Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/57961
|
| Title: | 高社會焦慮者的注意力訓練療效與眼動歷程之探討
Therapeutic effects of attentional training and eye-movements in social anxiety |
| Authors: | 梁記雯
Liang, Chi Wen |
| Contributors: | 許文耀
Hsu, Wen Yau
梁記雯
Liang, Chi Wen |
| Keywords: | 社會焦慮
眼動
情緒臉孔
注意力時間歷程
注意力偏誤
注意力訓練
social anxiety
eye-movements
emotional faces
time-course of attention
attentional bias
attentional training |
| Date: | 2012 |
| Issue Date: | 2013-05-01 11:47:58 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本研究主要的研究目的有二：其一，探討高社會焦慮者對不同情緒臉孔的注意力時間歷程；其二，探討自動化階段與控制式階段所進行的注意力訓練，對於降低注意力偏誤以及改善社會焦慮的效果。基於上述兩項研究目的，分為研究一與研究二進行。研究一中，共有60名參與者完成眼動作業，其中高、低社會焦慮組 (HSA組/ LSA組) 各30名。在眼動作業中，生氣、難過、快樂與中性四類情緒臉孔同時呈現於螢幕上，參與者被指示自由觀賞螢幕上的圖片，直到圖片消失。研究一的結果發現，HSA組對生氣臉的初始注視時間 (initial gaze duration; IGD) 明顯高於LSA組，且高於其它三類情緒臉孔，LSA組對四類情緒臉孔的IGD則沒有差異；其次，LSA組對快樂臉的整體凝視時間比例 (proportion of total viewing time; PTVT) 明顯高於HSA組。時間歷程分析的結果發現，HSA組在751-1000 ms 對生氣臉的凝視可能性高於LSA組，以及在7-8 s對難過臉的凝視可能性高於LSA組；LSA組在9-10 s對快樂臉的凝視可能性高於HSA組。研究一結果指向，高社會焦慮者對威脅刺激可能有注意力脫離困難，同時可能缺少對正向刺激的注意。研究二共有72名高社會焦慮者參與，本研究將注意力訓練的刺激呈現時間操弄為100 ms或500 ms兩種，每一種刺激呈現時間的注意力訓練可分為注意力改變組 (AMP組) 與注意力控制組 (ACC組) 兩種情境，因此共有AMP-100、ACC-100、AMP-500與ACC-500四種訓練情境。所有參與者被隨機分派至四種訓練情境中，並完成八次 (每週兩次，為期四週) 的注意力訓練作業。參與者在注意力訓練的前、後分別完成量表填寫、修改版Posner作業與眼動作業的評估，並且在注意力訓練結束至少一個月後，接受追蹤階段的評估。研究二的結果發現，100 ms的注意力訓練可以增進AMP-100組在修改版Posner作業上對所有無效嘗試次的反應時間；降低其在眼動作業上對生氣臉的IGD；同時改善AMP-100組參與者的負向評價恐懼、互動焦慮以及演講前的預期焦慮。500 ms的注意力訓練可以降低AMP-500組的參與者在修改版Posner作業上對社會威脅詞無效嘗試次的反應時間；減少其在眼動作業上對負向情緒臉孔的注意力維持時間，並增加對正向情緒臉孔的注意力維持時間；同時降低AMP-500組的負向評價恐懼與社會互動焦慮。研究二結果顯示，自動化階段與控制式階段所進行的注意力訓練，均可促進高社會焦慮者對威脅刺激的注意力脫離速度，並且改善社會焦慮。本研究於討論中，針對本研究結果在理論與臨床應用上的意涵進行探討，並提出本研究的限制與對未來研究的建議。
The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it aimed to investigate the attentional processing of emotional faces in social anxiety using the eye-tracking technique. Second, it tried to examine the effects of attentional training in reducing attentional bias and in decreasing social anxiety symptoms in high socially anxious individuals. In study 1, a total of 30 high socially anxious (HSA) and 30 low socially anxious (LSA) participants completed the eye-movement task. In the eye-movement task, participants were instructed to view the slides on the monitor naturally. Each slide contained 4 emotional faces (one angry, one sad, one happy and one neutral face). The results showed that the HSA participants had longer initial gaze duration (IGD) on angry faces than the LSA participants did. Further, the LSA participants had higher proportion of total viewing time (PTVT) on happy faces than the HSA participants did. Time-course of attention to emotional faces was also examined. The results showed that the HSA group had higher fixation probabilities to angry faces than the LSA group did in the 751-1000 ms time window. The HSA group exhibited higher fixation probability to sad faces than the LSA group did in the 7-8 s time window. Further, compared with the HSA group, the LSA group had higher fixation probability on happy faces in the 9-10 s time window. The results of study 1 indicate that individuals with high socially anxiety may have difficulty in disengagement form social threatening information and may demonstrate decreased attention to positive information. In study 2, seventy-two high socially anxious participants completed the experiments. In the attention training task, stimuli were presented at two durations: 100 ms and 500 ms. Participants were randomly assigned to four different attentional training conditions, including the AMP-100 (attention modification program; presentation duration = 100 ms), the ACC-100 (attention control condition; presentation