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    Title: WTO政府採購協定市場開放談判之進展與前景
    The development and future of the market access negotiation of the agreement on government procurement under the WTO
    Authors: 曾大川
    Contributors: 楊光華
    Yang, Connie Guang Hwa
    曾大川
    Keywords: 政府採購協定
    市場開放談判
    美加政府採購協定
    WTO
    Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA)
    coverage negotiation
    Agreement between the Government of the United States of American and the Government of Canada on Government Procurement
    Date: 2009
    Issue Date: 2013-09-05 16:48:41 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: WTO政府採購協定（Agreement on Government Procurement, GPA）之談判進展深受各界關注，依據GPA第24條第7項(b)(c)款之規定，各會員自1997年展開內建談判，其中包括協定文字之修正與市場開放談判兩大層面。本文以市場開放談判為主要觀察面向，透過談判資料之整理，發現自2004年談判正式展開以來，會員之間針對談判定位與方向始終難以凝聚共識，使整體談判停滯不前；此外，本文以美國與加拿大為個案，分析其在談判過程提出之要求與回應清單，發現其新增適用GPA之內容相當有限，佐證談判停滯之現象。本文認為談判裹足不前的原因可能有三方面，分別是政府採購協定之談判利益與其他WTO協定之優惠無法互換、GPA會員未開放足夠誘因之新市場、各會員普遍受到保護產業政策與政治因素之掣肘。

    今（2010）年2月份，美國與加拿大雙方簽署政府採購協定，互惠開放部分政府採購市場納入協定適用範圍內，使WTO秘書長與許多會員期盼其對整體談判動能有所助益。本文檢視該協定後認為其對GPA市場開放談判可能無法產生實質幫助，不過其所彰顯之指標性意義卻不容忽視。市場開放談判以達成多邊化為目標之一，然而面對談判之阻礙，本文最後提出鼓勵會員重行推動透明化協定之談判，或許對於達成GPA的多邊化仍有其價值。
    The “built in” negotiation of the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), pursuant to Article XXIV:7 (b) & (c) of the GPA, includes two folds of negotiations: amendment of the text of the GPA and market access negotiation/coverage negotiation. This thesis mainly observes market access negotiation and concludes from relevant material that it is stalled due to absent consensus among members of the GPA on goals and directions of the negotiation. The thesis further demonstrates the impasse of the negotiation from limited expansion of coverage committed by the United States of America and Canada under the GPA. The thesis suggests three reasons behind the stalled market access negotiation: the coverage committed under the GPA cannot exchange for concessions under other WTO agreements; no substantial coverage has been expanded by existing members to motivate overall expansion of the GPA; the burden of protective industry policies and associated political pressures within each members of the GPA.

    The Unites States and Canada has concluded an Agreement on Government Procurement earlier this year (2010) in which it allows further expansion of coverage under the GPA on a reciprocal basis. After the conclusion of such Agreement, several members of the GPA and the Director-General of the WTO welcomed such development and expected new momentum of the negotiation shall be aroused. However, in view of the coverage committed in the Agreement, the thesis suggests it could be of little help to the negotiation in a substantial way, but the emblematic effect it might have on other members of the GPA is still worth noticing. In light of the current situation, the thesis finally provides that there might be merit to encourage members of the GPA to re-negotiate Transparency Agreement on Government Procurement in order to multilateralize the GPA.
    Reference: 一、中文文獻
    （一）、專書
    1. 羅昌發，政府採購法與政府採購協定論析（2008年）。
    （二）、期刊與其他資料
    1. 李貴英，『世界貿易組織：「韓國之政府採購措施」乙案之評析』，台灣在WTO規範下之經貿新頁（第一屆國際經貿法學發展研討會），楊光華主編（2001年8月）。
    2. 廖宗聖，「WTO架構下政府採購協定適用範圍之研究─兼論我國政府採購法相關規定」（世新大學法學院碩士論文，2002年7月）。
    3. 經濟部國際貿易局，WTO小辭典，東京回合協定，http://ekm92.trade.gov.tw/BOFT/web/report_detail.jsp?data_base_id=DB008&category_id=CAT832&report_id=2685.
