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Title: | 海地震災與國際人道援助-兼論中華民國的作法 The Haiti earthquake and international humanitarian assistance: practices of The Republic of China (Taiwan) |
Authors: | 曾榮傑 |
Contributors: | 姜家雄 曾榮傑 |
Keywords: | 海地震災 聯合國 中華民國 國際人道救援機制 The Haiti Earthquake The United Nations The Republic of China(Taiwan) International Humanitarian Assistance Mechanism |
Date: | 2011 |
Issue Date: | 2012-10-30 11:10:47 (UTC+8) |
Abstract: | 隨著全球氣候變遷,天然災害發生頻率越來越高,人道救援的重要性、多元性、緊急性及複雜性更加凸顯,國際人道援助已然成為當代普世價值,因此聯合國與歐盟在1990年代重新改組人道援助機構,統一人道援助事務的事與權,使得國際人道援助機制更臻完善。
首先,海地2010年發生世紀強震,國際社會發動近年來最大動員進行救援與救災,本文透過檢視跨國合作人道援助海地震災,瞭解國際人道援助機制之執行成果,共有包括美國等30餘個國家、聯合國等14個國際組織、紅十字國際委員會等37個非政府組織共同合作協助海地救災與重建工作。
其次,經檢視此次國際救災與重建工作之成果,除所號召的67支搜救隊就出的134生還者是近年來最多成功救援生還者最多的案例,直到2012年2月,原來震災後暫棲避難所的150萬災民也大幅減少至49萬人,預計修復與重建的房舍進度也達成50%,由上述成效觀之,各行為者之間並未出現疊床架屋之困境,反而出現團隊合作的情形,這要歸功於聯合國多年來進行救災累積的經驗。
此次主要由聯合國統一指揮,有效避免救災資源重疊及浪費的情形,並把握救災黃金時間提升人道援助的成效與成果。救災過程中雖因美國撤僑,派軍控制海地國際機場,導致各國救災行動一時受阻,引起撻伐,嗣經聯合國副秘書長John Holmes介入後及時解決此問題,應可作為日後聯合國與國際社會進行人道援助之借鏡,雖救災初期略為紊亂,整個人道救援過程仍稱順利,可謂「瑕不掩瑜」。
最後,中華民國的人道援助經費與聯合國、歐盟、美國及國際重要非政府組織動輒10幾億美元之經費相較之下微不足道,但中華民國此次人道援助策略秉持以自身的優勢及傳統援助強項為基本戰略,並以「小而美」、「小而巧」、「小而強」的原則規劃執行相關計畫,由中華民國執行重建計畫的執行效率,再與聯合國、歐盟及美國透過非政府組織所執行的計畫相較之下,中華民國的策略似乎較為奏效且真正符合受災國人民的迫切需求,這也將成為日後中華民國日後制訂人道援助政策的最佳參考模式。 With global climate change, natural disasters occur more frequently; therefore, the importance, diversity, urgency and complexity of humanitarian assistance not only become more and more prominent, but also become contemporary universal value. In the 1990s, the United Nations and the European Union reshuffled their humanitarian aid agencies, by unifying Humanitarian Aid Office’s authority, the mechanism of the international humanitarian assistance becomes more complete.
Firstly, in January 2010 Haiti was hit by a catastrophic-magnitude earthquake, causing great damages and losses. The international community launched in recent years the largest mobilization for rescue and disaster relief. The essay reviews cross-border cooperation in humanitarian aid for the Haiti earthquake and analyzes the implementation of international humanitarian assistance. A total of more than 30 countries including the United States, United Nations and other 14 international organizations, 37 non-governmental organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, work together to assist the Haitian relief and reconstruction work.
Secondly, 134 survivors were rescued by 67 search and rescue teams, also claimed to be the most successful rescue case in past decades. Until February 2012, refuges that lived in the temporary camps are significantly reduced from 1.5 million to 490,000 and the percentage of the progress of the repair and reconstruction of the damaged houses has reached 50%. Instead of the overlap and waste of resources, all the international actors work together to make a great success, thanks to disaster relief experience accumulated in the United Nations over the years.
The unified command of the United Nations effectively avoids duplication of relief resources and waste and takes advantage of the prime time in enhancing effectiveness and outcomes of the humanitarian aid. Although the evacuation of the United States’citizens in Haiti and the incident that the U.S. troops were sent to control Haiti International Airport in the relief process result in temporary drawback in the international disaster relief efforts, thus causing international discontent, the intervention of the UN Under-Secretary-General John Holmes helped resolve the issue. This could serve as a good example for United Nations and the international community to carry out humanitarian assistance on disaster relief in the future. Despite the early slight disorder, the whole humanitarian process proceeds with stability in the end.
