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    Title: 電子廢棄物貿易之國際法規適用問題研究
    The study of applicable international law on e-waste trade
    Authors: 陳姿妤
    Chen, Tzu Yu
    Contributors: 施文真
    陳姿妤
    Chen, Tzu Yu
    Keywords: 電子廢棄物
    國際貿易
    巴塞爾公約
    WTO貨品貿易原則
    E-waste
    International trade
    The Basel Convention
    WTO
    Date: 2010
    Issue Date: 2013-09-05 16:53:12 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 隨著時代的發展，電子產品已成為人類生活不可或缺的科技產物，而技術不斷更新的結果導致電子產品的汰舊換新速度加快，產生大量的電子廢棄物（E-waste）。而因為電子廢棄物仍具有高經濟利益，國際間之貿易行為增加，又，因電子廢棄物之再利用、回收及拆解等過程均會對環境造成很大的危害，其高汙染性也引起國際重視。

    因電子廢棄物貿易之高經濟性及高汙染性，應適用國際法規以完整規範，目前國際間管制電子廢棄物之法規有二：一為針對環境層面之巴塞爾公約（Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal），另一為針對貿易自由化之WTO（World Trade Organization）貨品貿易原則。

    研究探討後發現，兩國際公約仍然有其無法完整規範之處，而最主要的原因即為電子廢棄物於國際間無統一的分類及定義，分類不明的結果導致法規無法完整適用，電子廢棄物貿易行為無法受到管制。

    因此，本論文最後將就電子廢棄物給予分類建議，並且探討若電子廢棄物有適當且明確之分類後，法規之適用性大大提升，始可解決環境面與經濟面的難解問題。
    In recent years, electronic products have become more important and indispensable in the human life. With the development of technology, old and used electronic products fall into disuse, so lots of Electronic-Waste (e-waste) has been generated. Because of great economic benefits, the international e-waste trade has turned into a significant issue. In addition, the procedure of re-using, recycling and dismantling e-waste may cause serious damages to the environment. Therefore, the high pollution resulted by E-waste has caught the attention around the world.

    Due to the enormous benefits and pollution of e-waste trade, the international law should be applied to stipulate the trade behavior. Currently, there are two international laws controlling e-waste: one is the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal that with regard to environment aspect and another is the World Trade Organization (WTO) goods rules which concerning the trade liberalization. In this research, we find that there are still some shortages about these two laws that lead to the insufficiency of the scope of the laws and difficulty of stipulating the e-waste trade. The main reason is that there is no unified and specific classification and definition of the e-waste. The e-waste will be defined and categorized in this research paper, and then the applicability of the two laws will be significantly improved in order to solve the economic and environmental issues.