    4. 陳孟君，「GATS政府服務採購附件草案之實益性與未來」（東吳大學法學院法律學系碩士論文，2007）。
    5. 趙文穎、林桓，「論WTO政府採購協定（GPA）之適用範圍與相關原則」，經社法制論叢，第20期（1997）。
    6. 蘇明通，由韓國仁川國際機場採購爭端案看政府採購協定與諮商─評「『韓國政府採購措施』乙案之評析」文，台灣在WTO規範下之經貿新頁（第一屆國際經貿法學發展研討會），楊光華主編（2001）。
    7. 楊光華，『政府採購與爭端解決─評「韓國政府採購措施乙案之評析」文』，台灣在WTO規範下之經貿新頁（第一屆國際經貿法學發展研討會），楊光華主編，2001年8月。
    8. 楊光華，「GATS政府採購談判的展望－以歐盟2007『GATS政府採購附件』提案為中心」，政大法學評論，第99期，頁334 （2007）。

    二、英文文獻
    （一）、專書
    1. ARROWSMITH, SUE, GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT IN THE WTO (2003).
    2. ARROWSMITH, SUE, JOHN LINARWELLI & DON WALLACE, JR., REGULATING PUBLIC PROCUREMENT 194 (2000).
    3. MATSUSHITA, MITSUO, THOMAS J. SCHOENBAUM & PETROS MAVROIDIS, THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION 750 (2nd ed., 2006).
    4. MCCRUDDEN, CHRISTOPHER, BUYING SOCIAL JUSTICE (2007).
    5. REICH, ARIE, INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC PROCURMENT LAW: THE EVOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL REGIMES ON PUBLIC PURCHASING (1999).
    （二）、期刊與其他資料
    1. Aaken, Anne van & Jürgen Kurtz, Prudence or Discrimination? Emergency Measures, The Global Financial Crisis and International Economic Law, 12 J. INT’L ECON. L. 859 (2009).
    2. Agreement between the Government of the United States of American and the Government of Canada on Government Procurement, available at http://www.ustr.gov/webfm_send/1638.
    3. Amendments to the Freshwater Fish Marketing Act, § 135, http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2329542&Language=e&Mode=1&File=118.
    4. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, available at http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx.
    5. Anderson, Robert, Current Developments on Public Procurement in the WTO, 6 P.P.L.R 167 (2006).
    6. Anderson, Robert D., Renewing the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement: Progress to Date and Ongoing Negotiations, 4 P.P.L.R 255 (2007).
    7. Arrowsmith, Sue, Reviewing the GPA: The Role and Development of the Plurilateral Agreement After Doha, in THE WTO AND GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT (Simon J. Evenett & Bernard Hoeckman eds., 2006).
    8. Blank, Annet & Gabrielle Marceau, A History of Multilateral Negotiations on Procurement: From ITO to WTO, in Law and Policy in Public Purchasing: The WTO Agreement on Government Procurement 32-55 (Bernard Hoekman & Petros Mavroidis eds., 1997).
    9. ______________________________, The History of the Government Procurement Negotiations Since 1945, in The WTO and Government Procurement 3 (Simon J. Evenett & Bernard Hoekman eds., 2006).
    10. Barrett, Ted, Dana Bash, Lisa Desjardins, Evan Glass, Mark Preston and Deirdre Walsh, Stimulus Package en Route to Obama`s Desk, CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/13/stimulus/index.html.
    11. Barkley, Tom & Henry J. Pulizzi, U.S., Canada Set Deal on ‘Buy America’, THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, Feb. 5, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240
    52748703894304575047282403176858.html.
