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    Title: 911事件後約旦反恐政策之研究
    The study of the Jordan`s anti-terrorism policy after 9/11
    Authors: 潘孝瑋
    Contributors: 李登科
    潘孝瑋
    Keywords: 約旦
    恐怖主義
    反恐
    Date: 2011
    Issue Date: 2012-10-30 11:10:20 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 911事件後，為有效打擊恐怖主義，美國開始積極全球戰略布局，尤其在中東區域的戰略部署更顯重要。約旦身為美國在中東區域堅定盟友，雙邊合作關係已超過60年，911事件後美國提高對約旦經濟與軍事援助，目的希望能透過約旦在反恐工作努力，有效打擊恐怖主義對美國威脅。
    約旦位於亞西地區版圖的心臟地帶，被以色列、巴勒斯坦、敘利亞、伊拉克及沙烏地阿拉伯等國家所包圍，境外移入人口龐大，地緣位置特殊性使得恐怖攻擊事件自1950年代初即伴隨在國家歷史中。約旦歷代政權為因應恐怖攻擊發生不同目的與時空背景，採取不同態度與策略，以維持國家生存為首要目標。
    本文首先回顧約旦恐怖主義發展的歷史進程，以及約旦政權為打擊恐怖主義所制定規範與採行策略，藉以對照911事件後，約旦如何在反恐上作更多法制面與體制面上的調整，並透過當局反恐思維轉變，凝聚國人愛國意識，並謹慎處理以巴問題，成功降低恐怖攻擊在約旦發生的可能性。
    約旦為維持國家穩定，在諸多規範上仍違反國際人權標準，但因國家注重民意發展，同時輔以高效能的情報網絡，促使約旦人民慢慢改變對恐怖主義看法，能依政府政策與國際局勢轉變而不斷調整。特別是2005年發生約旦安曼旅館爆炸案，人民深刻體認到恐怖主義對國家威脅，也改變民眾對911事件看法，將該事件視為恐怖攻擊。
    未來約旦反恐政策成功仍要更多關注民意發展，政治面上小心處理以、巴問題，經濟面上全面改善人民生活水準，藉由美國在反恐工作上持續支持與援助，維持國家穩定及促進國家經濟發展。
    Reference: 一、官方暨國際組織出版品
    1. Chatelard, Geraldine, Working Paper No. 61, “Jordan as a Transit Country: semi-protectionist immigration policies and their effets on Iriqi fored migrants,” report from UNHCR(2002/8/3). (http://www.unhcr.org/research/RESEARCH/3d57aa757.pdf)
    2. Clinton, Bill. "Remarks by the President to the Jordanian Parliament." Essential Speeches (January 02, 2009).
    3. Fares Braizat, “Post Amman Attacks:Jordanian Public Opinion and Terrorism”, CSS, Univeristy of Jordan(January, 2006).
    4. Fares Braizat, “Public Opinion Poll on Current Issues-Terrorism: The Aftermath of the Killing of Al-Zarkawi”, CSS, University of Jordan (July, 2006)
    5. 聯合國新聞稿 http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/4E9C2C80AF54E918C12574EC003383B5?opendocument
    6. 「國家防恐紀念組織2006年報告」 (MIPT 2006).
    7. Human Rights Watch, “Iraqi Refugees, Asylum Seekers, and Displaced Persons: Current Conditions and Concerns in the Event of War,” Human Rights Watch Briefing Paper, p. 15(2003/2/13). ( www.hrw.org/backgrounder/mena/iraq021203/index.htm)
    8. Human Rights Watch, “The Silent Treatment—Fleeing Iraq, Surviving Jordan,” HRW Report , p. 20(2006/12/27).
    9. Human Rights Watch,”Torture and Impurity in Jordan’s Prisons- Reforms Fail to Tackle Widespread Abuse”, HRW Report(October 2008).

    二、書籍
    (一) 中文
    1. 汪毓瑋，《國際重要恐怖活動與各國反制作為大事紀》，台北:幼獅文化事業股份有限公司，2006年7月。
    2. 陳和豐譯，《當代中東的政治和社會思想》，北京:中國社會科學出版，1992年。
    3. 張士智，趙慧杰。《美國中東關係史》，北京:中國社會科學出版，1993年。
    4. 黃鴻釗，《中東簡史》，台北:書林書局，1996年。
    5. 劉方矩譯，《多難興邦:約旦國王胡笙一世自傳》，台北:正中書局，1974年。
    6. 蔡百銓譯，《中東史》，台北:國立編譯館，2003年。
    7. 冀開運，《約旦史:一脈相承的王國》，台北:三民書局，2004年。
    (二) 英文
    1. Alon, Yoav, The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, London:I.B.Tauris, 2007.
    2. Assaf , Michael, Cynthia Bonincontro & Stephen Johnsen, Global Sourcing & Purchasing Post 9/11: New Logistics Compliance Requirements and Best Practices, Florida: J. Ross Publishing, 2005.