duration = 100 ms), the AMP-500 and the ACC-500 group. All participants completed eight attentional training sessions delivered over four weeks (i.e., twice weekly sessions). Participants were also required to complete preassessments, postassessments and follow-up assessments. The results demonstrated that the 100 ms attention modification program facilitated attention disengagement in the Modified Version of Posner task and decreased attentional maintenance to angry faces in the eye-movement task for participants in the AMP-100 group. Furthermore, it reduced the fear of negative evaluation, interaction anxiety and anticipated anxiety for public-speaking situation in the AMP-100 group. The 500 ms attention modification program facilitated the disengagement from social threat words in the Modified Version of Posner task in participants of the AMP-500 group. It also decreased the attentional maintenance to negative faces and increased the attentional maintenance to happy faces in participants of the AMP-500 group. Further, it reduced the fear of negative evaluation and social interaction anxiety in the AMP-500 group. The results of study 2 suggest that attention modofication programs may decrease difficulty in disengagement from threat and reduce some aspects of social anxiety symptoms in individuals with high socially anxiety. Theoretical and clinical implications of these results were discussed. |
| Reference: | 台灣精神醫學會 (2004)。MINI台灣版 2.1.0。 台北: 台灣精神醫學會。
林肇賢 (2008)。高社交焦慮者在指示遺忘作業之回憶表現：從遺忘觀點探討記憶偏誤 (碩士論文)。國立政治大學，台北。
梁記雯、許文耀、洪福建、王韋婷 (2012)。社會焦慮者的自傳式記憶：敘事內容與記憶清晰度的分析。中華心理學刊，54，169-184.
陳心怡 (譯) (2000)。貝克憂鬱量表第二版中文版指導手冊。台北市：中國
行為科學研究社。
曾孟頤 (2009)。社交焦慮者對威脅臉的注意力處理歷程--過度警覺－逃避假設與過度警覺－難以轉移假設的驗證 (碩士論文)。國立政治大學，台北。
楊宜音、張志學等 (譯) (1997)。性格與社會心理測量總覽。台北市：遠流。
楊靜芳 (2003)。社交焦慮、網路社交焦慮與網路環境特性之關聯性探討 (碩士論文)。國立台灣大學，台北。
鄧閔鴻 (2010)。廣泛性焦慮疾患的心理病理：病態憂慮、注意偏誤與憂慮的後設認知 (博士論文)。國立台灣大學，台北。
劉瑞楨 (1999)。憂鬱者與社會焦慮者的自我關注特性--偏好性、持續性與彈性的探討 (碩士論文)。國立台灣大學，台北。
鍾思嘉、龍長風 (1984) 。修定情境與特質焦慮量表之研究。測驗年刊，31，27-36。
Aderka, I. M., Hofmann, S. G., Nickerson, A., Hermesh, H., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Marom, S. (2012). Functional impairment in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 393-400.
Alden, L. E., Taylor, C. T., Mellings, T. M. J. B., Laposa, J. M. (2008). Social anxiety and the interpretation of positive social events. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 577-590.
Allport, A. (1993). Attention and control: Have we been asking the wrong questions? A critical review of twenty-five years. In D. E. Meyer & S. Kornblum (Eds.), Attention and performance XIV : synergies in experimental psychology, artificial intelligence, and cognitive neuroscience (pp. 182-218). Cambridge, MA: M. I. T. Press.
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-Text revision (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Amir, N., Beard, C., Burns, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009). Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 28-33.
Amir, N., Beard, C., Taylor, C. T., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Burns, M., & Chen, X. (2009). Attention training in individuals with generalized social phobia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 961-973.
Amir, N., Elias, J., Klumpp, H., & Przeworski, A. (2003). Attentional bias to threat in social phobia: Facilitated processing of threat or difficulty disengaging attention from threat? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1325-1335.
Amir, N., Foa, E. B., & Coles, M. E. (1998). Automatic activation and strategic avoidance of threat-relevant information in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 285-290.
