uroš, “ Developing a Parliamentary Seniority
    System – A Case Study of Slovenia.” Problems of Post-
    Communism, Vol. 58, No. 6 (2011), pp. 36 - 47.
    Shevchenko, Iulia, “Who Cares About Women’s Problems?
    Female Legislators in 1995 and 1999 Russian State
    Dumas.” Europe-Asia Studies. Vol.54, No.8(2002), pp.
    1201-1222.
    Sperling, Valerie, “The Fair Sex in an Unfair System: The
    Gendered Effects of Putin’s Political Reforms,” PONARS
    Policy Memo, No. 398, pp. 193-198.
    Studlar, Donley T. and Matland, Richard E., “The Contagion
    of Women Candidates in Single-Member District and
    Proportional Representation Electoral Systems,” Journal
    of Politics, Vol. 58, No.3(1996), pp. 707-733.

    三、 研究報告
    “Women in Parliament in 2012-The Year in Perspective.”
    Inter-Parliament Union, retrieved 2013/06/30,
    (http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/WIP2012E.pdf)
    “ Parliamentary Elections in the Russia Federation Press
    Release.” OSCEPA, retrieved 2013/06/11.
    (http://www.oscepa.org/election-observation/election-
    statements/119-statements/1175-russian-federation)
    “ International Election Observation Mission Russian
    Federation Election of Deputies to the State Duma.”
    OSCEPA Parliamentary Assembly, retrieved 2013/06/11.

    四、 網路資料
    Fedorenko, Vladimir,《New Ranking of Russia’s 100 Most
    Influential Women Released》, RIA Hovosti, retrieved
    2013/3/5.
    (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130304/179806679/New-Ranking-
    of-Russias-100-Most-Influential-Women-Released.html)
    Pitalev, Ilya,《Russian Parliamentary Deputies Elect
    Committee Chairs》, RIA Hovosti, retrieved 2013/6/22.(
    http://en.rian.ru/russia/20111221/170412515.html)
    Inter-Parliament Union Parline Database on National
    Parliaments
    (http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/parlinesearch.asp )
    《100 самых влиятельных женщин России – рейтинг》, Радио
    ЭХО Москвы, retrieved 2013/3/5.
    (http://echo.msk.ru/blog/echo_rating/1019316-echo/)
    “UIS Statistics In Brief Education (all levels) profile -
    Russian Federation.” UNESCO, retrieved 2013/06/08.
    (http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.asp
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    anguage=eng&BR_Country=6430&BR_Region=40530)
    “Women Should Get Time Off During Menstruation –
    Lawmaker” 2013/07/29. RIA Novosti, retrieved 2013/08/11.
    (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20130729/182474754/Women-Should-
    Get-Time-Off-During-Menstruation--Lawmaker.html)
    《Как вы считаете, насколько эффективна сегодня
    деятельность женщин-политиков?》, Российская Федерация
    Сегодня, retrieved 2013/8/22.
    (http://www.russia-today.ru/articlev.php?i=316)
    行政院性別平等會網站：
    http://www.gec.ey.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?
    =4F80950EF52341B3&sms=4ABB9A64AF5D421F&s=D60998CD1E103897
    俄羅斯國家杜馬網站：http://www.duma.gov.ru/structure/deputies/?
    letter=%D0%90
    俄羅斯國家杜馬委員會網站：
    http://www.duma.gov.ru/structure/committees/
    俄羅斯聯邦國家杜馬規章：
    http://www.duma.gov.ru/about/regulations/
    俄羅斯國家杜馬家庭、婦女和兒童委員會網站：
    http://www.komitet2-6.km.duma.gov.ru/site.xp/052057.html
    俄羅斯聯邦中央選舉委員會：http://www.cikrf.ru/
    聯合國開發計畫署(UNDP)網站：
    http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/gii/
    《“普京寶貝”紅遍俄羅斯政壇》，人民網網頁：
    (http://world.people.com.cn/BIG5/57505/7175942.html)，
    2008/4.28 (檢索日期：2013/6/11)
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    俄羅斯研究所
    100263005
    102
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0100263005
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[俄羅斯研究所] 學位論文

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