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    題名: 影響台灣廠商創新及其保護策略選擇之決定因素：FDI、保護型態與經營策略所扮演的角色
    The determinants of firms’ innovation and its protection choice in Taiwan: The roles of FDI、protection types and business strategies
    作者: 吳怡穎
    Wu, Yi-Ying
    貢獻者: 翁永和
    Weng, Yungho
    吳怡穎
    Wu, Yi-Ying
    關鍵詞: 向外FDI
    正式保護
    非正式保護
    合作對象
    製程創新
    產品創新
    outward FDI
    formal protection
    informal protection
    cooperation
    process innovation
    product innovation
    日期: 2012
    上傳時間: 2013-09-02 17:19:20 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 從過去台灣製造台灣出口的生產轉變成海外製造海外出口，台灣生產結構已發生重大轉變。在這全球化過程當中，對外直接投資改變台灣的生產方式，廠商的內部結構也發生改變，同時台灣將生產轉至大陸引發技術外溢以及資金外移的隱憂，以及面對新興國家緊起直追，如何維持台灣競爭優勢，值得深入了解與探討。因此，本論文將分3個層面進行探討。
    在第二章中利用540家股票上市製造業公司在1997年至2005年的資料，探討對外直接投資，特別是對中國直接投資，對於投資企業之國內母企業創新活動的影響。採用研發支出以及專利數兩個變數作為創新活動的指標，並在計量方法上考慮對外直接投資與創新活動的內生性，利用Wu-Hausman進行檢定。實證結果顯示，在不同的創新衡量指標與估計方法下，對中國投資並未對國內的創新活動產生負面的影響，反而有助於提高國內母企業的創新能量，但對先進國家的投資對於國內母企業的創新活動並無顯著的正面或負面之影響。
    第三章針對創新之決定因素進行探討。本文根據93-95年「台灣地區第二次產業創新調查研究」之資料，採用probit model探討影響廠商創新活動之影響因素，了解正式保護以及非正式保護對台灣創新的影響，同時對保護措施的強化是否刺激廠商創新活動的提升作進ㄧ步探討。本文將廠商區分成大廠商以及中小型廠商進行分析，研究發現，影響創新的因素將因規模不同而有差異，在創新保護方面，創新保護是影響中小型廠商創新的重要因素，但只在正式保護上對中小型廠商具有顯著影響效果，私人保護並未得出顯著影響，同時隨著保護措施的強化將提升廠商創新的力量。此外，考量政府補貼的效果，研究顯示，在未考量政府補助時，廠商融資能力對創新有顯著的正向影響效果，但若進ㄧ步納入政府補貼時，將對融資產生排擠效果，不利於創新活動的進行。然而，上述影響因素皆未對大型廠商產生影響效果。
    在第四章探討製造業創新保護策略選擇之決定因素。廠商創新保護乃是兩階段決策過程，第一階段決定是否從事研發創新，依次再決定選擇創新保護的策略，因此將利用Heckman 兩階段模型進行檢驗。此外，進ㄧ步將廠商分成中小型廠商以及大型廠商進行分析，研究顯示，母公司具有技術優勢之跨國大型子公司將選擇非專利保護創新成果，但在融資能力因素上，隨著廠商融資能力愈高，中小型以及大型廠商將採行非專利保護策略，與過去認為廠商因成本壓力不易選擇專利之結果不同。廠商創新合作對象對保護策略的選擇因規模不同而有差異，中小型廠商在與客戶以及大學或高等教育機構合作將採行專利保護措施，然而合作對象並未影響大型廠商對保護策略的選擇。在創新的型態上，大型廠商面對製程相關創新時將採取非專利保護，但對中小型廠商並無顯著影響效果。
    Taiwan`s economic growth is highly dependent on its international trade. Due to the enormous changes in the industrial environment—such as those in relation to environmental protection, increasing land and labour costs, and a violent fluctuation in Taiwan’s local currency—that emerged as major issues from the late 1980s, many labour-intensive firms began to move their production lines overseas. However, FDI (foreign direct investment) has given rise to serious concerns as to whether technological knowledge outflows to overseas along with FDI are eroding Taiwan’s technological advantages. Therefore, the following three essays are presented to examine the Taiwan’s competitive advantages.
    In the first essay, we consider that outward investment induce more domestic innovation or simply move local innovative efforts to foreign plants. This question is topical and relevant to Taiwan in view of its large share of outward investment concentrated in China and the special political relationship between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of outward investment in China on domestic innovative activity in Taiwan. Overall, this study finds that a positive relationship exists between outward investment and innovation in terms of R&D intensity and patents, implying that investing in China is part of a global resource allocation strategy of Taiwanese multinational enterprises to allocate production in China and pay more attention to innovative activity in their domestic plants. Moreover, the deregulation of the policy regarding investing in China in 2001 has induced an upsurge in investment in China, although it does not seem to have brought about an outflow of technologies.
    In the second essay, we investigate the determinants of firms’ innovation for 2004-2006. Based on the Second Industrial Innovation Survey in Taiwan Area, the essay aims to analyze the effect of the formal and informal protection on innovative activity, and whether strength protection enhances the firms’ innovative activities. We study the impacts of the formal protection in SMEs (small and medium enterprises) on innovative activity, but the informal protection does not have a significant impact on innovation. As the protection increases, the incentive innovation is stronger. In addition, we show that the subsidies significantly crowd out private financial input of funded firms, whereas, R&D subsidies have a negative significant effect on SMEs innovation. However, the above statements have no effect on large firms.
    In the third essay, we study how to protect firms’ innovation, i.e., patent or non-patent. First, due to avoid sampling selection bias, the essay adopts the two stage estimation of Heckman. Second, the essay shows that multinational subsidiaries of parent firms with technical advantage will choose non-patent protection. Moreover, when the funded firms escalate, SMEs and large firms adopt patent to protect innovation differing from the current literature. SMEs cooperated with customers and universities will choose patent to protect innovation, but large firms have no significant impact on partner. In the types of innovation, large firms choose patent in new-to-market and new-to-firm process innovation, but the process and production innovation have no significant impact on patent for SMEs.
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