Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/54238
|
| Title: | 熱泵熱水系統生命週期評估與淨能源分析之整合研究
Integrated Studies on Life Cycle Assessment and Net Energy Analysis of the Heat Pump Water Heater System |
| Authors: | 郭乃頊 |
| Contributors: | 許志義
郭乃頊 |
| Keywords: | 熱泵系統
生命週期評估
淨能源分析
SimaPro
能源投資報酬
能源回收期
Heat pump water heater
Life-cycle assessment
Net energy analysis
SimaPro
Energy return on investment
Energy payback time |
| Date: | 2011 |
| Issue Date: | 2012-10-30 10:23:05 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 根據歐盟2009 年發布之再生能源指令，定義熱泵系統所擷取之大氣熱能、水熱能以及地熱能為再生能源之選項，熱泵技術不受日夜與天候影響，且具安全、有低耗能、低排碳的優點，可應用在空調、暖氣、熱水等設備，備受歐美日本等先進國家重視，也是歐美各國政府極力推廣的項目之一。本研究針對台灣地區家戶住宅所使用小型空氣源熱泵熱水機組，透過環境資源及能源效率的角度，來探討熱泵熱水系統對於台灣住宅部門的適用性。
在研究方法上，針對國內熱泵個案廠商進行系統盤查分析，並且估算使用運轉過程中所需之能源投入，以計算熱水系統在製造過程與運轉使用過程中之環境影響。選擇生命週期評估軟體SimaPro 7.3做為評估工具，使用Eco-Indicator 95、EPS 2000兩種衝擊評估模式，來以生命週期評估探討熱泵熱水系統對環境之影響。並輔以淨能源分析法中能源投資報酬率與能源回收期，以及估算熱泵熱水系統生命週期CO2排放量，來衡量熱泵熱水系統之能源效率是否具有其效益。並進一步針對不同的再生能源發電比例與提升熱泵能源效率比例，探討不同方案的敏感度分析。
根據本研究分析結果顯示，熱泵熱水系統不管從Eco-indicator 95或EPS 2000衝擊評估模式下，運轉使用階段對環境衝擊較大，主要的衝擊項目為重金屬汙染，是因為熱泵熱水系統運轉所使用的電力消耗所致。使用熱泵熱水系統對環境衝擊程度遠較電熱水系統來得小，雖在Eco-indicator 95之衝擊評估模式下，瓦斯熱水系統較熱泵熱水系統環境衝擊程度較小，但以EPS 2000衝擊評估模式下，熱泵熱水系統對環境是最為友善的熱水系統。以淨效益估算熱泵熱水系統源投資報酬（EROI）值為1.45～5.55，能源回收期約為0.22年至2.16年，表示熱泵熱水系統從生命週期的角度來檢視能源效率是具有效益的。由於目前熱泵熱水系統對環境最大的負擔來源是電力的使用，若未來能提高再生能源發電比例、降低臺灣電能含碳濃度，或者提高熱泵能源生產效率，均能降低熱泵熱水系統對環境的負面影響。
The purpose of this study is to apply life cycle assessment (LCA) and net energy analysis to explore the environmental impacts of the heat pump water heater in Taiwan. In order to achieve this objective, domestic data inventory was gathered from local heat pump industry in Taiwan through questionnaires including input of energy, product output and waste, etc. The SimaPro7.3 program and two impact assessment methods including Eco-Indicator 95, EPS 2000 were utilized to evaluate the environmental impact of the heat pump water heater. Also, we used net energy analysis such as energy return on investment and energy payback time, and estimated the life-cycle CO2 emissions to see whether if the heat pump water heater has its energy efficiency. In addition, the sensitivity analysis was performed by varying renewable energy generation portfolio and the heat pump energy efficiency ratio.
Emprical results of two impact assessment methods (Eco-indicator 95 and EPS 2000) show that the main impact on environment of heat pump water heater is from operation phase. When operating the heat pump water heater, it needs to consume electricity which is generated from fossil fuel and caused the environmental impact. Compared with the electric water heater, the environmental impact degree of heat pump water heater is much smaller. In Eco-indicator 95 method, gas water heater has less influence on the environment than heat pump water heater; however, heat pump water heater is the most environment-friendly system in EPS 2000 method. That is because gas is a kind of nonrenewable resource. From the viewpoint of resource stock, gas indeed influence “Depletion of reserves” of environmental impact. By utilizing net energy analysis, the estimated energy return on investment (EROI) of heat pump water heater is 1.45～5.55, and energy payback time is 0.22~2.16 years. It indicates that heat pump water heater has significant benefit from life-cycle perspective. The main impact to environment by heat pump water heater is essentially derived from electricity input. To mitigation this environmental issue, one can reduce environmental impact by increase the proportion of renewable energy generation, and reducing the electricity CO2 emission. Furthermore, improving the energy efficiency of the heat pump would also helpful. |
| Reference: | 丁執宇，1997，ISO 14040 生命週期評估架構之探討與應用，中興大學資源管理研究所碩士論文。
王景玟，2005，結合生命週期評估及生態效益之分析研究－以鋼鐵廠製品為例，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。
朱圃漢，2011，台灣住宅部門熱泵系統之成本效益分析，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
呂穎彬，1998，資料庫應用與比較, 工業技術研究院化學工業研究所。
李育明，2010，再生能源發展之生命週期評估，綠能生命週期評估與產業發展效益研討會會議論文。
李依霓，2010，熱泵產業設計服務策略之研究，國立交通大學管理學院碩士在職專班管理科學組碩士論文。
李雲婷，2009，利用生命週期評估方法評估雨水貯蓄材質對環境之影響，國立臺灣海洋大學河海工程學系研究所碩士論文。
宋炎明，2005，熱泵系統應用於溫室內游泳池之節能分析，國立台北科技大學冷凍空調工程學系碩士論文。
林益豪，2007，再生能源經濟政策工具之研究，國立政治大學經濟學研究所碩士論文。
