政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/54885
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113392/144379 (79%)
Visitors : 51219630      Online Users : 896
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54885


    Title: 自殺的經濟分析
    Economic studies on suicide
    Authors: 黃勢璋
    Huang, Shin Chang
    Contributors: 陳國樑
    Chen, Joe
    黃勢璋
    Huang, Shin Chang
    Keywords: 自殺
    社會風俗
    自殺的位移性
    自殺的持續性
    多重均衡
    自殺性別差異
    Date: 2011
    Issue Date: 2012-10-30 14:05:03 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 自殺議題已成為各國政府非常重視且亟欲解決的問題之一。觀察日本近20年的自殺率的變化，發現兩種在文獻上未曾被討論的特殊現象。第一，日本自殺率在1998年出現幅度高達34.21%的大幅跳躍增加，本文將此跳躍現象稱為自殺的位移性 (displacement)。第二，自殺率在1998年出現大幅跳躍上升之後，縱使後來經濟情勢好轉，自殺率卻未曾再明顯回跌至1997年以前的較低自殺率，本文將此現象稱為自殺的持續性 (persistence)。不論是位移或持續性效果，目前的經濟相關理論的文獻，在社會經濟變數沒有相對應巨幅變化的情況下，並無法針對上述自殺率的特殊現象提出適當解釋。本文第三章將針對自殺的位移與持續性做深入討論。

    另外，儘管世界各國的自殺率高低及趨勢存在差異，但從不同性別的自殺率角度切入，卻存在相當一致的現象，就是男性自殺率都明顯高於女性自殺率。既有的經濟相關理論文獻，就自殺率在性別差異的情況，並無相關理論模型解釋此一現象。本文第四章將針對男女性別在自殺率的差異現象做詳細分析。

    第三章根據OECD與臺灣共34個國家的自殺率資料，首先根據實證檢定方法證實位移與持續性等特殊現象，並非僅存在於日本而已，有9個國家的自殺率具有位移與持續性現象。在理論模型分析方面，本文提出自殺的社會風俗模型，用來說明自殺率的位移與持續性現象。模型結果發現，自殺率在理論上可能存在多重均衡解。在社會自殺率很低的情形下，以自殺作為解決問題所必須承受的社會壓力與心理成本越大，此時的個人自殺機率與社會自殺率將維持在一個相對“好”的低自殺率均衡水準。相反地，若一般社會、經濟情況發生惡化，許多人透過自殺尋求解脫，使得社會自殺率出現明顯增加，此時以自殺解決問題逐漸成為一種被默許的社會氛圍時，欲尋求自殺必須承受的社會壓力與心理成本會大大降低。自殺率甚至會出現以跳躍上升的方式，迅速移往一個相對“壞”的高自殺率均衡水準。此時，如果社會經濟變數沒有出現巨幅改善，均衡自殺率將無法回到原先相對“好”的低水準而持續維持在相對“壞”的高水準，如同日本自殺率在1989至2009年間所呈現的位移及持續性現象。

    第四章則透過經濟理論模型提出，預期壽命、天生基因以及風險趨避程度，是導致各國自殺率具有性別差異的主要因素。因為，預期壽命越高所帶來個人的預期終生效用現值越大，自殺行為或自殺率越低；使得各國女性預期壽命皆大於男性的情況下，得到男性自殺率高於女性之結果。心理醫學、生物學發現的性別天生基因不同，導致自殺率產生明顯差異的說法，也透過經濟理論模型進一步呈現。而工作選擇的風險趨避程度越低所伴隨工作所得變異性越大，導致個人落入貧窮的機會大增，自殺行為或自殺率提高；使得文獻發現女性風險趨避程度高於男性的結論，得到現實生活中男性自殺率高於女性的結果。在實證分析方面，根據從OECD成員國與臺灣共34個選樣國家資料，透過結合橫斷面與時間序列的統計資料，檢驗預期壽命與自殺率之間的關係是否與理論模型的結果相一致。結果發現，不論在哪一種Panel Data模型下，預期壽命與自殺率之間確實呈現顯著的負向關係，表示整體國家的預期壽命增加將使得社會自殺率降低。
    Reference: 中文部分

    報章雜誌：
    聯合報 (2010) 「稚女救母，自殺防治體系禁得起檢驗？」，06月07日，社論。
    劉謙慧 (2011) 「富士康第17跳！　員工不明原因墜樓」，今日新聞網，07月19日。
    蔡鵑如 (2012) 「賴活不如好死 希臘爆自殺潮」，中國時報，05月07日。

