政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/59744

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/59744

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Title:	非政府組織反多邊投資協定運動之研究 A study of NGO campaign against the multilateral agreement on investment
Authors:	吳美智 Wu, Mei Chih
Contributors:	姜家雄 Chiang, Chia Hsiung 吳美智 Wu, Mei Chih
Keywords:	非政府組織多邊投資協定新自由經濟全球化全球經濟治理跨國倡議網絡 Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) neoliberal globalization global economic governance transnational advocacy network (TAN)
Date:	2009
Issue Date:	2013-09-03 13:48:15 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	1998年在全球各地環保團體、消費者團體、社會正義團體等非政府組織跨國串聯反對下，擊敗了正在經濟合作暨發展組織為了一致化外國直接投資規則進行的多邊投資協定談判，這是非政府組織成功在全球經濟治理領域發揮影響力的重要案例。本論文的研究目的在於探討：第一、反對多邊投資協定談判的非政府組織跨國倡議活動為什麼成功及如何成功；第二、他們反對的理由是什麼；第三、從這個案例來看非政府組織倡議活動正在或將對國際政治經濟決策過程帶來何種程度的衝擊。這個個案研究使用Margaret E. Keck與Kathryn Sikkink的跨國倡議網絡（transnational advocacy network, TAN）理論，分析公民反抗行動如何成功影響在全球層次的政治決策，TAN理論強調議題共鳴、網絡密度、與目標對象脆弱性三種因素的重要性。本論文除了用這三種因素檢視反多邊投資協定運動過程，並發現非政府組織的倡議活動是否能夠與政府力量取得連結的重要性，作為TAN理論的補充。其次，本論文發現反多邊投資協定運動策略性地轉變為以國內為基礎的運動，透過國內爭議政治的傳統反抗手法向政府表達公民的訴求，以避開國際組織對非政府組織不利的政治機會結構，呈現出與TAN理論的「迴力鏢效果」相對立的發展。最後，這個個案研究發現反多邊投資協定運動更接近基於民族主義的傳統政治，而不能說是一種世界主義政治的發展。世界主義論者預期在一個形成中的全球公民社會中國家的角色正在消退，在這個案例中顯然並無法獲得足夠的證明。 In 1998, a transnational NGO coalition of environmentalist, consumer rights, and social justice activists helped to defeat the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), a draft treaty to harmonize rules on foreign direct investment under the aegis of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This dissertation addresses why and how the transnational NGO advocacy sank the MAI negotiation, what are their advocacy reasons, and to what extent the transnational NGO advocacy activities will influence and are influencing the international decision making process. This case study uses Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink’s transnational advocacy network (TAN) theory, which stresses the importance of issue resonance, network density, and target vulnerability, to explore how citizen’s resistance struggle succeed in influencing policy at global level. First, in supplementing Keck and Sikkink’s TAN theory, the work suggests whether the NGO advocacy links with its governmental power is also at stake. Second, contrary to the “boomerang effect” from their TAN theory, the work finds that the transnational NGO campaign against MAI strategically shifted to country-based campaigns to address citizen’s claims through traditional repertoire of contention politics, in bypassing unfavorable political opportunity structure in international arena. Finally, the anti-MAI campaign was found to be much closer to traditional politics in a view of nationalism than the alleged cosmopolitan politics, which expects the role of state has eroded in an emerging global civil society.
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Global Campact.〈http://www.unglobalcompact.org/AbouttheGC/TheTENPrinciples/index.html〉（2009年6月瀏覽） UNCTAD. “Bilateral Investment Treaties and Their Relevance to A Possible Multilateral Framework on Investment: Issues and Questions.” 21 March 1997.〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/c2em1d2.en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽） UNCTAD. “Bilateral Investment Treaties: 1959-1999.” 15 December 2000. 〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/poiteiiad2.en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽） UNCTAD. “World Investment Report 1991: The Triad in Foreign Direct Investment.”〈http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir1991overview_en.pdf〉（2010年1月瀏覽） World Bank. “The Civil Society Group.” 〈http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/CSO/0,,contentMDK:20093801~pagePK:220503~piPK:220476~theSitePK:228717,00.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽） WTO. “Guideline for Arrangements on Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations.” 〈http://www.wto.org/english/forums_e/ngo_e/guide_e.htm〉（2009年6月瀏覽） WTO. “TRIPS and Pharmaceutical Patents.” WTO fact sheet. September 2006.〈http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm00_e.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽）（四）雜誌 Economist. “The New Trade War.” Vol. 353, Issue 8148 (December 4, 1999):25-26. Economist. “The Non-Governmental Order.” Vol. 353, Issue 8149 (December 11, 1999):20-21. （五）其他網頁資料 Consumer Project on Technology. “Amsterdam Statement to WTO Member States on Access to Medicine.”〈http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/amsterdamstatement.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽） Global Policy Forum. “NGOs Say NO to Investment Agreement at WTO.” 21 March 2003.〈http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/int/wto/2003/0321invest.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽） International Labour Organization. “A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All.” The Report of the World Commission on the Social Dimensions of Globalization. February 2004.〈http://www.ilo.org/public/english/wcsd/docs/report.pdf〉（2009年8月瀏覽） International River Network. “When the Rivers Run Dry – The World Bank, Dams and the Quest for Reparations.” 5 October 2007. 〈http://www.internationalrivers.org/en/latin-america/mesoamerica/chixoy-dam-guatemala/when-rivers-run-dry〉（2009年8月瀏覽） Lalumière, Catherine. Report on the Multilateral Agreement on Investment. September 1998. 〈http://www.geocities.com/w_trouble_o/lumier.htm〉（2009年8月瀏覽） Paul, James A. “The World Bank & NGOs.” Global Policy Forum. 1996.〈http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/177/31512.html〉（2009年8月瀏覽） Public Citizen, Friends of the Earth, and Sierra Club. “International Coalition Launches Campaign Against the MAI – A New Stealth Investment Agreement.” 12 February 1998. 〈http://www.citizen.org/pressroom/print_release.cfm?ID=235〉（2009年3月瀏覽） Public Citizen. “600 International Organizations Oppose the Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) - Joint NGO Statement.”〈http://www.citizen.org/trade/issues/mai/Opposition/〉（2009年1月瀏覽） Third World Network. “MAI-Type Investment Model Criticized at NGO-Ambassadors Meeting.” Third World Economics. No. 187/188, 16 June-15 July 1998. 〈http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/hits-cn.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽） Third World Network. “UNCTAD’s ‘MFI Outreach’ to Civil Society Hits Snags.” Third World Economics. No. 187/188, 16 June-15 July 1998. 〈http://www.twnside.org.sg/title/hits-cn.htm〉（2010年1月瀏覽）三、重要非政府組織網站五十年已經夠了（Fifty Years Is Enough），http://www.50years.org/ 公司觀察（Corporate Watch），http://www.corpwatch.org/ 公共公民（Public Citizen），http://www.citizen.org/ 世界自然基金會（World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF），http://www.wwf.org/ 世界社會論壇（World Social Forum），http://www.forumsocialmundial.org.br/ 加拿大人理事會（Council of Canadians），http://www.canadians.org/ 全球政策論壇（Global Policy Forum），http://www.globalpolicy.org/ 地球之友（Friends of the Earth），http://www.foe.org/ 西拉俱樂部（Sierra Club），http://www.sierraclub.org/ 國際樂施會（Oxfam International），http://www.oxfam.org/ 第三世界網絡（Third World Network），http://www.twnside.org.sg/
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