    12. Choi, Inbom, The Long and Winding Road to the Government Procurement Agreement: Korea’s Accession Experience, in OPTIONS FOR GLOBAL TRADE REFORM: A VIEW FROM THE ASIA-PACIFIC (Will Martin et al eds., 2003).
    13. Council of the European Union, Council Conclusions on WTO GPA/SMEs, 2779th General Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels, 12 February 2007.
    14. Courts Administration Service, Reports on Plans and Priorities, http://cas-ncr-nter03.cas-satj.gc.ca/portal/page/portal/CAS/RPP_eng.
    15. De Graaf, Gerard & Matthew King, Towards a More Global Government Procurement Market: The Expansion of GATT Government Procurement Agreement in the Context of the Uruguay Round, 29 INT`L LAW. 435 (1995).
    16. Dischendorfer, Martin, The Existence and Development of Multilateral Rules on Government Procurement under the Framework of the WTO, 2000 P.P.L.R. 1, 26 (2000).
    17. Eng, Gordon, Complying with the Buy American Provisions in the Federal Stimulus Act, 33 MAR L.A. LAW. 20 (2010).
    18. EU Warns It Could Pull Back GPA Commitments Over SME Treatment, INSIDE US TRADE (Mar. 2, 2007).
    19. EU Scales Back WTO Procurement Offer from Existing Levels, INSIDE US TRADE (Feb. 29, 2008).
    20. Evenett, Simon J. & Bernard M. Hoekman, Government Procurement: Market Access, Transparency, and Multilateral Trade Rules, in THE WTO AND GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT (Simon J. Evenett & Bernard Hokeman ed., 2006).
    21. Federal-Provincial Relations and Social Policy Branch, Federal-Provincial Relations Division, http://www.fin.gc.ca/branches-directions/fedprov-eng.asp#FPRD.
    22. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Questions and Answers: US Stimulus Recovery Act-Buy American.
    23. GPA Parties Postpone Market Access Talks Due to Doha Round Push, INSIDE US TRADE (Apr. 28, 2008).
    24. GPA Parties at Odds Over Process to Slash EU Market Access, INSIDE US TRADE (June 6, 2008).
    25. GPA Meetings Produce No Advance on New Market Access Concessions, INSIDE US TRADE (Oct. 3, 2008).
    26. GPA Signatories Question U.S. On ‘Buy American’ Implementation, INSIDE US TRADE (Mar. 6, 2009).
    27. Guimaraes De Lima e Silva, Valeria, The Revision of the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement: To What Extent might It Contribute to the Expansion of Current Membership?, 2008(2) P.P.L.R 61 (2008).
    28. Hale, Geoffrey, The “Buy American” Controversy - A Case Study in Canada-US Trade Relations, available at http://people.uleth.ca/~geoffrey.hale/
    3850%20Buy%20American%20case%20study.pdf.
    29. Hoekman, Bernard & Petros Mavroidis, The World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Government Procurement: Expanding Disciplines, Declining Membership?, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (1995).
    30. ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬_________________________________, Basic Elements of the Agreement on Government Procurement, in LAW AND POLICY IN PUBLIC PURCHASING (1997).
    31. Ivison, John, U.S. Stimulus Stifling Canada, NATIONAL POST, Apr. 30, 2009, A1, http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1547338.
    32. Letter from Initiative for Software Choice, Re: Response to USTR Request for Comments on Market Access Negotiations under the WTO Agreement On Government Procurement.
    33. Letter from Public Citizen to Jean Heilman Grier, Senior Procurement Negotiator, USTR Re Market Access Negotiation under GPA.
    34. Liang, Margaret, Government Procurement at GATT/WTO: 25 Years of Plurilateral Framework, 1 ASIAN J. WTO & INT’L HEALTH L. & POL’Y 277 (2006).
    35. Linarelli, J., Corruption in Developing Countries and in Countries in Transition: Legal and Economic Perspectives, in PUBLIC PROCUREMENT: GLOBAL REVOLUTION (Sue Arrowsmith & Arwel Davies eds., 1998).