    Therefore, according to the laws of several countries, we further give a suggestion about the classification and definition of e-waste. After we have the specific classification of e-waste, the applicable laws become useful and accurate so that we can solve the existing problem between environment and economics.
    Reference: 一、中文部分
    1. 「二手手機回收暴利，翻新機利潤高達50%」，中國新浪網，2010年8月10日，網址：http://sh.sina.com.cn/news/s/2010-08-10/0849151961.html。
    2. 中國海關總署政法司，「固體廢物進口海關管理」，中國廢鋼鐵應用協會網，2009年6月23日，網址：http://www.chinascrap.org.cn/zcfg/2009-06-23/13785.shtml。
    3. 牛惠之，「國際環境公約與 GATT/WTO 之潛在衝突：論相關於環境之貿易措施與獎勵性措施之運用與爭議」，《國立臺灣大學法學論叢》，第 28 卷 第 4 期，1999年7月。
    4. 伊水，「電子廢棄物：金礦還是毒料」，中國環境資訊網，網址：www.epi88.com。
    5. 朱建庚，「廢物非法運輸法律問題探析」，《環境保護》，第二期，2008年。
    6. 行政院環境保護署，巴塞爾公約及我國廢棄物輸出輸入管理， 2003年12月，網址：http://wm.epa.gov.tw/web/basel-chi-92.pdf。
    7. 李宗翰，「巴塞爾公約架構下有害廢棄物越境運送之保險研究」，國立政治大學風險管理與保險學研究所碩士論文（2007）。
    8. 施曉恩，張毓欣，「東協－日本總括性經濟合作協定之發展與評析」，國立政治大學國際經貿法學研究中心經貿法訊，第77期，2008年12月23日，網址：http://www.tradelaw.nccu.edu.tw/。
    9. 科技產業資訊室，「電子廢棄物市場報導」，財團法人國家實驗研究院科技政策研究與資訊中心，2005年3月9日，網址：http://cdnet.stpi.org.tw/techroom/market/energy/energy016.htm。
    10. 胡慶山，「有害廢棄物越境轉移的國際法問題－以日本施行巴塞爾公約之相關檢討為例」，《台灣國際法季刊》，第三卷，第四期，2006年12月。
    11. 范建得，曹美慧，「巴塞爾公約法律議題發展及有害廢棄物非法越境轉移管控－以台灣經驗為例」，《台灣國際法季刊》，第二卷，第三期，2005年9月。
    12. 香港，廢棄物處置條例，網址：http://www.hklii.org/hk/legis/ch/ord/354/s2.html。
    13. 孫敏，「電子廢棄物的世界墳場：中國廣東貴嶼」，經典雜誌，第133期，2009年8月，網址：http://www.rhythmsmonthly.com/?p=6755。
    14. 高聖惕、李柏翰，「WTO－巴西對自歐體進口翻修胎限制措施案」，貿易救濟爭端解決案例分析，2007年。
    15. 張湘蘭、秦天寶，「控制危險廢物越境轉移的巴塞爾公約及其最新發展：從框架到實施」，《法學評論》，第4期，2003年。
    16. 經濟部國際貿易局，「歐盟－石棉及含石棉產品措施爭端解決案」，2003年11月3日。
    17. 綠色和平組織，「電子廢棄物回收在中國和印度：工作場所和環境汙染」，2005年8月17日，網址：http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/china/ch/press/reports/recycling-of-electronic-wastes.pdf。
    18. 趙家緯，「2007前瞻之科技垃圾：電子廢棄物的許諾與失落」，環境資訊中心，環境資訊電子報，2007年1月1日，網址：http://e-info.org.tw/node/18254。
    19. 蔡慧君，「巴塞爾公約與巴塞爾議定書賠償與責任規範之評析」，《國立中正大學法學集刊》，第14期，2004年1月。
    20. 蕭安瑾，「延伸生產者責任與WTO的關係」，中華經濟研究院WTO電子報，第53期，2006年1月14日，網址：http://www.wtocenter.org.tw/SmartKMS/fileviewer?id=79213。
    21. 藍學道，「美電子廢棄物被不肖廠商毒銷中國」，大紀元新聞網，2008年11月11日，網址：http://www.epochtimes.com.au/b5/8/11/11/n2326511.htm。
    22. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，元照，1999年。

    二、英文部分
    （一）書籍
    1. KUMMER, KATHARINA, TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES AT THE INTERFACE O ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE (1994).
    2. Yoshida, Aya & Michikazu Kojima, Transboundary Movement of Recyclable Resources: Current Management System and Practices in Japan, Promoting 3Rs in Developing Countries－Lessons from the Japanese Experience, in INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPING ECONOMICS－JAPAN EXTERNAL TRADE ORGANIZATION SPOT SURVEY, Vol. 30, Ch 7 (Aug. 2008).