    圖書：
    孔繁鐘 (1997) DSM-IV精神疾病的診斷與統計，台北：合記圖書出版社。
    李選卿、蕭承德、謝振環 (2011) 計量經濟學，東華書局。
    徐偉初、歐俊男、謝文盛 (2008) 財政學，第二版，華泰文化。
    陳旭昇 (2010) 時間序列分析：總體經濟與財務金融之應用，第二版，東華書局。
    楊亦農 (2009) 時間序列分析：經濟與財務上之應用，第二版，雙葉書局。

    期刊論文：
    江弘基、戴傳文、李明濱、王銘光、張文穎、蔡佩樺 (2006) 老人自殺問題，臺灣醫學雜誌，10(3)：33–31。
    林忠正與黃璀娟 (2009) 補習文化，人文及社會科學集刊，21(4)：587–643。
    林培正 (1994) 「為什麼男性壽命較短？─胚胎學上的新解釋」，科學月刊，293。
    林莉旻 (2009) 初探臺灣大學生延畢現象，國立政治大學財政學系碩士論文。
    林淑慧 (2003) 臺灣區域性失業率之磁滯效應─Panel 單根檢定方法與應用，私立逢甲大學經濟學系碩士論文。
    林瓊香與李秀雲 (2001) 東亞國家失業率的Panel 單根檢定，東吳經濟學術研討會。
    李明濱、戴傳文、廖士程、江弘基 (2005) 自殺防治策略推動現況與展望，護理雜誌，53(6)：5–13。
    吳若寧與鄭雅文 (2008) 臺灣自殺死亡率趨勢：1959–2006，臺灣公共衛生雜誌，27(2)：110–120。
    周德宇與林忠正 (2008) 盜版、反盜版與社會風俗，網路經濟學研討會，中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心—制度與行為研究專題中心。
    黃淑卿 (2003) OECD國家磁滯性失業之實證研究，國立中正大學國際經濟研究所博士論文。
    黃淑卿 (2011) OECD國家磁滯性失業之實證研究，經濟與管理論叢，7(1)：135–158。