    36. Miller, John W., Nations Rush to Establish New Barriers to Trade, Feb. 6, 2009, WALL STREET JOURNAL.
    37. Ping, Wang, Coverage of the WTO’s Agreement on Government Procurement: Challenges of Integrating China and Other Countries with a Large State Sector into the Global Trading System, 10 J. INT’L ECON. L. 887 (2007).
    38. Pomeranz, Morton, Towards a New International Order in Government Procurement, 11 L. & POL’Y INT’L BUS. 1263 (1979).
    39. Pouncey, Craig & Adrian Brown, Expanding the International Market for Public Procurement: The WTO’s Agreement on Government Procurement, 1(3) INT. T.L.R. 69, 70 (1995).
    40. Reich, Arie, The New GATT Agreement on Government Procurement – The Pitfalls of Plurilateralism and Strict Reciprocity, 31 J. OF WORLD TRADE 125 (1997).
    41. _________, The New Text of the Agreement on Government Procurement: An Analysis and Assessment, 12 J. INT’L ECON. L. 989 (2009).
    42. Scheid, Brian, U.S. Canada Announce Buy American Deal, Provinces to Sign GPA, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Vol. 27, No. 6 (Feb. 12, 2010).
    43. ¬¬¬¬___________, GPA Signatories Hope U.S.-Canada Deal Triggers Stalled Market Access Talks, INSIDE US TRADE, Vol. 28, No. 7 (Feb. 19, 2010).
    44. Sinclair, Scott, Opening Remarks, Canada-U.S. Procurement Agreement, Canada Centre for Policy Alternatives, Mar. 16, 2010.
    45. Trepte, Peter, The Agreement on Government Procurement, in 1 THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION: LEGAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ANALYSIS (Patrick F. J. Macrory et al. eds., 2005).
    46. Tiefer, Charles, The Developments in International Commercial Law: The GATT Agreement on Government Procurement in Theory and Practice, 26 U. BALT. L. REV. 31 (1997).
    47. USTR, Trade Policy Staff Committee, Public Comments for Market Access Negotiations Under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, 60 Fed. Reg. 194 (October 7, 2004).
    48. USTR Says U.S.-Canada Stimulus Deal Applies Prospectively Only, INSIDE U.S. TRADE, Vol. 28, No. 7 (Feb. 19, 2010).
    49. U.S. Treasury Department, Office of Public Affairs, Second Meeting of the U.S.-China Strategic & Economic Dialogue: U.S. Fact Sheet – Economic Track, May 25, 2010, http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/tg717.htm.
    50. WTO, The Re-negotiation of the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/gproc_e/negotiations_e.htm.
    51. WTO News, Lamy Notes Rising Interest in WTO Government Procurement Agreement, http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/sppl_e/sppl147_e.htm.
    52. WTO Director-General, Report to the TPRB from the WTO Director-General on the Financial and Economic Crisis and Trade-Related Developments, Mar. 26, 2009, http:// www.wto.org/english/news_e/news09_e/trdev_dg_report_14apr09_e.doc.
    53. WTO GPA Market Access Talks Off to Slow as Request Lag, INSIDE US TRADE (Jan. 14, 2005).
    54. WTO Procurement Parties Delay Renegotiation by Six Months, INSIDE US TRADE (Apr. 27, 2007).
    55. Williams, Rhodri, Access to Utilities Procurement Markets of Non-EU Countries, 2010(2) P.P.L.R. 39 (2010).
    56. Yukins, Christopher R. & Steven L. Schooner, Incrementalism: Eroding the Impediments to a Global Public Procurement Market, 38 GEO. J. INT’L L. 529 (2007).
    三、WTO文件
    1. Agreement on Government Procurement
    2. United States-Measures Affecting Government Procurement, WTO Doc. DS/88 DS/95。
    3. European Communities, Questions for the United States Regarding the Buy America(n) Provisions in the US Economic Stimulus Package, WTO Doc. GPA/W/303 (Mar. 24, 2009).