Amir, N., Weber, G., Beard, C., Bomyea, J., & Taylor, C. T. (2008). The effect of a single-session attention modification program on response to a public-speaking challenge in socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 860-868.
Antes, J. R., & Penland, J. G. (1981). Picture context effects on eye movement patterns. In D. F. Fisher, R. A. Monty & J. W. Senders (Eds.), Eye movements: Cognition and visual perception (pp. 157-170). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Asmundson, G. J. G., & Stein, M. B. (1994). Selective processing of social threat in patients with generalized social phobia: Evaluation using a dot-probe paradigm. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 107-117.
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related atentional bas in axious and nnanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 1-24.
Barry, E. S., Naus, M. J., & Rehm, L. P. (2006). Depression, implicit memory, and self: A revised memory model of emotion. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 719-745.
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1997). An information processing model of anxiety: Automatic and strategic processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 49-58.
Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. I. (1985). Anxiety disorder and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, Tex: Psychological Corporation.
Beck, J. G., Freeman, J. B., Shipherd, J. C., Hamblen, J. L., & Lackner, J. M. (2001). Specificity of Stroop interference in patients with pain and PTSD. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 536-543.
Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., Margraf, J., & Roth, W. T. (2001). The emotional Stroop effect in anxiety disorders: General emotionality or disorder specificity? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15, 147-159.
Behar, E., McHugh, R. K., Peckham, A., & Otto, M. W. (2010). d-Cycloserine for the augmentation of an attentional training intervention for trait anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 440-445.
Bishop, S. J. (2007). Neurocognitive mechanisms of anxiety: An integrative account. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 307-316.
Bögels, S. M., & Mansell, W. (2004). Attention processes in the maintenance and treatment of social phobia: Hypervigilance, avoidance and self-focused attention. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 827-856.
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.
Bradley, B. P., & Mathews, A. (1983). Negative self-schemata in clinical depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 173-181.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Millar, N. H. (2000). Covert and overt orienting of attention to emotional faces in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 789-808.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Williams, R. (1995). Implicit and explicit memory for emotion-congruent information in clinical depression and anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 755-770.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Falla, S. J., & Hamilton, L. R. (1998). Attentional bias for threatening facial expressions in anxiety: Manipulation of stimulus duration. Cognition & Emotion, 12, 737-753.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., Millar, N., & White, J. (1995). Selective processing of negative information: Effects of clinical anxiety, concurrent depression, and awareness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 532-536.
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., Murphy, S. E., Goodwin, G. M., & Harmer, C. J. (2010). Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 919-925.
Buckley, T. C., Parker, J. D., & Heggie, J. (2001). A psychometric evaluation of the BDI-II in treatment-seeking substance abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 20, 197-204.
Buckner, J. D., Maner, J. K., & Schmidt, N. B. (2010). Difficulty disengaging attention from social threat in social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 34, 99-105.
Buckner, J., Dewall, C., Schmidt, N., & Maner, J. (2010). A tale of two threats: Social anxiety and attention to social threat as a function of social exclusion and non-exclusion threats. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 449.
Calvo, M. G., & Avero, P. (2005). Time course of attentional bias to emotional scenes in anxiety: Gaze direction and duration. Cognition & Emotion, 19, 433-451.
Calvo, M. G., & Meseguer, E. (2002). Eye movements and processing stages in reading: Relative contribution of visual, lexical, and contextual factors. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 5, 66-77.
Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2008). Detection of emotional faces: Salient physical features guide effective visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 471-494.
Carleton, R. N., Collimore, K. C., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2007). Social anxiety and fear of negative evaluation: Construct validity of the BFNE-II. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 131-141.
Carretié, L., Hinojosa, J. A., Martín-Loeches, M., Mercado, F., & Tapia, M. (2004). Automatic attention to emotional stimuli: Neural correlates. Human Brain Mapping, 22, 290-299.
Caseras, X., Garner, M., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2007). Biases in visual orienting to negative and positive scenes in dysphoria: An eye movement study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 491-497.
Chang, H. W. (2005). Dimensions of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university sample. Individual Differences Research, 3, 193-199.
Chen, Y. P., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., & Mansell, W. (2002). Patients with generalized social phobia direct their attention away from faces. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 677-687.
Christianson, S.-Å., Loftus, E. F., Hoffman, H., & Loftus, G. R. (1991). Eye fixations and memory for emotional events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 693-701.
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. Hope & F. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York: Guilford Press.