    （二）期刊
    1. Bree, Axel, Free Trade in Waste?, 10 TOURO INTERNATIONAL LAW REVIEW 241 (2000).
    2. Brunner, Annick Emmenegger, Conflicts Between International Trade and Multilateral Environmental Agreements, 4 ANNUAL SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 74 (1997).
    3. Choksi, Sejal, Annual Review of Environmental and Natural Resources Law: International Law The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal: 1999 Protocol on Liability and Compensation, 28 ECOLOGY LAW QUARTERLY 509 (2001).
    4. Gudofsky, Jason L., Transboundary Shipments of Hazardous Waste Recycling and Recovery Operations, 34 STANFORD JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 219 (1998).
    5. Krishna, Manasvini & Pratiksha Kulshrestha, The Toxic Belt: Perspectives on E-Waste Dumping in Developing Nations, 15 U.C. DAVIS JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW & POLICY 71 (2008).
    6. Kuschnik, Bernhard, Article: The European Union’s Using Products-Eup-Directive 2005/32 EC Taking Transnational Eco-Product Design Regulations One Step Further, 27 TEMPLE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 1 (2008).
    7. Kutz, Jennifer, Comment: You’ve Got Waste: The Exponentially Escalating Problem of Hazardous E-Waste, 17 VILLANOVA ENVIRONMENTAL LAW JOURNAL 307 (2006).
    8. Lat, Tanya Karina A., Testing the Limits of GATT Art. XX(b): Toxic Waste Trade, Japan’s Economic Partnership Agreements, and the WTO, 21 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 367 (2009).
    9. Lin, Catherine K., Linan Yan, Andrew N. Davis, Article: Globalization, Extended Producer Responsibility and the Problem of Discarded Computers in China: An Exploratory Proposal for Environmental Protection, 14 GEORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW 525 (2002).
    10. Nogales, Francisco S., The NAFTA Environment Framework, Chapter 11 Investment Provisions, and the Environment, 8 ANNUAL SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL & COMPTIVE LAW 97 (2002).
    11. Pak, Phoenix, Note: Haste Make E-Waste: A Comparative Analysis of How the United States should Approach Growing E-waste Threat, 16 CARDOZO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 241 (2008).
    12. Schneider, William, The Basel Convention Ban on Hazardous Waste Exports: Paradigm of Efficacy or Exercise in Futility?, 20 SUFFOLK TRANSNATIONAL LAW REVIEW 247 (1996).
    13. Shearer, C. Russell H., Comparative Analysis of the Basel and Bamako Conventions on Hazardous Waste, 23 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 141 (1993).
    14. Templeton, Nicola J., The Dark Side of Recycling and Reusing Electronics: Is Washington’s E-Cycle Program Adequate?, 7 SEATTLE JOURNAL FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE 763 (2009).
    15. Thakker, Nisha, Ground for the World’s Electronic Waste, 6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY 58 (2006).
    16. Thakker, Nisha, Sound Chemicals Management: India’s Toxic Landfills: A Dumping Ground for the World’s Electronic Waste, 6 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LAW & POLICY 58 (2006).
    17. Towle, Holly K., Andrew H. Dyer, Michael W. Evans, Article: The European Union Directive on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: A Study in Trans-Atlantic Zealotry, 31 RUTGERS COMPUTER AND TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL 49 (2004).
    18. Vu, Hao-Nhien Q., The Law of Treaties and the Export of Hazardous Waste, 12 UCLA JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW & POLICY 389 (1994).
    19. Walsh, Maureen T., The Global Trade in Hazardous Wastes: Domestic and International Attempts to Cope with a Growing Crisis in Waste Management, 42 CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW 103 (1992).
    20. Wiser, Glenn M., The Clean Development Mechanism Versus The World Trade Organization: Can Free-Market Greenhouse Gas Emissions Abatement Survive Free Trade?, 11 GEORGETOWN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVIEW 531 (1999).
    21. Wold, Chris, Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the GATT: Conflict and Resolution?, 26 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 841 (1996).

