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    题名: 俄羅斯外人直接投資與貧窮改善之研究
    The relations of foreign direct investment and poverty in Russia
    作者: 徐牧群
    贡献者: 魏百谷
    徐牧群
    关键词: 俄羅斯
    外人直接投資（FDI）
    貧窮
    開放貿易
    Russia
    Foreign Direct Investment
    Poverty
    Trade Openess
    日期: 2012
    上传时间: 2013-01-02 13:28:41 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 　　本文探討外人直接投資對於俄羅斯貧窮問題之影響。透過質性研究說明俄羅斯外人直接投資趨勢與貧窮分布，並輔以量化研究解釋兩者間的關係；在變數選取部分，除主要之各地區外人直接投資流量、絕對貧窮率外，本文還納入人力資本、國內投資、公部門角色、貿易開放程度與總體經濟環境等變數進行研究。樣本資料根據俄羅斯國家統計局，選擇資料完整的71個聯邦主體作為研究對象，分析期間為2000至2008年，共639個觀察值。
    　　實證結果發現，外人直接投資與貧窮率之間，並未存在顯著的負向關係；然而，若不考慮各聯邦主體間變異存在與否，甚至得出外人直接投資將惡化貧窮情形的結果；在其餘變數的部分，發現除了政府支出的結論與預期相反、人力資本不顯著外，其餘變數均符合預期，顯示貿易越為開放、總體經濟穩定且經濟成長的地區，貧窮問題較為和緩，在國內投資部分，雖未達統計顯著標準，但結果也傾向國內投資的提升有助於降低貧窮率。此外，若將外人直接投資視為依變數，再結合原先以貧窮為依變數之實證結果，可發現貿易開放程度為唯一同時對吸引外人直接投資與降低貧窮率皆達統計顯著水準的變數，即開放貿易助於提升外人直接投資與降低貧窮水準。
    參考文獻: 一、 中文

    （一） 書籍
    謝登隆與徐繼達，總體經濟理論與政策（台北：致勝文化，第八版，2001年）。
    歐陽勛與黃仁德，國際貿易理論與政策（台北：三民書局，1990年）。
    Ted Walther著，蔡建樹與黃英哲譯，國際貿易：國際貿易經濟學（台北：台灣西書，1998年）。

    （二） 期刊論文
    余守純，「探究人力資本對經濟成長的貢獻－以低中高所得國家為例」，國立成功大學政治經濟研究所碩士論文（2007年）。
    袁曉虎，「外國直接投資在亞洲的前景與展望─外人直接投資對金融危機的反應」，國際經貿探索，第六期（1999年），頁44-48。
    陳宜蓮，「普丁時期俄羅斯的社會福利改革」，國立政治大學俄羅斯研究所論文（2008年）。
    陳薇薇，「社會學習與ICT擴散－以中國跨省間數位落差為例」，國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文（2009年）。
    魏百谷，「俄國地區之投資環境與外國直接投資分析」，俄羅斯學報，第三期（2003年），頁47-72。

    二、 外文

    （一）書籍
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    Kenworthy, Lane, “Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment,” Luxembourg Income Study Working Paper, No. 188(1998).
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    Krugman, Paul R. and Maurice Obstfeld, International Economics: Theory and Policy(Addison-Wesley, 4th ed., 1997).
    Kuznetsov, Alexey V., “Industrial and geographical diversification of Russian foreign direct investments,” Pan-European Institute Working Paper(2010).
    Ledyaeva, Svetlana and Mikael Linden, “Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Russia Regions,” BOFIT Discussion Papers, Vol. 17(2006).
    Lipsey, Robert E., and Fredrik Sjöholm, “Foreign Direct Investment and Wages in Indonesian Manufacturing,” NBER Working Papers 8299(2001).
    Manaenkov, Daniil, “What Determines the Region of Location of an FDI Project? An Empirical Assessment,” New Economic School Working Paper, No. 36(2000).
    Milanovic, Branko, “Can We Discern The Effect Of Globalization On Income Distribution? Evidence from Household Budget Surveys,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2876(2003).
    Mirza, Hafiz, Axèle Giroud, Hossein Jalilian, John Weiss, Nick Freeman and Mya Than, Regionalisation, Foreign Direct Investment and Poverty reduction: The Case of ASEAN (Bradford: University of Bradford, 2003).
    Nurkse, Ragnar, “Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries,” New York: Oxford University Press, Vol. 11(1953).
    Pesaran, Mohammad Hashem, “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels,” Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, No. 0435(2004).
    Prokofieva, L., Measurement of Poverty and Social Exclusion: Russian Experience in Applying Nonmonetary Indicators, Background paper prepared for the World Bank, Russia Poverty Program (Washington, DC, 2003).
    Santarelli, Enrico and Paolo Figini, “Does Globalization Reduce Poverty? Some Empirical Evidence for the Developing Countries,” Understanding Globalization, Employment and Poverty Reduction, Working Paper No. 459, International Labor Office(2002).
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    （二）期刊
    Agénor, Pierre-Richard, “Does Globalization Hurt the Poor?” International Economics and Economic Policy, Vol.1(2004), pp.12-51
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    （三）網路資料
    Popov, Н. П., “Как измерить бедность (How to Measure Poverty),” ИНДЕМ, http://www.indem.ru/PUBLICATII/Popov/KakIzmerBedn.htm(17/08/2012)
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