政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/54641
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113648/144635 (79%)
造访人次 : 51609932      在线人数 : 827
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻
    政大機構典藏 > 理學院 > 心理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/54641


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54641


    题名: 促發歸屬感與一歲半嬰兒的助人行為
    Helping following priming with affiliation in 18-month-old infants.
    作者: 何怡靜
    贡献者: 姜忠信
    何怡靜
    关键词: 助人行為
    歸屬感
    嬰兒
    內隱圖片
    helping behavior
    affiliation
    infants
    implicit photos
    日期: 2011
    上传时间: 2012-10-30 11:27:23 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 過去研究發現助人行為是促進自己與他人建立友好關係，使得雙方產生對彼此有歸屬感的一種策略。然而，對於嬰兒而言，由於其助人行為能力正在發展，我們很難於自然情境中得知他們是否會為尋求此歸屬感，而促發其助人行為。因此，本研究之目的為探討嬰兒的助人行為是否會受到與他人建立友好關係的歸屬感而影響。本研究藉由兩個實驗來探討。實驗一藉由觀察60位18個月大嬰兒在接受不同認知意涵的內隱圖片促發其歸屬感後，進入助人任務的助人行為表現。實驗結果發現接受在一起性質圖片的18個月大嬰兒，並未因圖片促發其助人行為來維繫其歸屬感。為排除助人任務性質可能造成的干擾因素，實驗二調整了實驗一的助人任務後，在相同條件下進行觀察嬰兒的助人行為表現。結果發現雖然在一起性質的內隱圖片仍未促發其歸屬感而引發助人行為，但若將圖片分類方式改為知覺層級，將具有成對性質的內隱圖片（在一起、背對背與基準）與接受單獨性質圖片比較後卻發現，18個月大的嬰兒在特定時間區段（0至20秒、0至30秒）中有顯著較多的助人行為。此結果說明知覺層級上的刺激能夠穩定的促發18個月大嬰兒的歸屬感，進而引發其助人行為。
    Previous studies propose that helping behaviors can be an effective strategy for establishing friendly relationship and affiliation with others. However, for eighteen-month-old infants, the ability of helping is under development. Hence, it is difficult to evaluate whether they pursuit affiliation by helping others, especially in natural conditions. In this thesis, two controlled experiments were conducted to understand whether the helping behaviors can be evoked by priming. In the first experiment, sixty eighteen-month-old infants were recruited and primed by several implicit photos to evoke their tendency of affiliation and to measure the influence of the primes. Results show that the primes do not significantly evoke the subjects to perform more helping behaviors in both conditions: primed by the photos imply together and primed by other photos (back-to-back, baseline, and alone). To exclude the possible interferences of the previous helping tasks, the second experiment undertook the same procedures and settings with the first experiment, but modified the task to clarify the needs of helping. Results reveal that the difference of priming effect is still insignificant between together and others. However, if the photos are grouped by the easier-perceivable meaning: representing photos having two objects as together, and representing photos having only one object as individuality, the significance of priming can be observed. Subjects primed by together photos performed significantly more helping than those primed with individuality photos in specific periods (0-20s and 0-30s). Based on these findings, this study suggests that the perceptual stimulus can stably evoke affiliation of eighteen-month-old infants, and influence the tendency of helping others.
    參考文獻: Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390-1396.
    Brewer, M. B. (2007). The importance of being we: Human nature and intergroup relations. American Psychologist, 62, 728-738.
    Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
    Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., & Nichols, S. (2009). To share or not to share:When do toddlers respond to another’s needs? Infancy, 14, 117–130.
    Bullinger, A. F., Zimmermann, F., Kaminski, J., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Different social motives in the gestural communication of chimpanzees and human children. Developmental Science, 14, 58-68.
    Caporael, L. R. (2001). Evolutionary psychology: Toward a unifying theory and a hybrid science. Annual Review of Psychology, 1 , 276-298.
    Coleman, P. K., & Byrd, C. P. (2003). Interpersonal correlates of peer victimization among young adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 301-314.
    Darwin, C. (1871). The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray.
    Dekovic, M., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (1992). Parents’ child-rearing style and children’s sociometric status. Developmental Psychology, 28, 925–932.
    Dunfield, K., Kuhlmeier, V. A., O’Connell, L., & Kelley, E. (2011). Examining the diversity of prosocial behavior: Helping, sharing, and comforting in infancy. Infancy, 16, 227-247.
    Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial Development. In J. Wiley & Sons (Eds.). Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 647-718). New York: Wiley Press.
    Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B. C., Wosinski, M., Polazzi, L., Juhnke,C. (1996). The relations of children’s dispositional prosocial behavior to emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Child Development, 67, 974–992.
    Falck-Ytter, T., Gredeback, G., & von Hofsten, C. (2006). Infants predict other
    people’s action goals. Nature Neuroscience, 9, 878-879.
    Feinman, S. (1982). Social referencing in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28,
    445-470.