    英文部分

    期刊論文：
    Akerlof, George A. (1980) A Theory of Social Custom, of Which Unemployment May Be One Consequence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 94: 749–775.
    Alogoskoufis, G. and A. Manning (1988) Wage Setting and Unemployment Persistence in Europe, Japan, and the USA. European Economic Review, 32: 698–706.
    Andrews, Donald W.K. (1993) Tests for Parameter Instability and Structural Change with Unknown Change Point. Econometrica, 61: 821–856.
    Barro, R. (1988) The Persistence of Unemployment. American Economic Review, 78: 32–37.
    Bellante, D. and A.N. Link (1981) Are Public Sector Workers more Risk Averse thanPrivate Sector Workers? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 34: 408–412.
    Blanchard, O.J. and L.H. Summers, (1986) Hysteresis and the European Unemployment Problem. NBER Macroeconomics Annual (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), 15–78.
    Blanchard, O.J. and L.H. Summers, (1987) Hysteresis in Unemployment. European Economic Review, 31: 288–295.
    Bonin, H., T. Dohmen, A. Falk, D. Huffman, and U. Sunde (2007) Cross-Sectional Earnings Risk and Occupational Sorting: The Role of Risk Attitudes. Labour Economics, 14: 926–937.
    Booth, A.L. (1985) The Free Rider Problem and a Social Custom Model of Trade Union Membership. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 100: 253–261.
    Burr, J.A., P.L. McCall, and E. Powell-Griner (1994) Catholic Religion and Suicide: The Mediating Effect of Divorce. Social Science Quarterly, 75: 300–318.
    Capsi, A., J. McClay, T.E. Moffitt, J. Mill, J. Martin, I.M. Craig, A. Taylor, and R. Poulton (2002) Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children. Science, 297: 851–854.
    Chen, J., Y. Choi, and Y. Sawada (2008) Suicide and Life Insurance, Center for International Research on the Japanese Economy Discussion Papers. CIRJE-F-558, University of Tokyo.
    Chen, J., Y.J. Choi, K. Mori, Y. Sawada, and S. Sugano (2009) The Jump, Inertia, and Juvenization of Suicides in Japan. Discussion Papers, CIRJE-F-628, University of Tokyo.
    Chen, J., Y. Choi, K. Mori, Y. Sawada, and S. Sugano (2012) Socio-Economic Studies on Suicide: A Survey. Journal of Economic Surveys, 26(2): 271–306.
    Chuang, H.L. and W.C. Huang, (1996) A Reexamination of Sociological and Economic Theories of Suicide: A Comparison of the U.S.A. and Taiwan. Social Science and Medicine, 43: 421–423.
    Chuang, H.L. and W.C. Huang (2003) Suicide and Unemployment: Is There a Connection? An Empirical Analysis of Suicide Rates in Taiwan. Journal of Socio-Economics, 26: 277–289.
    Clark, A.E. (2003) Unemployment as a Social Norm: Psychological Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Labor Economics, 21: 323–351.
    Cutler, D.M., E. Glaeser, and K. Norberg (2000) Explaining the Rise in Youth Suicide. NBER working paper No. 7713.
    Daly, M.C. and D.J. Wilson (2006) Keeping Up with the Joneses and Staying Ahead of the Smiths: Evidence from Suicide Data. FRB of San Francisco Working Paper 2006–12.
    David, A.B. and J.J. Mann (2005) Family Genetic Studies, Suicide, and Suicidal Behavior. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 133: 13–24.
    Diamond, J. (1977) Econometric Testing of the Displacement Effect: A Reconsideration. Finanzarchiv, 35: 387–404.
    Diamond, J. and A. Tait (1988) The Growth of Government Expenditure: A Review of Quantitative Analysis. International Monetary Fund Working Paper, 88/17.
    Dickey, D.A. and W.A. Fuller (1979) Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of American Statistical Association, 74: 427–431.
    Dixit, A.K. and R.S. Pindyck (1994) Investment under Uncertainty. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    Durkheim, E. (1897) Le Suicide: Etude de sociologie. Paris: Alcan (translated by Spaulding, J.A. and G. Simpson (1951) Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York, Free Press).
    Esterlin, R. (1974) Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence. In David, R. and R. Reder, (Eds.), Nationans and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramovitz. New York: Academic Press.
    Faupel, C.E., G.S. Kowalski, and P.D. Starr (1987) Sociology’s One Law: Religion and Suicide in the Urban Context. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 26: 523–534.
    Freeman, D.G. (1998) Determinants of Youth Suicide: The Easterlin–Holinger Cohort Hypothesis Re-Examined. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 57: 183–200.
    Gabriella, L. (2004) The Displacement Effect in the Growth of Governments. Public Choice, 120: 191–204.
    Ginsberg, R.B. (1966) Anomie and Aspiration. Dissertation Abstracts, 27A: 3945–3946.
    Gneezy, U. and A. Rustichini (2000) Pay Enough or Don`t Pay at All. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115: 791–810.
    Goff, B. (1999) Persistence in Government Spending Fluctuations: New Evidence on the Displacement Effect. Public Choice, 97: 141–157.
    Granger, C. and P. Newbold (1974) Spurious Regressions in Econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2: 111–120.