Finally, the humanitarian aid funds of the Republic of China(Taiwan) to the Haiti earthquake, compare with that of the United Nations, the European Union, the United States and other important international non-governmental organizations, are
trivial, yet the Republic of China(Taiwan) makes the best use of its advantages and traditional strengths and followed the principles of “small but beautiful”, “small but clever” and “small but good”. The strategy of the implementation of the reconstruction plan of Taiwan, compares with that of the United Nations, the European Union and the United States, seems more effective and truly meets the urgent needs of the victims, which will also serve as the best reference model for Taiwan in the stipulation of its humanitarian aid policy in the future. |
Reference: | 中文部分
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(一)新聞
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http://www.wvi.org/wvi/wviweb.nsf/maindocs/39F905AE21E265C1882573750075074B?opendocument
(三)國際組織與非政府組織官方文件
CIA- The World Factbook,Haiti Country Report 2012,
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html
European Commission Humanitarian Aid & Civil Protection, ECHO Budget and funding, http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/funding/budget/funding_breakdown_2011.pdf
ECHO Strategy, http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/policies/strategy/strategy_2010_en.pdf
European Commission, European Solidarity with the Victims of Humanitarian Crises,Brussels: European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/echo/aid/caribbean_pacific/haiti_en.htm
Global Humanitarian Assistance Report 2011,
http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/reports
Haiti Special Envoy and Overall Key Facts of International Assistance, http://www.haitispecialenvoy.org/download/International_Assistance/1-overall-key-facts.pdf
Humanitarian Aid department of the European Commission, “Haiti before the earthquake”, 2010, http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/Haiti_paper_01102010.pdf
Haiti PDNA 2010, “Post-Disaster Needs Assessment, Haiti Earthquake PDNA: Assessment of damage,losses, general and sectoral needs”,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/PDNA_Haiti-2010_Working_Document_EN.pdf
Haiti Earthquake Situation Report #1~#34 and OCHA_Haiti_Bulletin_Humanitaire, http://reliefweb.int/node/340095
IASC, “Response to the Humanitarian Crisis in Haiti, following the 12 January 2010 earthquake, 6 Months Report”, June 2010. P.4, http://reliefweb.int/node/360621/pdfICRC
International Ccommittee of the Red Cross, Annual Report 2010, http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/annual-report/index.jsp
Japan International Cooperation Agency, JICA, Annual Report 2010, http://www.jica.go.jp/english/publications/reports/index.htm
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies,”World Disasters Report 2011”, http://www.ifrc.org/publications-and-reports/world-disasters-report/wdr2011/
Mercy Corps, 2010 Annual Report, https://www.mercycorps.org/
OCHA Brochure 2011,
http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/OCHA_Brochure_Eng_2011.pdf
OCHA Annual Report,
http://www.unocha.org/publications/flagship-publications/ocha-annual-report
OCHA, “Haiti Earthquake Response 8 Jan 2011”, p.3, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/.../ocha_haiti_one_year_factsheet.pdf
OCHA, “Haiti Earthquake Response 8 Jan 2011”,
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/.../ocha_haiti_one_year_factsheet.pdf
OCHA, “Haiti: CAP 2011 – Funding (as of 09 May 2011)”,
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United Nations, “UN Integrated Strategic Framework for Haiti 2010-2011”,
http://www.dailybust.com/UN-Integrated-Strategic-Framework- for-Haiti-2010-2011
United Nations, “Haiti 2011 Consolidated Appeal”, p1,
http://ochaonline.un.org/humanitarianappeal/webpage.asp?Page=1921
UNOCHA Organigramme 2011,
http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/UNOCHA%20Organigramme%202011.pdf
USAID Annual Report 2012, http://www.usaid.gov/oig/public/ann_report2.htm
United Nations Radio, “John Holmes in Haiti on one-month anniversary of quake”,
http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/detail/90847.html
World Vision Haiti relief, http://www.worldvision.org/content.nsf/learn/haiti-relief
World Bank PDNA Haiti-2010 Working Document,
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/PDNA_Haiti-2010_Working_Document_EN.pdf |
Description: | 碩士 國立政治大學 外交學系戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班 99922005 100 |
Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0099922005 |
Data Type: | thesis |
Appears in Collections: | [戰略與國際事務碩士在職專班] 學位論文
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