Coles, M. E., & Heimberg, R. G. (2005). Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobia: A replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 109-120.
Collins, K. A., Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J. A., & Stewart, S. H. . (2005). The validity of the brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 345-359.
Cooper, R. M., & Langton, S. R. H. (2006). Attentional bias to angry faces using the dot-probe task? It depends when you look for it. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1321-1329.
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (1998). Human cortical mechanisms of visual attention duraing orientation and search. Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 353B, 1353-1362.
Craske, M. G., & Waters, A. M. (2005). Panic disorder, phobias, and generalized anxiety disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 197-225.
Csukly, G., Telek, R., Filipovits, D., Takács, B., Unoka, Z., & Simon, L. (2011). What is the relationship between the recognition of emotions and core beliefs: Associations between the recognition of emotions in facial expressions and the maladaptive schemas in depressed patients. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 129-137.
Dalgleish, T., & Watts, F. N. (1990). Biases of attention and memory in disorders of anxiety and depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 589-604.
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (1998). Anxiety and attentional focusing: Trait, state and hemispheric influences. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 745-761.
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 225-236.
Deubel, H., & Schneider, W. X. (1996). Saccade target selection and object recognition: Evidence for a common attentional mechanism. Vision Research, 36, 1827-1837.
Duke, D., Krishnan, M., Faith, M., & Storch, E. A. (2006). The psychometric properties of the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 807-817.
Eizenman, M., Yu, L. H., Grupp, L., Eizenman, E., Ellenbogen, M., Gemar, M., & Levitan, R. D. (2003). A naturalistic visual scanning approach to assess selective attention in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 118, 117-128.
Ekman, P. (1999). Basic emotions. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of Cognition and Emotion. Sussex, U.K.: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emery, N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 581-604.
Engbert, R., Longtin, A., & Kliegl, R. (2002). A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing. Vision Research, 42, 621-636.
Findlay, J. M. (1984). Properties of the saccadic eye movement system: Introduction. In A. G. Gale & F. Johnson (Eds.), Theoretical and applied aspects of eye movement research (pp. 51-53). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.
Findlay, J. M., & Gilchrist, I. D. (2003). Active Vision: The Psychology of Looking and Seeing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Findlay, J. M., & Walker, R. (1996). Visual attention and saccadic eye movements in normal human subjects and in patients with unilateral neglect. In H. S. S. W.H. Zangemeister & C. Freksa (Eds.), Advances in Psychology (Vol. 116, pp. 95-114): North-Holland.
Fox, E., Russo, R., & Dutton, K. (2002). Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 355-379.
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K. (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 681-700.
Gamble, A. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2010). The time-course of attention to emotional faces in social phobia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 39-44.
Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006a). Fear-relevant selective associations and social anxiety: Absence of a positive bias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 201-217.
Garner, M., Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2006b). Orienting and maintenance of gaze to facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 760-770.
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., & Amir, N. (1999). Attentional biases for facial expressions in social phobia: The face-in-the-crowd paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 305-318.
Godijn, R., & Theeuwes, J. (2004). The relationship between inhibition of return and saccade trajectory deviations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 538-554.
Grant, D. M., & Beck, J. Gayle. (2006). Attentional biases in social anxiety and dysphoria: Does comorbidity make a difference? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 520-529.
Hand, C. J., Miellet, S., O`Donnell, P. J., & Sereno, S. C. (2010). The frequency-predictability interaction in reading: It depends where you`re coming from. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 1294-1313.
Harris, C. A., & D`Eon, J. L. (2008). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory--second edition (BDI-II) in individuals with chronic pain. Pain, 137, 609-622.
Heimberg, R. G., & Becker, R. E. (2002). Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Phobia. New York: Guilford Press.
Heinrichs, N., & Hofmann, S. G. (2001). Information processing in social phobia: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 751-770.
Helfinstein, S. M., White, L. K., Bar-Haim, Y., & Fox, N. A. (2008). Affective primes suppress attention bias to threat in socially anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 799-810.
Henderson, J. M. (1992). Visual attention and eye movement control suring reading and picture viewing. In K. Rayner (Ed.), Eye Movements and Visual Cognition (pp. 260-283). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Henderson, J. M., & Ferreira, F. (1990). Effects of foveal processing difficulty on the perceptual span in reading: Implications for attention and eye movement control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 417-429.
Hermans, D., Vansteenwegen, D., & Eelen, P. (1999). Eye movement registration as a continuous index of attention deployment: Data from a group of spider anxious students. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 419-434.