    Hamermesh, D.S. and N.M. Soss (1974) An Economic Theory of Suicide. Journal of Political Economy, 82: 83–98.
    Hannan, M.T. and J.H. Freeman (1984) Structural Inertia and Organizational Change. American Sociological Review, 49: 149–164.
    Hansen, B.E. (2001) The New Econometrics of Structural Change: Dating Breaks in US Labor Productivity. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 59: 117–128.
    Hausman, J.A. (1978) Specification Tests in Econometrics. Econometric- a, 46, 1251–1271.
    Hawton, K. (1998) Why has suicide increased in young males? Crisis, 19, 119–124.
    Hawton, K. (2000) Sex and Suicide: Gender Differences in Suicidal Behaviour. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177: 484–485.
    Helliwell, J.H. (2007) Well-Being and Social Capital: Does Suicide Pose a Puzzle? Social Indicators Research, 81: 455–496.
    Henrekson, M. (1994) The Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis, In N. Gemmell, ed., The Growth of the Public Sector. Theories and International Evidence, 53–71.
    Henry, A.F. and J.F. Short (1954) Suicide and Homicide. New York: Free Press.
    Holtmann, A. and R. Ridker (1965) Burial Costs and Premature Death. Journal of Public Economics, 73: 284–286.
    Hsiao, C. (1986) Analysis of Panel Data. Cambridge university press.
    Huang, W. (1996) Religion, Culture, Economic and Sociological Correlates of Suicide Rates: A Cross–national Analysis. Applied Economics Letters, 3: 779–782.
    Jianakoplos, N.A. and A. Bernasek (1996) Are Women More Risk Averse? Working Papers in Economics and Political Economy, Colorado State University.
    Jungeilges, J. and G. Kirchgassner (2002) Economic Welfare, Civil Liberty, and Suicide: An Empirical Investigation. The Journal of Socio– Economics, 31: 215–231.
    Kaplan, A.G. and R.B. Klein (1989) Women and Suicide. In D. H. Jacobs and H. N. Brown (Eds.), Suicide: Understanding and responding, 257–282. Madison, Conn.: International Universities Press.
    Kimenyi, M.S. and W.F. Shughart (1986) Economics of Suicide: Rational or Irrational Choice. Atlantic Economic Journal, 14: 120–121.
    Kisch, J., E.V. Leino, and M.M. Silverman (2005) Aspects of Suicidal Behavior, Depression, and Treatment in College Students: Results from the Spring 2000 National College Health Assessment Survey. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(1): 3–13.
    Klick, J. and S. Markowitz (2006) Are Mental Health Insurance Mandates Effective? Evidence from Suicides. Health Economics, 15: 83–97.
    Koo, J. and M. Cox (2008) An Economic Interpretation of Suicide Cycles in Japan. Contemporary Economic Policy, 26: 162–174.
    Kozumi, H. and H. Hasegawa (2000) A Bayesian Analysis of Structural Changes with an Application to the Displacement Effect. The Manchester School, 68: 476–490.
    Leigh, A. and C. Jencks (2007) Inequality and mortality: long-run evidence from a panel of countries. Journal of Health Economics, 26: 1–24.
    Lester, D. (1995) Explaining Regional Differences in Suicide Rates. Social Sciences and Medicine, 40(5): 719–721.
    Lin, C.C. and C.C. Yang (2006) Fine Enough or Don`t Fine at All. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 59: 195–213.
    Lindbeck, A., N. Sten, and W.W. Jorgen (1999) Social Norms and Economic Incentives in the Welfare State. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114: 1–35.
    Liu, J., Z. Wang, M. Wang, Y. Lan, C. Zhan, and X. Zhao (2002) Study on the Relationship between Occupational Stress and Psychological Health State among Oil Workers. Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, 20(1): 23–25.
    Luechinger, S., A. Stutzer, and R. Winkelmann (2007) The Happiness Gains from Sorting and Matching in the Labor Market. SOEP papers No. 45.
    Mäkinen, I. (1997) Are There Social Correlates to Suicide? Social Science and Medicine, 44: 1919–1929.
    Mann, J.J. (2004) Searching for Triggers of Suicidal Behavior. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3): 395–398.
    Mann, J.J., A. Apter, J. Bertolote, A. Beautrais, D. Currier, A. Haas, U. Hegerl, J. Lonnqvist, K. Malone, A. Marusic, L. Mehlum, G. Patton, M. Phillips, W. Rutz, Z. Rihmer, A. Schmidtke, D. Shaffer, M. Silverman, Y. Takahashi, A. Varnik, D. Wasserman, P. Yip, and H. Hendin (2005) Suicide Prevention Strategies: A Systematic Review. Journal of American Medical Association, 294: 2064–2074.
    McIntosh, J.L. (2002) USA Suicide Statistics for the Year 1999: Overheads and a Presentation Guide. Washington D.C.: American Association of Suicidology.
    Minoiu, C. and A. Rodríguez (2008) The Effect of Public Spending on Suicide: Evidence from U.S. State Data. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37: 237–261.
    Mitchell, W.F. (1993) Testing for Unit Roots and Persistence in OECD Unemployment Rates. Applied Economics, 25: 1489–1501.
    Moller-Leimkuhler, A.M. (2003) The gender gap in suicide and premature death or: Why are men so vulnerable? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 253: 1–8.
    Mundlak, Y. (1978) On the Pooling of Time Series and Cross Section Data. Econometrica, 46: 69–85.
