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    题名: 自由軟體發展與智慧財產權制度互動之觀察
    Observation of the Interaction between Free Software Development and Intellectual Property Law
    作者: 陳思豪
    Chen Szu-Hao
    贡献者: 李治安
    Lee Jyh-An
    陳思豪
    Chen Szu-Hao
    关键词: 自由軟體
    同儕生產
    著佐權
    效益主義
    衍生著作
    軟體專利
    GPL
    DPL
    copyleft
    peer production
    public domain
    software patent
    日期: 2012
    上传时间: 2013-06-03 11:10:54 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 電腦軟體的特性在於其區分為工程師可讀懂的原始碼以及可在電腦上執行使用的目的碼。在發展初期,其偏向學術研究的模式,當時的駭客文化為彼此交流共享原始碼中知識,然而在美國著作權法決定保護電腦軟體後,電腦軟體私有財產化觀念興起,軟體廠商不公布原始碼藉以隱藏其內部技術思想,以防止他人快速模仿、研究、學習。自由軟體運動反對軟體財產私有化,鼓吹軟體開發者公開原始碼,事先放棄部分著作權賦予之排他權利,以自由軟體授權條款給予他人重製、散布、改作原始碼等權利,並要求改作後散布必須以同樣授權條款給予後手相同的自由,以達其互惠共享之目的。自由軟體授權條款以著作權法為基礎,其設計以利用人角度出發,有強烈公共利益之性質。
    自由軟體制度創造一低度智慧財產權的發展環境,使自由軟體發展迅速,直接造就二十世紀末至今重要的網際網路發展,自由軟體已成為當今IT產業通用之基礎工具,業餘工程師與軟體廠商皆願意投注成本人力對其研發,並與他人共享與接受他人回饋,而不求立即性之經濟報酬。自由軟體成功的創作模式,已經證明了以排他權保護立即的獲利是不一定需要的,而其仍然成功的實現智財權所欲達到之主要目的。
    本研究欲觀察自由軟體發展與智慧財產權法制度的互動,從廣度性的多數議題中,在自由軟體運動與智財制度理念與手段有所差異的情況下,討論其與智財法制的各層面之比較,觀察其在智財法制下之困境。自由軟體發展是如何以著作權法為基礎達成其理念,但其發展在著作權法制度下有哪些問題,自由軟體社群又為何批判軟體專利制度,並觀察其防禦軟體專利之各種方法。
    Computer software has two sets of code, human-understandable souce code and machine-readable object code. The development of computer software is more like an academic collaboration in the early years. The hacker culture of that era is sharing the knowledges and skills in exchanging source codes. Since U.S. government decided to protect computer software in copyright law, people became to treat computer software as a private property. Software firms don’t distribute source codes in order to hide the inside technical implementation. It prevents other competitors from imitation, studying, and learning. Free software movement against that computer software should be a private property. It encourages software developers to release source codes and give others the right to copy, distribution, and modification in copyright law. To achive the sharing and reciprocal purpose, it also force the developers to distribute derivative work with original license. A free software license agreement like GPL, based on copyright law, is configured in the view of user interest and also public interest.
    Free software creates a low-IP environment for innovation. It grows with a high speed and created the Internet since the end of 20th century. It becomes the fundermatal tools in current IT industry. Both amateurs and firms are willing to contribute their work and share to others without immediate reward. A must-need exclusive right in order to encourage innovation has been proved wrong by the successful story about free software. Free software achieves the main purpose of intellectuall propery.
    This research observes the interaction between free software development and intellectuall property law in many controversial issues. With the difference of motivation and method, this research compares them in many aspects and observes plights of free software development in current intellectual property regime. How free software based on copyright law achive it purpose? What problems free software encounters in current IP law? Why free software community criticizes software patent? This research also lists and dicusses their defense method against software patent.
