| Abstract: | 本計畫探討政治菁英與社會力量在中國大陸政策過程中的角色。在歷經三十年的 改革開放之後，中國大陸的政策過程是否已經受到社會行動者所影響？或者，政府官 員本身的動機是否仍然是解釋政策變遷的最重要原因？本計畫以中國大陸省級地區的 勞動政策改革為例，檢視自二千年以來，在中央政府出台一系列重新管制 （re-regulation）勞動市場與積極勞動政策（ALMPs）之後，地方政府是否以及如何 制訂當地規範以執行中央政府的改革。挑戰傳統國家中心與社會中心的理論，本計畫 認為，政治菁英與社會行動者很可能在政策過程中相互利用以達成自我目標。當社會 行動者成功地將自己關於政策的偏好與政治菁英發生連結時，或者當政治菁英發現代 表社會行動者有利於自己的政治利益時，社會行動者將可能由政策過程的外部人轉變 成為內部人。 就方法論而言，本計畫結合質性與量化研究方法。首先，由於目前中外學界並無 一完整資料庫收集中國大陸所有地方性法規，筆者將利用多個資料庫，並以官方年鑑 為輔助，將中國大陸三十一個省級地區，在2001 年至2010 年之間，所推行的重新管 制勞動市場與積極勞動政策做一分類。詳細而言，這些政策包括：個人與集體勞動合 同、組建工會、五險一金、就業促進等。在對省級法規文獻有一全面性認識之後，本 計畫將進行田野調查，包括北京、湖南、重慶、浙江、與廣東。深入訪談對象涵蓋政 府官員、國際組織、非政府組織、人力資源管理者、與職工等。田野調查集中於釐清 地方政治菁英與社會行動者之間的關係，以及這兩種行動者如何對勞動政策發生影 響，以此為本計畫引導出具體的因果關係假設（hypothesis generation）。本計畫將 根據田野調查所產生的假設以進行統計檢驗，以三十一個省級地區十年間的勞動政策 為依變項，驗證政治菁英與社會力量之間的互動，是否可以解釋省級政府制訂勞動政 策力度的差異性。
This project aims to investigate how political elites and societal forces interact in China`s policy process. After thirty years of reform, has China`s political process been pluralized to include societal actors? Or does the Fragmented Authoritarianism framework continue to define the contours of her policy-making? To answer the question, this project focuses on the way in which China`s provincial-level regions make local labor rules when regulating the labor condition and promoting active labor market policies (ALMPs) are on the central government`s reform agenda in the 2000s. Challenging the conventional state- and society-centered approaches to policy reform, this project examines the dynamics of how state and societal actors make use of each other for the purpose of achieving their own goals. My proposed argument is that when societal actors successfully link their preferences to bureaucracies, or when political elites find it beneficial to “represent” non-state forces, previously excluded societal actors can be transformed from outsiders to insiders in the policy process. Methodologically, I will employ both qualitative and quantitative analyses. To differentiate provincial labor regulations, this project will construct a set of index to measure labor rules across 31 provincial-level regions from 2001 to 2010. The rules under examination include regulations of individual and collective labor contracts, social insurance, and active labor market policies (ALMPs). I will then conduct case studies on five regions, namely Beijing, Hunan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Chongqing. During the fieldwork, I will embark on archival research as well as in-depth interviews with government officials, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, human resources managers, regular and migrant workers, etc. The case studies are to provide detailed information about the policy process, and to generate hypotheses regarding the impacts of political elites and societal actors on provincial labor policy outcomes. Based on the small-N study, this project will adopt statistical analyses on the thirty-one regions to test if the dynamics between state and societal actors explain the different efforts made by provincial governments on labor regulations.
作為一種列寧式的社會控制機構，中國大陸的群眾組織在何種情況之下會替群眾發聲？本研究探討中華全國總工會在中國大陸勞動政策改革過程中的角色。藉由對省總工會關於簽訂集體合同與組建基層工會的態度做出分析，本研究發現，省總工會執行中央保護勞動者政策的方式受到工會官員對於己身政治前途評估的影響。除此以外，省總工會在省級統治結構內的地位也相當重要，假若省總工會主席在省委裡具有常委身份，這些省分較容易將中央保護勞動者的改革納入省政府的政策執行計畫之內。How representative are China‘s provincial mass-representative organizations? When will they speak for social forces? This research report explores the role of China‘s single official trade union, namely the All China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), in the pro-labor policy reform in the 2000s to investigate under what condition these semi-bureaucratic agencies act as workers‘ advocate to promote labor rights. Through an examination of how the provincial branches of the ACFTU carried out the central campaign of organizing unions and signing collective contracts, this research finds that the way in which local trade unions implemented the pro-labor reform was influenced by how local union officials evaluated their political careers and how the Trade Union Federation was situated in the provincial governing structure. I conclude that while a rising number of China scholars have identified the importance of popular collective action in pushing China‘s mass-representative organizations to respond to social grievances, elite politics still plays a significant role in determining which organization promotes social rights and which does not. |