    4. European Communities, Questions for the United States Regarding the Buy America(n) Provisions in the US Economic Stimulus Package, WTO Doc. GPA/W/305 (July 3, 2009).
    5. United States, Responses of the United States to Questions of the European Communities With Respect to the buy American Provisions in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, WTO Doc. GPA/W/304 (Apr. 27, 2009).
    6. United States, Responses of the United States to Additional Questions of the European Communities regarding the “Buy American” Provisions in the US Economic Stimulus Package, WTO Doc. GPA/W/307 (Oct. 1, 2009).
    7. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Revision of the Agreement on Government Procurement as at 8 December 2006, WTO Doc. GPA/W/297.
    8. WTO Ministerial Conference, Singapore Ministerial Declaration, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(96)/DEC, ¶ 21 (Dec. 18, 1996).
    9. WTO Doha Work Programme, Decision Adopted by General Council on 1 August 2004, WTO Doc. WT/L/579 (Aug. 2, 2004).
    10. WTO, Committee on Government Procurement, Report (1996) of the Committee on Government Procurement, WTO Doc. GPA/8 (Oct. 17, 1996).
    11. WTO, Committee on Government Procurement, Report (2002) of the Committee on Government Procurement, Attachment, WTO Doc. GPA/73 (Nov. 6, 2002).
    12. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Report of the Committee on Government Procurement (November 2005-December 2006), WTO Doc. GPA/89 (Dec. 11, 2006).
    13. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Minutes of the Formal Meeting of 9 December 2008, WTO Doc. GPA/M/35 (Jan. 20, 2009).
    14. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Minutes of the Formal Meeting of 13 December 2007, WTO Doc. GPA/M/33 (Jan. 23, 2008).
    15. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Minutes of the Formal Meeting of 9 December 2009, WTO Doc. GPA/M/38 (Feb. 4, 2010).
    16. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Modalities for the Negotiation on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices, Decision of 16 July 2004, WTO Doc. GPA/79 (July 19, 2004).
    17. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Decision of 21 July 2005, WTO Doc. GPA/79/Add.1 (July 22, 2005).
    18. WTO Secretariat, Terms of Reference for Mid-Term Review of Coverage Offers on the Table, WTO Doc. GPA/W/310 (Dec. 22, 2009).
    19. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from the European Communities, WTO Doc. GPA/O/EEC/1 (Feb. 3, 2005).
    20. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from Canada, WTO Doc. GPA/O/CAN/1 (Dec. 23, 2004).
    21. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from the United States, WTO Doc. GPA/O/USA/1 (Dec. 23, 2004).
    22. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from Switzerland, WTO Doc. GPA/O/CHE/1 (Dec. 23, 2004).
    23. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from Norway, WTO Doc. GPA/O/NOR/1 (Dec. 20, 2004).
    24. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from Singapore, WTO Doc. GPA/O/SGP/1 (Jan. 12, 2005).
    25. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from the United States, Revised Offer of the United States, WTO Doc. GPA/O/USA/2/Rev.1 (Oct. 3, 2006).
    26. WTO Committee on Government Procurement, Negotiations on Extension of Coverage and Elimination of Discriminatory Measures and Practices Pursuant to Article XXIV:7(b) and (c) of the Agreement on Government Procurement, Communication from the United States, Second Revised Offer of the United States, WTO Doc. GPA/O/USA/2/Rev.2 (Feb. 18, 2010).
    27. WTO GPA Committee, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, May 13, 2009.
    28. WTO GPA Committee, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, July 14, 2009.
    29. WTO GPA Committee, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, Oct. 7, 2009.
    30. WTO GPA Committee, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 9 December 2009.
    31. GPA Committee, Summary of the Informal Plurilateral Discussion on Coverage Issues, 10 February 2010.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際經營與貿易研究所
    97351037
    98
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0097351037
    Data Type: thesis
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