Hinrichsen, H., & Clark, D. M. (2003). Anticipatory processing in social anxiety: Two pilot studies. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 205-218.
Hirsch, C. R., & Clark, D. M. (2004). Information-processing bias in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 799-825.
Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2000). Impaired positive inferential bias in social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 705-712.
Hoffman, J. E. (1998). Visual attention and eye movements. In H. Pashler (Ed.), Attention (pp. 119-154). Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception & Psychophysics, 57, 787-795.
Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2006). Managing Social Anxiety: A Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.
Horley, K., Williams, L. M., Gonsalvez, C., & Gordon, E. (2003). Social phobics do not see eye to eye: A visual scanpath study of emotional expression processing. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 33-44.
Horley, K., Williams, L. M., Gonsalvez, C., & Gordon, E. (2004). Face to face: Visual scanpath evidence for abnormal processing of facial expressions in social phobia. Psychiatry Research, 127, 43-53.
Humphreys, G. W. (1996). Neuropsychological aspects of visual attention and eye movements -- A synopsis. In H. S. S. W.H. Zangemeister & C. Freksa (Eds.), Advances in Psychology (Vol. Volume 116, pp. 73-78): North-Holland.
Ishida, T., & Ikeda, M. (1989). Temporal properties of information extraction in reading studied by a text-mask replacement technique. Journal of the Optical Society of America A: Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 6, 1624-1632.
Jaeggi, S. M., Berman, M. G., & Jonides, J. (2009). Training attentional processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 191-192.
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006). Is This happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 705-714.
Kashdan, T. B. (2004). The neglected relationship between social interaction anxiety and hedonic deficits: Differentiation from depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 18, 719-730.
Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Social anxiety spectrum and diminished positive experiences: Theoretical synthesis and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 348-365.
Kashdan, T. B., & Weeks, J. W. (2010). Social anxiety, positive experiences, and positive events. In S. G. Hofmann & P. M. Dibartolo (Eds.), Soaicl anxiety: Clinical, developmental, and Social perspectives (pp. 447-469). London, UK: Elsevier Inc.
Kashdan, T. B., Weeks, J. W., & Savostyanova, A. A. (2011). Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 786-799.
Kellough, J. L., Beevers, C. G., Ellis, A. J., & Wells, T. T. (2008). Time course of selective attention in clinically depressed young adults: An eye tracking study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1238-1243.
Klein, R. (1980). Does oculomotor readiness mediate cognitive control of visual attention? In R. S. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and Performance VIII (pp. 259-276). Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Kliegl, R., Grabner, E., Rolfs, M., & Engbert, R. (2004). Length, frequency, and predictability effects of words on eye movements in reading. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 16, 262-284.
Klumpp, H., & Amir, N. (2009). Examination of vigilance and disengagement of threat in social anxiety with a probe detection task. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 22(3), 283-296.
Klumpp, H., & Amir, N. (2010). Preliminary study of attention training to threat and neutral faces on anxious reactivity to a social stressor in social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 263-271.
Koster, E. H. W., Crombez, G., Verschuere, B., & De Houwer, J. (2004). Selective attention to threat in the dot probe paradigm: Differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1183-1192.
Koster, E. H. W., Leyman, L., Raedt, R. D., & Crombez, G. (2006). Cueing of visual attention by emotional facial expressions: The influence of individual differences in anxiety and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 329-339.
Kowler, E. (1995). Eye movements In S. M. Kosslyn & D. N. Osheron (Eds.), Visual Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT.
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377-395.
Lange, W.-G., Heuer, K., Reinecke, A., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2008). Inhibition of return is unimpressed by emotional cues. Cognition & Emotion, 22, 1433-1456.
Laposa, J. M., Cassin, S. E., Rector, N. A. (2010). Interpretation of positive social events in social phobia: An examination ofcognitive correlates and diagnostic distinction. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 203-210.
Leary, M. R. (1983a). A brief version of the Fear of Negatvie Evaluation Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371-375.
Leary, M. R. (1983b). Social anxiousness: The construct and itd measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 66-75.
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1993). The interaction anxiousness scale: construct and criterion-related validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 136-146.
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Harnett-Sheehan, K., . . . Dunbar, G. C. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12, 224-231.
LeDoux, J. (1998). Fear and the brain: Where have we been, and where are we going? Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1229-1238.
Lee, H.-J., & Telch, M. J. (2008). Attentional biases in social anxiety: An investigation using the inattentional blindness paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 819-835.
Lee, Y.-S., & Lee, H.-M. (2007). Emotionality ratings and free-association norms of 267 common two-character Chinese words. Unpublished manuscript.