    3. Business Monitor International.《Jordan Defence and Security Report 2008》, London, 2009.
    4. DeRouen, Karl R., Paul Bellamy, International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia, CA:Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.
    5. DeRouen, Karl R., Paul Bellamy, International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia, CA:Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008.
    6. Henderson, Robert D`A., Brassey`s International Intelligence Yearbook: 2003 Edition, VA: Brassey`s, 2003.
    7. Hor, Michael Yew Meng, Victor Vridar Ramraj & Kent Roach, Global Anti-Terrorism Law and Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005,Joffé, E. George H., George Joffé, Jordan in Transition, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.
    8. Karsh, Efraim, P. R. Kumaraswamy, Israel, the Hashemites, and the Palestinians: The Fateful Triangle, NY: Routledge, 2003.
    9. Oxford Business Group, Emerging Jordan 2006, Oxford: Oxford Business Group, 2006.
    10. Rabasa, Angel, Cheryl Benard& Peter Chalk, The Muslim World after 911, CA: Rand Corporation, 2004
    11. Tal, Nachman, Radical Islam in Egypt and Jordan, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 2005.
    (三) 阿拉伯文
    1. Khlid ‘beedat. “Al-Irharb yusaetaya ‘la allm”, Amman., 2004, الارهاب (يسيطر على العالم: دراسة موضوعية سياسية علمية ناقدة غير منحازة)
    三、期刊
    1. Ben-Meir, Jason. "Creat a New Era of Islamic-Western Relations by Supporting Community Development." International Journal on World Peace 21, no. 1 (March 2004): 43-60.
    2. Bookmiller, Robert J. "Abdullah`s Jordan: America`s Anxious Ally." Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations 2, no. 2 (Summer2003): 174-195.
    3. Gause, F., ‘”Balancing What? Threat Peception and Alliance Choice in the Gulf. Security Studies, Vol. 13 Issue 2(Winter2003/2004): 273-305.
    4. Greenwood, Scott “Jordan’s ‘New Bargain’: The Political Economy of Regime Security,” The Middle East Journal, Volume 57, no. 2(Spring 2003): 55-69..
    5. al-Hussein, Abdullah II Ibn. "The Road to Reform." Foreign Policy (November 2004): 72-73.
    6. "Joint Statement by the Foreign Ministers of the Gulf Cooperation Council, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and the United States." DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Management 30, no. 4 (Winter 2008): 90-91.
    7. ""Jordan is a Regional Stability Factor."." Military Technology 28, no. 4 (April 2004): 16-18.
    8. Lalor, Paul “Jordan, Israel, Palestine: looking beyond the peace process”, The Middle East, Issue 2(2001), p.33-38.
    9. Lobell, Steven E. "The Second Face of American Security: The US-Jordan Free Trade Agreement as Security Policy." Comparative Strategy 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 88-100.
    10. Maliach, Asaf, Bin Ladin, Palestine and al-Qa`ida`s Operational Strategy, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 44, Issue 3 (May 2008), p.353-375
    11. Murphy, Dan, Dabu, Sheila M., and Alexandra Marks. "The Iraqi Role in Jordan Bombing.(Cover story)." Christian Science Monitor 97, no. 245 (November 14, 2005): 1-11.
    12. Nevo, Joseph. "Jordan, the Palestinians and the Al-Aqsa Intifada." Civil Wars 6, no. 3 (September 2003): 70-85.
    13. Ryan, Curtis R. ""Jordan First": Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations and Foreign Policy Under King Abdullah II”, Arab Studies Quarterly 26, no. 3 (Summer 2004): 43-62.
    14. Stemman, Juan José. "Islamic Activism in Jordan." Athena Intelligence Journal 3, no. 3 (July 2008): 7-18.
    15. Stone, Peter H. "Unease in Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia." National Journal 34, no. 44 (November 02, 2002): 3200.