    Grusec, J. E., Davidov, M., & Lundell, L. (2002). Prosocial and helping behavior. In P. Smith and C. Hart (eds.). Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp.457-474). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
    Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R., & Fehr, E. (2003). Explaining altruistic behavior in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 153-172.
    Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biolovy, 7, 1-16.
    Hay, D. P. (1979). Cooperative interactions and sharing between very young children and their parents. Developmental Psychology, 15, 647-65.
    Hampson, R. B. (1984). Adolescent prosocial behavior: Peer group and situational factors associated with helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 153–162.
    Hay, D. E., Caplan, M., Castle, J., & Stimson, C. A. (1991). Does sharing become increasingly more rational in the second year of life? Developmental Psychology, 27, 987-993.
    Kartner, J., Keller, H., & Chaudhary, N. (2010). Cognitive and social influences on early prosocial behavior in two sociocultural contexts. Developmental Psychology, 46(4), 905-914.
    Kim, G., Walden, T. A., & Knieps, L. (2010). Impact and characteristics of positive
    and fearful emotional messages during infant social referencing. Infant Behavior and Development, 33, 189-195.
    Lakin, J. L., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to
    create affiliation and rapport. Psychological Science, 14,334-339.
    Liszkowski, U., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Individual differences in social, cognitive,
    and morphological aspects of infant pointing. Cognitive Development, 26
    (1), 16-29.
    Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Twelve-month-olds communicate helpfully and appropriately for knowledgeable and ignorant partners. Cognition, 108, 732-739.
    Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Striano, T., & Tomasello, M. (2006). 12-and 18-month-olds point to provide infornation for others. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7, 173-187.
    Lakin, J. L., Jefferis, V. E., Cheng, C. M., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). The chameleon effect as social glue: Evidence for the evolutionary significance of nonconscious mimicry. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27, 145-163.
    Levitt, M. J., Weber, R. A., Clark, M. C., & McDonnell,P. (1985). Reciprocity of exchange in toddler sharing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 21, 122-123.
    McGuire, K. D., & Weisz, J. R. (1982). Social cognition and behavior correlates of preadolescent chumship. Child Development, 53, 1478-1484.
    Over, H., & Carpenter, M. (2009a). Eighteen-month-old infants show increased helping following priming with affiliation. Psychological Science, 20, 1189-1193.
    Over, H., & Carpenter, M. (2009b). Priming third-party ostracism increases affiliative imitation in children. Developmental Science, 12, 1-8.
    Pan, Z., & Kosicki, G. M. (1997). Priming and media impact on the evaluations of the president’s performance. Communication Research, 24(1), 3-30.
    Triver, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
    Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of human communication. MIT Press.
    Tomasello, M., & Carpenter, M. (2007). Shared intentionality. Developmental Science, 10, 121-125.
    Rheingold, H. L. (1982). Little children’s participation in the work of adults, a nascent prosocial behavior. Child Development, 53, 114-125.
    Rovee-Collier, C., Hankins, E., & Bhatt, R. (1992). Textons, visual pop-out effects, and object recognition in infancy. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 121(4), 435-445.
    Raviv, A., Bar-Tal, D., Ayalon, H., & Raviv, A. (1980). Perceptions of giving and receiving help by group members. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 11, 139–150.
    Takahashi, K. (1986). Examining the strange-situation procedure with Japanese
    mothers and 12-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 22(2), 265-270.
    Sebanc, A. M. (2003). The friendship features of preschool children: Links with
    prosocial behavior and aggression. Social Development, 12, 249-268.
    Sagi, A., Van IJzendorn, M. H., & Koren-Karie, N. (1991). Primary appraisal of the
    strange situation: a cross-cultural analysis of preseparation episodes. Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 587-596.
    Van IJzendorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1988). Cross-cultural patterns of
    attachment: A meta-analysis of the Strange Situation. Child Development, 59,
    147-156.
    Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Sympathy through affective perspective taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 45, 534-543.
    Vitaro, F., Gagnon, C., & Tremblay, R. E. (1990). Predicting stable peer rejection from kindergarten to Grade one. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 257-264.
    Woodward, A. L. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal of an actor’s reach.
    Cognition, 69,1-34.
    Woodward, A. L., & Guajardo, J. J. (2002). Infants’ understanding of the point
    gesture as an object-directed action. Cognitive Development, 17, 1061-1084.
    Walden, T. A., & Kim, G. (2005). Infants’ social looking toward mothers and
    strangers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29, 356-360.
    Warden, D., & Mackinnon, S. (2003). Prosocial bullies, bullies, and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy, and social problem-solving strategies. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 367-385.
    Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311, 1301-1303.
    Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11, 271–294.
    Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009a). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 455-471.
    Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009b). Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13, 397-401.
    Zahn-Waxler, C., Radlke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126-136.
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    心理學研究所
    98752022
    100
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0098752022
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[心理學系] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 大小格式浏览次数
    202201.pdf13845KbAdobe PDF2772检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