林育堯、翁黃燦，2009，節約能源產業產品標準、安全及性能檢測技術先期研究及導入委辦計劃。
江玄政等，2001，ISO 14000系列─生命週期評估技術與應用手冊，經濟部工業局。
黃秉鈞，2007，我國熱泵發展現況與未來趨勢，中華水電冷凍空調，第6 期，88-90 頁。
黃瓊儀，2003，人造纖維產品之生命週期評估研究，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。
曾詠恩，2005，台灣地區風力發電之潛力分析與生命週期評估，國立臺北大學公共事務學院自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。
經濟部能源局，2010，中華民國99 年能源統計手冊，經濟部能源局。
綠基會，2006，熱泵熱水系統Q&A 節能技術手冊，財團法人台灣綠色生產力基金會節約能源中心。
廖建順、韋宗楒，2009，小型空調機市場發展趨勢簡介，冷凍空調&能源科技，第57 期，44-59 頁。
廖卿惠，2010，台灣永續能源發展之潛勢分析，國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所博士論文。
鄭維嶽、韋宗楒，2008，北美洲熱泵市場的概況，中華水電冷凍空調，第22 期，56-62 頁。
鄭維嶽、廖建順，2008，亞洲和太平洋地區熱泵技術概況，中華冷凍空調，第24 期，54-63 頁。
鄭維嶽、林師培，2009，歐洲熱泵的現況和趨勢，中華水電冷凍空調，第26 期，25-35 頁
劉家豪，2004，IC 製造業產品生命週期分析，國立成功大學環境工程學研究所碩士論文。
劉書宏，2010，建築物地源熱泵系統之生命週期評估，國立臺北大學公共事務學院自然資源與環境管理研究所碩士論文。
Angela Arpk, Neil Hutzler,2006. Domestic Water Use in the United States, A Life-Cycle Approach. Journal of Industrial Ecology, Volume 10, P 169-184
Arif Hepbasli, Yildiz Kalinci, 2009. A review of heat pump water heating systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13,P.1211–1229
Blum, Philipp., G. Campillo, W. Münch, T. Kölbel, 2009, “CO2 savings of ground source heat pump systems – A regional analysis”, Renewable Energy, 35, p122-127.
Cutler J. Cleveland, Robert Costanza Charles A. S. Hall, Robert Kaufmann, 1984. Energy and the U.S. Economy: A Biophysical Perspective. Science Vol. 225 no. 4665 p. 890-897
C. Montagud, J.M. Corberan, A. Montero, J.F. Urchueguia, 2011. Analysis of the energy performance of a ground source heat pump system after five years of operation. Energy and Buildings, 43, P. 3618–3626
F.J. Rey, J. Martin-Gil, E. Velasco, D. P.rez, F. Varela, J.M. Palomar, and M.P. Dorado, 2004. Life Cycle Assessment and External Environmental Cost Analysis of Heat Pumps. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, Volume 21.
F.J. Rey Martinez , E. Velasco Gomez , C. Martin Garcia , J.F. Sanz Requena b, L.M. Navas Gracia ,S. Hernandez Navarro, A. Correa Guimaraes, J. Martin Gil, 2010. Life cycle assessment of a semi-indirect ceramic evaporative cooler vs. a heat pump in two climate areas of Spain. Applied Energy, 88, P. 914–921
G. Tsilingiridis, G. Martinopoulos, N. Kyriakis,2004. Life cycle environmental impact of a thermosyphonic domestic solar hot water system in comparison with electrical and gas water heating. Renewable Energy, 29, P. 1277–1288
Geoff Hammond, Craig Jones, 2008. Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) version 1.6a, Sustainable Energy Research Team (SERT) Department of Mechanical Engimeering, University of Bath.
Goedkoop M. , An De Schryver, Michiel Oele, Sipke Durksz, Douwe de Roest, 2010. Introduction to LCA with SimaPro 7, PRé Consultants.
Goedkoop M., Michiel Oele, An de Schryver, MarisaVieira , 2008. Simapro 7 Database Manual, PRé Consultants.
Goedkoop M., 1995, The Eco-indicator 95 Final results.
Goedkoop M. ,1996 ,The Eco-indicator 95 Manual for Designers.
HPC, 2011. IEA Heat Pump Center website, http://www.heatpumpcentre.org/en/aboutheatpumps/howheatpumpsachieveenergysavings/Sidor/default.aspx
International Standard , 2006, ISO 14040 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework, ISO 2006.
International Standard , 2006, ISO 14044 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines, ISO 2006.
Fulvio Ardente, Giorgio Beccali, Maurizio Cellura ,Valerio Lo Brano, 2004. Life cycle assessment of a solar thermal collector: sensitivity analysis, energy and environmental balances. Renewable Energy, 30, P. 109–130
Robert H. Crawford, Graham J. Treloar, 2004. Net energy analysis of solar and conventional domestic hot water systems in Melbourne, Australia. Solar Energy ,76 ,P. 159–163
Viral P. Shah, David Col Debella, Robert J. Ries, 2008. Life cycle assessment of residential heating and cooling systems in four regions in the United States. Energy and Buildings, 40, P.503–513 |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國家發展研究所
98261016
100 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0982610161 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國家發展研究所] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 016101.pdf | 2095Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 2000 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