    參考文獻: 壹、中文文獻
    一、專書
    1. 劉孔中,智慧財產權法制的關鍵革新,2007年6月。
    2. 謝銘洋,智慧財產權法,2011年9月2版。
    3. 劉孔中,智慧財產權運用與競爭秩序,2007年6月。
    4. 唐昭紅,美國軟件專利保護法律制度研究,2012年1月。
    5. 馮震宇編,網路著作權保護、應用及法制,2012年11月。
    6. 韋景竹,版權制度中的公共利益研究,2011年3月。

    二、期刊論文、研究報告、研討會論文
    1. 張容綺,專訪軟體自由協會理事長林誠謙博士,智慧財產權月刊,56期,2003年8月。
    2. 益思科技法律事務所,自由軟體之著作權問題研究,智慧財產局著作權專題研究,2008年4月。
    3. 楊千、廖先志、陳鍾誠,從我國法制論GPL授權契約—兼論第3版草案之適用,臺灣科技法律與政策論叢,第3卷第3期,2006年。
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    三、學位論文
    1. 李界昇,開放原始碼模式下的法律糾紛與風險 – 從SCO v. IBM 出發,交通大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,2004年8月。
    2. 賴宏嘉,多元文化下網際網路軟體智慧的法建構 – 以著作權法和專利法為中心,成功大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2003年8月。
    3. 朱俊銘,電腦軟體相關智慧財產權法制之探討 - 從開放原始碼運動出發,台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2003年8月。
    4. 康雲龍,論開放原始碼軟體對智慧財產權理論之影響 – 以著作權法為中心,銘傳大學,銘傳大學法律學系碩士論文,2007年8月。
    5. 李憲隆,開放原始碼法律問題之研究 – 智慧財產權制度之檢討,中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文,2003年7月。
    6. 林誠夏,自由軟體產業推動之反思–以加拿大資訊產業發展政策為比較觀點,台灣大學國家發展研究所碩士論文,2007年7月。
    7. 彭彥植,自由軟體授權中適用於軟體結合之研究 - 以GNU 通用公共授權第三版(GPLv3)為中心,中興大學科技法律研究所碩士論文,2010年1月。
    8. 林珈宏,開放源碼軟體商業應用之法律爭議及其可能之解決途徑,中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文,2010年6月。
    9. 翁儷娟,台灣廠商使用開放原始碼的法律問題研究 – 以使用GPL v2 授權條款的Embedded Linux為例,交通大學管理學院科技法律學程碩士論文,2011年6月。
    10. 黃泰然,智慧財產的他者及其抵抗:公共園地與創意共用,台灣大學法律學系碩士論文,2010年8月。
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    12. 邱嘉琳,新經濟下的新建構與舊矛盾-對「新經濟」之政治經濟學批判的分析,政治大學勞工研究所碩士論文,2004年1月。
    13. 林伯儀,求學作為勞動:一個學校教育的馬克思主義分析,政治大學社會學研究所碩士論文,2007年7月。
    14. 陳睿誠,人與自然的關係之辯證 – 以馬克斯哲學作為羅爾斯頓的理論基礎,東海大學哲學研究所碩士論文,2012年。
    15. 王郁雯,馬克斯論人的本質,政治大學政治研究所碩士論文,2004年8月。
    16. 張憶嬋, 開放原始碼軟體商業模式及相關法律問題之探討,政治大學智慧財產權研究所碩士論文, 2005年7月。
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    20. 林倍志,由德沃金裁判理論論著作權存續期間的延長—以Eldred v. Ashcroft 案為中心,政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2009年6月。

    四、網路資源
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    4. 謝良奇, GPL 3.0 版最終草案釋出 Novell、微軟專利協議不受影響, 自由軟體鑄造廠, 2007年6月11日, http://www.openfoundry.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1037&Itemid=56 。
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    貳、英文文獻
    一、專書
    1. David A. Patterson & John L. Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design: The hardware/software interface (3rd ed. 2005).
    2. Lawrence Lessig, Free Culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity (2004).
    3. Joseph Feller et al., Perspectives on Free and Open Source Software (2005).
    4. Sam Williams & Richard M. Stallman, Free as in Freedom 2.0: Richard Stallman`s Crusade for Free Software (2nd ed. 2010) .
    5. Rod Dixon, Open Souce Software Law (2004).
    6. Lawrence Lessig, The future of Ideas: The fate of the commons in a connected world (2001).
    7. Richard M. Stallman et al., Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman (2002) .
    8. Lawrence Lessig, Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy (2008).
    9. Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) .