Li, S., Tan, J., Qian, M., & Liu, X. (2008). Continual training of attentional bias in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 905-912.
Liang, C.-W., Hsu, W.-Y., Hung, F.-C., Wang, W.-T., & Lin, C.-H. (2011). Absence of a positive bias in social anxiety: The application of a directed forgetting paradigm. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 204-210.
Liebowitz, M. R. (1987). Social phobia. Modern Problems of Pharmacopsychiatry, 22, 141-173.
Luks, T. L., Simpson, G. V., Dale, C. L., & Hough, M. G. (2007). Preparatory allocation of attention and adjustments in conflict processing. NeuroImage, 35, 949-958.
MacDonald, A. W., Cohen, J. D., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2000). Dissociating the Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Cognitive Control. Science, 288, 1835-1838.
MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 107-123.
Maidenberg, E., Chen, E., Craske, M., Bohn, P., & Bystritsky, A. (1996). Specificity of attentional bias in panic disorder and social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 529-541.
Mansell, W., Clark, D. M., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Internal versus external attention in social anxiety: An investigation using a novel paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 555-572.
Mansell, W., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., & Chen, Y. P. (1999). Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 673-690.
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2002). Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 331-354.
Mathews, A., Ridgeway, V., & Williamson, D. A. (1996). Evidence for attention to threatening stimuli in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 695-705.
Mattia, J. I., Heimberg, R. G., & Hope, D. A. (1993). The revised stroop color-naming task in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 305-313.
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470.
Mauss, I. B., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2003). Autonomic recovery and habituation in social anxiety. Psychophysiology, 40, 648-653.
McNeil, D. W., Ries, B. J., Taylor, L. J., Boone, M. L., Carter, L. E., Turk, C. L., & Lewin, M. R. (1995). Comparison of social phobia subtypes using Stroop tests. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 47-57.
Melka, S. E., Lancaster, S. L., Adams, L. J., Howarth, E. A., & Rodriguez, B. F. (2010). Social anxiety across ethnicity: A confirmatory factor analysis of the FNE and SAD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 680-685.
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Jack, M. S. (2000). Comorbid generalized anxiety disorder in primary social phobia: Symptom severity, functional impairment, and treatment response. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 325-343.
Miellet, S., Sparrow, L., & Sereno, S. (2007). Word frequency and predictability effects in reading French: An evaluation of the E-Z Reader model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 762-769.
Miller, G. A., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 40-48.
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809-848.
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999a). Orienting of attention to threatening facial expressions presented under conditions of restricted awareness. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 713-740.
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999b). Some methodological issues in assessing attentional biases for threatening faces in anxiety: A replication study using a modified version of the probe detection task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 595-604.
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2002). Selective orienting of attention to masked threat faces in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1403-1414.
Mogg, K., Bradbury, K. E., & Bradley, B. P. (2006). Interpretation of ambiguous information in clinical depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1411-1419.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., De Bono, J., & Painter, M. (1997). Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 297-303.
Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Miles, F., & Dixon, R. (2004). Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: Testing the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis. Cognition & Emotion, 18, 689-700.
Mogg, K., Mathews, A., & Weinman, J. (1987). Memory bias in clinical anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 94-98.
Mogg, K., McNamara, J., Powys, M., Rawlinson, H., Seiffer, A., & Bradley, B. P. (2000). Selective attention to threat: A test of two cognitive models of anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 14, 375-399.
Mogg, K., Millar, N., & Bradley, B. P. (2000). Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 695-704.
Mogg, K., Philippot, P., & Bradley, B. P. (2004). Selective attention to angry faces in clinical social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 160-165.
Mohlman, J., Carmin, C. N., & Price, R. B. (2007). Jumping to interpretations: Social anxiety disorder and the identification of emotional facial expressions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 591-599.
Monk, C. S., Nelson, E. E., McClure, E. B., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Leibenluft, E., et al. (2006). Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation and attentional bias in response to angry faces in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1091-1097.
Mortier, K., Donk, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2003). Attentional capture within and between objects. Acta Psychologica, 113, 133-145
Mühlberger, A., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2008). Visual attention during virtual social situations depends on social anxiety. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11, 425-430.
Müller, H. J., & Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1989). Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention: time course of activation and resistance to interruption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 315-330.
Murphy, R., Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Smith, K., & Clark, D. M. (2007). Facilitating a benign interpretation bias in a high socially anxious population. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1517-1529.