    （三）GATT及WTO文件
    1. United States－Taxes on Automobiles, GATT Doc. DS/31/R (Oct. 11, 1994).
    2. Panel Report, Japan－Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WTO Doc. WT/DS8/R, WT/DS10/R, WT/DS11/R (July 11, 1996).
    3. Panel Report, EC－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS135/R (Sept. 18, 2000).
    4. Appellate Body Report, EC－Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS135/AB/R (Mar. 12, 2001).
    5. Panel Report, Brazil — Measures Affecting Imports Of Retreaded Tyres, WTO Doc. WT/DS332/R (June 12, 2007).
    6. Appellate Body Report, Brazil — Measures Affecting Imports Of Retreaded Tyres, WTO Doc. WT/DS332/AB/R (Dec. 3, 2007).

    （四）其他
    1. Anderson, Michael & Jacob Mohs, The Information Technology Agreement: An Assessment of World Trade in Information Technology Products, United States International Trade Commission Journal of International Commerce and Economics, (Jan, 2010), at http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/journals/info_tech_agreement.pdf.
    2. Basel Convention Coordinating Center for Asia and the Pacific, Report of the Project on “the Import/Export Management of E-waste and Used EEE” (June 30, 2009).
    3. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal.
    4. Basel Convention, Draft Technical Guidelines on Transboundary Movement of E-Waste, in Particular Regarding the Distinction between Waste and Non-Waste (Sept. 22, 2010).
    5. Basel Convention, Origins of the Convention, at http://www.basel.int/convention/basics.html.
    6. Basel Convention, Report of the Conference of the Parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal on its Eighth Meeting, Basel Doc. UNEP/CHW.8/16 (July 5, 2007).
    7. Cobbing, Madeleine, Toxic Tech: Not in Our Backyard, GREEN PEACE (Feb. 2008).
    8. Edie Legal Resource Centre, Checks Show Half EU Wastes Exports are Illegal, (Nov. 11, 2005), at http://blog.yam.com/echizenhikaru/article/29121829.
    9. Electronics TakeBack Coalition, An Issue Briefing Book: How Exporting Toxic Electronic Waste from U.S. Causes Harm Here and Abroad (Feb. 20, 2010).
    10. Hong Kong Environment Protection Department, Advice on Import and Export of Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment Having Hazardous Components or Constituents, (July, 2008), at http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/guide_ref/files/advice_on_e-waste.pdf.
    11. Luther, Linda, Managing Electronic Waste: Issues with Exporting E-Waste, Congressional Research Service, (Oct. 7, 2009), at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40850.pdf.
    12. Schwarzer, De Ono, Peduzzi, Giuliani, Kluser, E-Waste, the Hidden Side of IT Equipment’s Manufacturing and Use, United Nations Environment Programme, (Jan, 2005), at http://www.grid.unep.ch/product/publication/download/ew_ewaste.en.pdf.
    13. Sohrabji, Sunita, End of Life: India Attempts to Curb Deluge of E-Waste, IndiaWest.com, (Apr. 1, 2010), at http://www.indiawest.com.
    14. Solving the E-waste Problem, One Global Understanding of Re-Use－Common Definitions, StEP White Paper (Mar. 5, 2009).
    15. Solving the E-waste Problem, Recycling－From E-Waste to Resources, Sustainable Innovation and Technology Transfer Industrial Sector Studies (July, 2009).
    16. US Environment Protection Agency, Electronic Waste Management in the United States, Approach 1, (July 2008), at http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/docs/app-1.pdf.
    17. World Customs Organization, Harmonized System Committee 32nd Secession, Possible Amendments to the Nomenclature with Respect to Certain Categories of Waste (Proposal by the Basel Convention Secretariat) (Oct. 28, 2003).
    18. World Customs Organization, Harmonized System Committee 33nd Secession, Possible Amendments to the Nomenclature with Respect to Certain Categories of Waste (Apr. 14, 2004).
    19. World Customs Organization, Harmonized System Committee 39nd Secession, Classification of Electronic Waste (Mar. 6, 2007).
    20. World Customs Organization, Harmonized System Committee 40nd Secession, Updating of the Table Establishing A Correlation Between the Harmonized System and Selected International Conventions (Aug. 28, 2007).
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際經營與貿易研究所
    97351039
    99
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0973510391
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of International Business] Theses

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