    10. Lawrence Rosen, Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law (2004).
    11. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth Of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets And Freedom (2006).
    12. James Boyle, The Public Domain: Enclosing The Commons Of The Mind (2008).
    13. Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, Nimmer on Copyright (Matthew Bender, Rev. Ed. 2012).
    14. Bernd Carsten, Free/open Source Software Development (2005).
    15. Johan Soderberg, Hacking Capitalism The Free and Open Source Software Movement (2008).
    16. Steven Weber, The Success of Open Source (2004).
    17. Brian Fitzgerald et al., Legal Issues Relating to Free and Open Source Software (2004).
    18. Ben Klemens, Math you can’t use: Patents, Copyrights, and Software (2006).
    19. Lawrence Lessig, Code (2006 2nd ed.).

    二、期刊論文
    1. Jyh-An Lee, New Perspectives on Public Goods Production: Policy Implications of Open Source Software, 9 Vand. J. Ent. & Tech. L. 45 (2006).
    2. William Fisher, Theories of Intellectual Property, New Essays in the Legal and Political Theory of Property 168 (Stephen R. Munzer ed., 2001).
    3. Peter G. Spivack, Does Form Follow Function? The Idea/Expression chotomy In Copyright Protection of Computer Software, 35 UCLA L. Rev. 723 (1988).
    4. I. Trotter Hardy, Six Copyright Theories for the Protection of Computer Object Programs, 26 Ariz. L. Rev. 845 (1985).
    5. Lisa Mandrusiak, Balancing Open Source Paradigms And Traditional Intellectual Property Models To Optimize Innovation, 63 Me. L. Rev. 303(2010).
    6. Omar Johnny et al., Copyright in Open Source Software – Understanding the Boundaries, 2 IFOSS L. Rev. 13 (2010).
    7. Jose J. Gonzalez de Alaiza Cardona, Open Source, Free Software, and Contractual Issues, 15 Tex. Intell. Prop. L.J. 157 (2007).
    8. Jason B. Wacha, Taking the Case: Is the GPL Enforceable?, 21 Santa Clara Computer and High Tech. L.J. 451 (2005)
    9. Adam Ake, License or Contract?: GPLv3 and the Persistent Controversy Over GPL Enforceability, 14 CASRIP NEWSL. 3. (2007) .
    10. Andres Guadamuz Gonzalez, Viral Contracts or Unenforceable Documents? Contractual Validity of Copyleft Licences, 26(8) Eur. Intell. Prop. Rev. 331(2004);
    11. Robert A. Hillman & Maureen A. O’Rourke, Rethinking Consideration in the Electronic Age, 61 Hastings L J 311 (2009).
    12. David McGowan, The Tory Anarchism of F/OSS Licensing, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 207 (2011).
    13. Lawrence Rosen, Bad Facts Make Good Law: The Jacobsen Case and Open Source, 1 IFOSS L. Rev. 27 (2009).
    14. Lothar Determann, Dangerous Liaisons – Software Combinations As Derivative Works?, 21 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 1421 (2006).
    15. Greg R. Vetter, Claiming Copyleft In Open Source Software: What If The Free Software Foundation’S General Public License (Gpl) Had Been Patented?, 2008 MICH. ST. L. REV. 279 (2008).
    16. Chip Patterson, Copyright Misuse and Modified Copyleft: New Solutions to the Challenges of Internet Standardization, 98 Mich. L. Rev. 1351 (2000).
    17. Maria Lilla Montagnani, From Open Source Software to Open Patenting: What’s New in the Realm of Openness?, 42 INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COMPETITION LAW (IIC) (2011).
    18. Lawrence Rosen, The unreasonable fear of infection, Open Magazine (2001) .
    19. Jyh-An Lee, Organizing the Unorganized: The Role of Nonprofit Organizations in the Commons Communities, 50 Jurimetrics J. 275 (2010).