Musa, C., Lépine, J. P., Clark, D. M., Mansell, W., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Selective attention in social phobia and the moderating effect of a concurrent depressive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1043-1054.
Oei, T. P. S., Kenna, D., & Evans, L. (1991). The reliability, validity and utility of the SAD and FNE scales for anxiety disorder patients. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 111-116.
Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Social phobia and depression: Prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68, 235-243.
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fear, phobias and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483-522.
Ononaiye, M., Turpin, G., & Reidy, J. (2007). Attentional bias in social snxiety: manipulation of stimulus duration and social-evaluative anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 31, 727.
Ouimet, A. J., Gawronski, B., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2009). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety: A review and an integrative model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 459-470.
Pineles, S. L., & Mineka, S. (2005). Attentional biases to internal and external sources of potential threat in social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 314-318.
Pishyar, R., Harris, L. M., & Menzies, R. G. (2004). Attentional bias for words and faces in social anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping: An International Journal, 17, 23-36.
Pishyar, R., Harris, L. M., & Menzies, R. G. (2008). Responsiveness of measures of attentional bias to clinical change in social phobia. Cognition & Emotion, 22, 1209-1227.
Posner, M. I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25.
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
Posner, M. I., Inhoff, A. W., Friedrich, F. J., & Cohen, A. (1987). Isolating attention systems: A cognitive-anatomical analysis. Psychobiology, 15, 107-121.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741-756.
Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 372-422.
Reese, H. E., McNally, R. J., Najmi, S., & Amir, N. (2010). Attention training for reducing spider fear in spider-fearful individuals. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 657-662.
Reinecke, A., Cooper, M., Favaron, E., Massey-Chase, R., & Harmer, C. (2011). Attentional bias in untreated panic disorder. Psychiatry Research, 185, 387-393.
Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2006). Spider fearful individuals attend to threat, then quickly avoid it: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 231-238.
Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., & Sheliga, B. M. (1994). Space and selective attention. In C. Umiltà & M. Moscovitch (Eds.), Attention and Performance XV (pp. 231-265). Cambridge, MA.: M. I. T. Press.
Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., Thissen, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., Chambless, D. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2004). More information from fewer questions: The factor structure and item properties of the original and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Psychological Assessment, 16, 169-181.
Rohner, J.-C. (2002). The time-course of visual threat processing: High trait anxious individuals eventually avert their gaze from angry faces. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 837-844.
Rozin, P., Lowery, L., & Ebert, R. (1994). Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 870-881.
Ruiz-Caballero, J. A., & Bermudez, J. (1997). Anxiety and attention: Is there an attentional bias. Journal of General Psychology, 124, 194.
Salemink, E., van den Hout, M. A., & Kindt, M. (2007). Selective attention and threat: Quick orienting versus slow disengagement and two versions of the dot probe task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 607-615.
Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 5-14.
See, J., MacLeod, C., & Bridle, R.. (2009). The reduction of anxiety vulnerability through the modification of attentional bias: A real-world study using a home-based cognitive bias modification procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 65-75.
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Harnett Sheehan, K., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., . . . Dunbar, G. C. (1997). The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. European Psychiatry, 12, 232-241.
Shyi, G. C.-W., Huang, S.-T. T., & Yeh, C.-Y. (in press). Taiwan corpora of Chinese emotions and relevant psychophysiological data - A college-student database of facial expression for basic emotions. Chinese Journal of Psychology.
Shyi, G. C.-W., Wang, Y., & He, H.-M. (2006). Taiwanese facial expressions of basic and secondary emotions: Construction of a database. National Chung Cheng Univeristy: Taiwan Institute for Humanity.
Silvia, P. J., Allan, W. D., Beauchamp, D. L., Maschauer, E. L., & Workman, J. O. (2006). Biased recognition happy facial expressions in social anxiety. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 25, 585-602.
Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., & Marsh, B. J. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and the state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 993-1021). Mahwan, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Staugaard, S. R. (2010). Threatening faces and social anxiety: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 669-690.
Stein, M. B., & Chavira, D. A. (1998). Subtypes of social phobia and comorbidity with depression and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, Supplement 1, S11-S16.
Stevens, S., Rist, F., & Gerlach, A. L. (2009). Influence of alcohol on the processing of emotional facial expressions in individuals with social phobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 125-140.
Stevens, S., Rist, F., & Gerlach, A. L. (2011). Eye movement assessment in individuals with social phobia: Differential usefulness for varying presentation times? Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 219-224.
Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (1993). Cognitive processes in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 255-267.