    16. Tessler, Mark, and Michael D. H. Robbins. "What Leads Some Ordinary Arab Men and Women to Approve of Terrorist Acts Against the United States?." Journal of Conflict Resolution 51, no. 2 (April 2007): 305-328.
    17. Warner, Mary Beth. "The Balancing Act That Is Jordan." National Journal 33, no. 40 (October 06, 2001): 3080.
    18. Yom, Sean L., and Muhamad H. Al-Momani. "The International Dimensions of Authoritarian Regime Stability: Jordan in the Post-Cold War Era." Arab Studies Quarterly 30, no. 1 (Winter 2008):39-60.
    四、學術研討會論文集暨碩博士論文
    (1) 中文
    1. 洪文玲，〈國際反恐法制之研究〉，《恐怖主義與國家安全學術研討暨實務座談會論文集》，民94年，頁75-93。
    2. 陳妍孜，〈約旦與中東和平衝突之研究1980-2002〉，《國立政治大學外交研究所碩士論文》，民91年。
    3. 蔡明彥，〈亞太海洋安全環境下海上反恐措施發展之趨勢〉，《第二屆國家安全與恐怖主義學術研討會論文》，民97年，頁145-154。
    4. 藍家瑞，國際社會打擊資助恐怖份子要求標準與我國執行情形之探討，《第三屆恐怖主義與國家安全學術研討會論文集》，民96年，頁105-114。
    (2) 英文
    1. Muhammd, Abd al-Karim al-‘fif. “Jaralima al-irhaab fi galnun al-‘ugubalt al-urduni: derasa mugalrana ”. (2006):99-132
    五、報紙
    1. Chatelard, Geraldine, “Jordanian Paper Reports on Number, Status of Iraqi Refugees,” BBC Monitoring Middle East, Al-Arab al-Yawm (Amman), February7, 2007
    2. Fattah, Hassan M., “Uneasy Exiles Await Those Who Flee theChaos in Iraq,” New York Times, December 8, 2006, p.A18.
    3. al-Ghad(約旦明日報) http://www.alghad.jo/?news=56456
    4. Gavlak, Dale, “Jordan to Discuss How to Better Manage Iraqi Refugee Crisis During Meeting with UN, US Officials,” Associated Press, March 12, 2007.
    5. Hindi, Linda“Jordan Calls for International Conference on Iraqi Refugees,” Jordan Times, January 23, 2007, p. A1-3
    6. Mattar, Shafika, “Respect for Hezbollah, Influx of Iraqi Shiites Fuel Fears of Shiite Influence in Jordan,” Associated Press Online, November 17, 2006.
    7. Richey, Warren. "Jordan Bomb Trial Offers US a Case Study", Christian Science Monitor 93, no. 231, October 24, 2001, p: A1
    8. Robin Wright and Peter Baker, “Iraq, Jordan See Threat to Election from Iran; Leaders Warn Against Forming Religious State,”Washington Post, December 8, 2004, p. A1
    9. Solomon, Jay, “Trouble Next Door: In Jordan, Bombs Highlight Changes Wrought by War; Influx of Iraqis and Their Wealth Bring Growth and Tension to a Key American Ally; Worries at the Textile Plant,” Wall Street Journal, November 10, 2005, p. A1
    六、網路
    1. 約旦駐美大使館
    http://www.jordanembassyus.org/new/newsarchive.shtml
    2. 約旦大學戰略中心
    http://www.jcss.org/Default.aspx
    3. 約旦總理網站
    http://www.pm.gov.jo/arabic/index.php?page_type=gov_paper&part=1
    4. 約旦阿布杜拉國王二世官方網站
    www.kingaddullah.jo
    5. 約旦官方新聞網—佩特拉
    http://petra.gov.jo/default.aspx?lng=2
    6. 安曼宣言官方網站
    www.ammanmessage.com
    7. 約旦前胡笙國王網站
    http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/government4.html
    8. 駐約旦聯合國發展總署(UNDP in Jordan)官網
    http://www.undp-jordan.org/
    9. 約旦時報(Jordan Times)
    www.jordantimes.com
    10. 約旦公共情報處官網(Generak Intelligence Directorate, GID)
    http://www.gid.gov.jo/
    11. CNN官網
    http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/coalition.maps/index.html
    12. CRS官網 ( Jordan: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues)
    http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/76921.pdf
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    95253014
    100
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253014
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

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