    20. Jyh-An Lee, The Greenpeace of Cultural Environmentalism, 16 WIDENER L. REV. 1, 6 (2010).
    21. Jonas P. Herrell, The Copyright Misuse Doctrine’s Role in Open and Closed Technology Platforms, 26 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 441 (2011).
    22. Brett Frischmann & Dan Moylan, The Evolving Common Law Doctrine of Copyright Misuse: A Unified Theory and Its Application to Software, 15 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 865 (2000).
    23. Yochai Benkler, Coase`s Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm, 112 Yale L.J. 369 (2002).
    24. Yochai Benkler & Helen Nissenbaum, Commons-based Peer Production and Virtue, 14 J. POL. PHIL. 394 (2006).
    25. Christine Hurt, The Bluebook At Eighteen: Reflecting And Ratifying Current Trends In Legal Scholarship, 82 Ind. L. J. 49 (2007).
    26. Kal Raustiala & Christopher Sprigman, The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design, 92 Va. L. Rev. 1687 (2006).
    27. Jonathan M. Barnett, The Illusion of the Commons, 25 Berkeley Tech. L.J. 1751 (2010).
    28. Jonathan M. Barnett, What’s So Bad About Stealing?, 4 J. Tort L. 1 (2011).
    29. Avi Freema, Patentable Subject Matter: The View from Europe, 3 IFOSS L. Rev., 59 (2011).
    30. Stephen M. McJohn, The Paradoxes of Free Software, 9 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 25 (2000).
    31. Lawrence Lessig, Re-crafting a Public Domain, 18 YALE J.L. & HUMAN. 56 (2006).
    32. Andrew LaFontaine, Adventures in Software Licensing: SCO v. IBM and the Future of the Open Source Model, 4 J. TELECOMM. & HIGH TECH. L. 449 (2006).
    33. Brain Fitzgerald & Nic Suzor, Legal issues for the use of free and open source software in government, 29 Melbourne University Law Review 412, (2005).
    34. Amanda Brock, Project Harmony: Inbound transfer of rights in FOSS Projects, 2 IFOSS L. Rev. 139 (2010).
    35. Kirk D. Rowe, Why Pay for What`s Free: Minimizing the Patent Threat to Free and Open Source Software, 7 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 595 (2008).
    36. Heather Meeker, The Gift that Keeps on Giving – Distribution and Copyleft in Open Source Software Licenses, 4 IFOSS L. Rev. 29 (2012).
    37. Yochi Benkler, Freedom In The Commons: Towards A Political Economy Of Information, 52 DUKE L.J. 1245 (2003).
    38. Francois Leveque & Yann Meniere, Copyright versus Patents: The Open Source Software Legal Battle, 4 Review of Economic Research on Copyright Issues 27 (2007).
    39. Jason Schultz & Jennifer M. Urban , Protecting Open Innovation: The Defensive Patent License As A New Approach To Patent Threats,Transaction Costs, And Tactical Disarmament, 26 HARV. J.L. & TECH.1 (2012).
    40. David S. Evans & Anne Layne-Farrar, Software Patents and Open Source: The Battle Over Intellectual Property Rights, 9 VA. J.L. &TECH. 10 (2004).
    41. Brian J. Love, Why Patentable Subject Matter Matters for software, 81 The George Washington Law Review Arguendo 1 (2012).
    42. Rob Tiller, Initial thoughts on Mayo v. Prometheus and software patents, 4 IFOSS L. Rev. 63 (2012).
    43. Bernard Chao, Moderating Mayo, 107 Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy 82 (2012).
    44. David L. Hayes & C. Eric Schulman, A Response to a Proposal for a Defensive Patent License (DPL),Working Draft (2012).
    45. Lung-Sheng Chen, Enhancing the Quality of Software Patents by Open Review, 1 NTUT J. OF INTELL. PROP. L. & MGMT. 41 (2012).
    46. Stephen M. Maurer, The Penguin and the Cartel: Rethinking Antitrust and Innovation Policy for the Age of Commercial Open Source, 2012 Utah L. Rev. 269 (2012).
    47. Beth Simone Noveck, Peer to Patent: Collective Intelligence, Open Review and Patent Reform, 20 HARV. J.L.& TECH. 123 (2006).

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