    Naylor, Robin (1989) Strikes, Free Riders, and Social Customs. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 104: 771–785.
    Neumayer, E. (2003) Are Socioeconomic Factors Valid Determinants of Suicide? Controlling for National Cultures of Suicide with Fixed-Effects Estimation. Cross–Cultural Research, 37: 307–329.
    Neumayer, E. (2004) Recessions lower (some) mortality rates: evidence from Germany. Social Science and Medicine, 58: 1037–1047.
    Nomura, M. (1995) Wagner’s Hypothesis and Displacement Effect in Japan 1960–1991. Public Finance, 50: 121–135.
    Ogburn, W.F. and D.S. Thomas (1922) The Influence of the Business Cycle on Certain Social Conditions. Journal of the US Statistical Association, 18: 324–340.
    Okunade, A. and C. Suraratdecha (2006) The Pervasiveness of Pharmaceutical Expenditures Inertia in the OECE Countries. Social Science and Medicine, 63: 225–238.
    Pampel, F.C. (1998) National context, social change, and sex differences in suicide rates. American Sociological Review, 63: 744–758.
    Peacock, A.T. and J. Wiseman (1961) The Growth of Public Expenditure in the United Kingdom. London: National Bureau of Economic Research.
    Phillips, Peter C.B. and P. Perron (1988) Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75: 335–346.
    Pfeifer, C. (2011) Risk Aversion and Sorting into Public Sector Employment. German Economic Review, 12(1): 85–99.
    Platt, S. and K. Hawton (2000) Suicide behaviour and the labour market. The International Handbook of Suicide and Attempted Suicide , 303–378.
    Pryor, F.L. (1968) Public Expenditures in Communist and Capitalist Nations. Homewood, III: Richard D. Irwin.
    Quandt, R. (1960) Test of the Hypothesis that a Linear Regression System Obeys Two Separate Regimes. Journal of American Statistical Association, 55: 324–330.
    Reseland, S., I. Bray, and D. Gunnell (2006) Relationship between Anti- Depressant Sales and Secular Trends in Suicide Rates in the Nordic Countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 188: 354–358.
    Rodríguez, A. (2005) Income Inequality, Unemployment, and Suicide: A Panel Data Analysis of 15 European countries. Applied Economics, 37: 439–451.
    Rodríguez, A. (2006) Inequality and Suicide Mortality: A Cross-Country Study. Development Research Working Paper Series 13/2006, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
    Said, S. and D. Dickey (1984) Testing for Unit Roots in Autoregressive– Moving Average Model of Unknown Order. Biometrica, 71, 599–607.
    Simpson, M. and G. Conklin (1989) Socioeconomic Development, Suicide and Religion: A Test of Durkheim’s Theory of Religion and Suicide. Social Forces, 67: 945–964.
    Stack, S. (2000) Media Impacts on Suicide: A Quantitative Review of 293 findings. Social Science Quarterly, 81: 957–971.
    Stevens, A.H. (1997) Persistent Effects of Job Displacement: The Importance of Multiple Job Losses. Journal of Labor Economics, 15: 165–88.
    Stratham, D.J., A.C. Heath, and P.A. Madden (1998) Suicidal Behaviour: An Epidemiological and Genetic Study. Psychological Medicine, 28: 839–855.
    Suzuki, T. (2008) Economic Modeling of Suicide under Income Uncertainty: For Better Understanding of Middle-Aged Suicide. Australian Economic Papers, 47(3): 296–310.
    Värnik, A., K.J. Kõlves, E. Allik, E. Arensman, C. Aromaa, J.H. Audenhove, C.M. Bouleau, G. Feltz-Cornelis, R. Giupponi, M. Gusmão, A. Kopp, M. Marusic, H. Maxwell, A. Oskarsson, C. Palmer, A. Pull, T. Realo, A. Reisch, V.P. Schmidtke, L. Sola, and H.U. Wittenburg (2009) Gender Issues in Suicide Rates, Trends and Methods among Youths Aged 15–24 in 15 European Countries. Journal of Affective Disorder, 133: 216–226.
    Watanabe, R., M. Furukawa, R. Nakamura, and Y. Ogura (2006) Analysis of the Socioeconomic Difficulties Affecting the Suicide Rate in Japan. Kyoto Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper.
    Williams, E.D., E. Stamatakis, T. Chandola, and M. Hamer (2011) Assessment of Physical Activity Levels in South Asians in the UK: Findings from the Health Survey for England. Journal of Epidemiology, 65: 517–521.
    Wong, J.P., S.M. Stewart, S.Y. Ho, U. Rao, and T.H. Lam (2005) Exposure to Suicide and Suicidal Behaviors among Hong Kong Adolescents. Social Science & Medicine, 61(3): 591–599.
    Zinkhan, G.M. and K.W. Karande (1991) Cultural and Gender Differences in Risk-Taking Behavior Among American and Spanish Decision Makers. The Journal of Social Psychology, 131: 741–742.

    其他：
    WHO (2009.05) Suicide prevention, http://www.who.int/mental_health/ prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/
    WHO (2009.12) Prevention of suicidal behaviors: a task for all, http://www.who.intmental_health/prevention/suicide/background/en/index.html
    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    財政研究所
    96255504
    100
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096255504
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Public Finance] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File SizeFormat
    550401.pdf1940KbAdobe PDF22954View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback