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    Title: 資本利得課稅問題與所得分配
    Capital gains tax and income distribution
    Authors: 鄭岳旻
    Contributors: 陳國樑
    鄭岳旻
    Keywords: 所得差距
    資本利得稅
    移轉性支出
    income distribution
    capital gains tax
    transfer income
    Date: 2010
    Issue Date: 2013-09-04 15:11:15 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本文以Sandmo引進勞動供給的租稅逃漏模型為基礎,以是否具有其他所得來區別社會上的富人或窮人,富人可以在勞動市場中投入勞動供給賺取勤勞所得,或是將勞動供給投注在以其他所得做投資的投資行為上,賺取資本利得;但是窮人只能將其勞動供給投注在勞動市場中賺取勤勞所得,在雙方決定勞動供給以追求效用極大化下,可決定彼此的所得差距。
    由於所得稅具有所得重分配的功能,因此我們首先比較在不同所得稅制下的所得差距,以得知所得稅是否達成其重分配功能。結果是:僅課徵勤勞所得稅時的所得差距會大於未課稅時的所得差距,勤勞所得稅反而使所得情形惡化,因為富人可藉由移轉勞動供給的方式規避稅負;而同時課徵勤勞所得稅及資本利得稅後之所得差距會小於僅課徵勤勞所得稅時的所得差距,代表資本利得稅可有效改善所得分配惡化的現象。
    政府除了可以用所得稅的手段改善所得分配外,也可以以移轉性支出的方式達到相同目的。第一個情況是假設目前僅課徵勤勞所得稅,所得差距情形惡化,當政府決定將全國所收取的勤勞所得稅做為移轉性支出平均分發給窮人時,會得到不一定可以改善所得差距惡化現象的結果,必須視窮人對消費和休閒的替代彈性,以及替代效果與所得效果的大小而定。第二個情況是假設目前同時課徵勤勞所得稅及資本利得稅,並以富人所支付的資本利得稅做為移轉性支出平均分發給窮人,此時的移轉性支出能夠進一步改善所得差距惡化的情形。由以上兩段可知,若政府要有效地改善所得差距惡化的情形,最好的辦法是課徵資本利得稅,並將資本利得稅做為移轉性支出的財源。
    In this paper we use a Sandmo’s (1981) type tax evasion model to discuss the effects of proportional income taxation on income distribution among the riches and the poor. The riches are different from the poor in that only the former have exogenous income which can be invested to obtain capital gains. Therefore, while the riches choose between allocating their time to make labor income or to make capital gains, the poor can only attribute their time to making labor income. The tax system treats labor income and capital gains differently. The income distribution among the riches and the poor is determined by the difference in total incomes.
    We first show that when only labor incomes are taxed, the income tax worsens the income distribution as compared to the income distribution when there is no income tax. In other words, an income tax system with preferential treatments on capital gains is detrimental to income distribution. This result is intuitive because the riches can switch their labor supply from making labor income to making capital gains for tax avoidance, while the poor do not get to do so. An income tax system is beneficial to income distribution when capital gains are taxed at the same rate as labor income.
    Second we discuss the role of income transfer program on the income distribution and show that if the government uses labor income tax as the only financial source for the transfer, the effect of such income transfers on income distribution is ambiguous. It is decided by the magnitude of the elasticity of substitution between consumption and leisure, and the net effect of the substitution and the income effects. To improve income distribution, the best scenario is to use tax revenues from capital gains as the financial source of income transfer.
    Reference: 壹、中文部分:
    1. 派查字號第0990800378號調查報告 (2011),監察院。
    2. 朱洪寬 (2006),「台灣地區綜合所得稅減免項目對所得分配的影響」,逢甲
    大學財稅研究所碩士論文。
    3. 朱雲鵬 (1990),「1980與1986年台灣所得分配的因素分解分析」,《人文及
    社會科學集刊》,第3卷第1期,頁145-167。
    4. 林金源 (1995),「家庭結構變化對台灣所得分配的影響」,《台灣經濟學會年
    會論文集》,頁39-63。
    5. 林金源 (1997),「家庭結構變化對台灣所得分配及經濟福利分配的影響」,
    《人文及社會科學集刊》,第9卷第4期,頁39-63。
    6. 林金源 (2006),「所得稅稅制改革對所得分配之影響」,《財稅研究》,第41
    卷第1期,頁75-100。
    7. 林俊儒 (2010),「改善所得分配之稅制改革與建議」,《經濟研究》,第10期,
    頁99-116。
    8. 饒智堅、李貳連 (2009),「當前所得分配之迷思和對策」,《所得分配專刊》,
    行政院主計處。

    貳、英文部分:
    1. Allingham, M.G. and A. Sandmo, 1972, Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical
    Analysis, Journal of Public Economics, 1, 323-338.
    2. Anderson, P., 1977, Tax Evasion and Labor Supply, Scandinavian Journal of
    Economics, 79(3), 375-383.
    3. Becker, G.S., 1968, Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach, Journal of
    Political Economy, 76, 169-217.
    4. Fugazza Marco and Jean-François Jacques, 2004, Labor market institutions,
    Taxation and the Underground Economy, Journal of public economics,
    88(1-2), 395-418.
    5. Kleven, Henrik Jacobsen , 2004, Optimum Taxation and the Allocation of
    Time, Journal of public economics, 88(3-4), 545-557.
    6. Sandmo, Agnar, 1981, Income Tax Evasion, Labor Supply, and the
    Equity-Efficiency Tradeoff, Journal of Public Economics, 16, 265-288.
    7. Yitzhaki, S., 1974, A Note on ‘Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis,’
    Journal of Public Economics, 3, 201-202.

    參、網路資源:
    1. 行政院主計處:http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/
    2. 財政部:http://www.mof.gov.tw/
    3. 縮小貧富差距,李述德:租稅不是正確辦法(民99年9月20日)。中廣
    新聞網。民100年5月24日,取自http://news.cnves.com/Content/
    20100920/KCBOSV7DHWNPI.shtml。
    4. 有關貧富差距擴大問題說明(民100年4月11日)。財政部新聞稿。民100
    年5月23日,取自http://www.mof.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=62597&ctNode=657。
    5. 現行綜合所得稅有助所得分配之改善(民100年5月2日)。財政部新聞稿。
    民100年5月23日,取自http://www.mof.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=62977&ctNode=657。
    6. 社論-請不要再欺騙我們了!(民100年4月30日)。工商時報。民100年5
    月24日,取自http://news.chiantimes.com/forum/11051403
    /122011043000320.html。
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    財政研究所
    98255023
    99
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098255023
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Public Finance] Theses

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