Stravynsky. (2007). Fearing others: the nature and treatment of social phobia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tang, Y.-Y., & Posner, M. I. (2009). Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 222-227.
Taylor, C. T., Bomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2010). Attentional bias away from positive social information mediates the link between social anxiety and anxiety vulnerability to a social stressor. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 403-408.
Telzer, E. H., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Mai, X., Ernst, M., Pine, D. S., &Monk, C. S. (2008). Relationship between trait anxiety, prefrontal cortex, and attention bias to angry faces in children and adolescents. Biological Psychology, 79, 216-222.
Theeuwes, J., Kramer, A. F., Hahn, S., & Irwin, D. E. (1998). Our eyes do not always go where we want them to go. Psychological Science, 9, 379-385.
Turner, S. M., Beidel, D. C., Dancu, C. V., & Stanley, M. A. (1989). An empirically derived inventory to measure social fears and anxiety: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1, 35-40.
Underwood, G., Templeman, E., Lamming, L., & Foulsham, T. (2008). Is attention necessary for object identification? Evidence from eye movements during the inspection of real-world scenes. Consciousness and Cognition, 17, 159-170.
Van Bockstaele, B., Verschuere, B., Koster, E. H. W., Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., & Crombez, G. (2011). Effects of attention training on self-reported, implicit, physiological and behavioural measures of spider fear. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 211-218.
Vassilopoulos, S. P, Banerjee, R. (2008). Interpretations and judgments regarding positive and negative social scenarios in childhood social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 870-876.
Vassilopoulos, S. P. (2005). Social anxiety and the vigilance-avoidance pattern of attentional processing. Behavioural and Cognitive psychotherapy, 33, 13-24.
Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., Putman, P., & Thayer, J. F. (2009). Interacting effects of worry and anxiety on attentional disengagement from threat. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 146-152.
Vitu, F., & McConkie, G. W. (2000). Regressive Saccades and Word Perception in Adult Reading. In K. Alan, R. Ralph, H. Dieter & P. Joël (Eds.), Reading as a Perceptual Process (pp. 301-326). Oxford: North-Holland.
Voncken, M. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2008). Social performance deficits in social anxiety disorder: Reality during conversation and biased perception during speech. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 1384-1392.
Wachtel, P. L. (1968). Anxiety, attention, and coping with Threat. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73, 137-143.
Wadlinger, H. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Looking happy: The experimental manipulation of a positive visual attention bias. Emotion, 8, 121-126.
Wallace, S. T., & Alden, L. E. (1997). Social phobia and positive social events: The price of success. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 416-424.
Wang, Wei-Ting, Hsu, Wen-Yau, Chiu, Yu-Chen, & Liang, Chi-Wen. (2012). The hierarchical model of social interaction anxiety and depression: The critical roles of fears of evaluation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 215-224.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.
Weeks, J. W. (2010). The Disqualification of Positive Social Outcomes Scale: A novel assessment of a long-recognized cognitive tendency in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 856-865.
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., & Rodebaugh, T. L. (2008). The Fear of Positive Evaluation Scale: Assessing a proposed cognitive component of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 44-55.
Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Norton, P. J. (2008). Exploring the relationship between fear of positive evaluation and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 386-400.
Weeks, J. W., Jakatdar, T. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2010). Comparing and contrasting fears of positive and negative evaluation as facets of social anxiety. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 29, 68-94.
Weierich, M. R., Treat, T. A., & Hollingworth, A. (2008). Theories and measurement of visual attentional processing in anxiety. Cognition & Emotion, 22, 985-1018.
Williams, J. M. G. , Watts, F. N. , MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester: Wiley.
Wolpe, J., & Lazarus, A. A. (1966). Behavior therapy techniques. New York: Pergamon.
Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2011a). Impact of anticipatory processing versus distraction on multiple indices of anxiety in socially anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 700-706.
Wong, Q. J. J., & Moulds, M. L. (2011b). The relationship between the maladaptive self-beliefs characteristic of social anxiety and avoidance. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 171-178.
Yarbus, A. L. (1967). Eye movement and vision. New York: Plenum Press.
Yiend, J., & Mathews, A. (2001). Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 54, 665-681.
Yoon, K., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2007). Threat is in the eye of the beholder: Social anxiety and the interpretation of ambiguous facial expressions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(4), 839-847.
Zubeidat, I., Salinas, J. M., Sierra, J. C., & Fernández-Parra, A. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and separation criterion between Spanish youths with and without subtypes of social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 21, 603-624. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
95752502
101 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095752502 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [心理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 250201.pdf | 16723Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1007 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
