Abstract: | 目前全世界都同時面臨壽命延長與生育率下降的雙重效應,此現象將使整體社會及個人都暴露在與日遽增的長壽風險中。長壽風險對一個國家政府的財政與金融市場影響甚鉅,尤其對社會保險與退休基金長期財務健全更有極大的威脅。目前隨著人口結構的老化與少子化趨勢的日趨明顯,我國的退休基金未來將在高齡化、壽命延長及少子化壓力外,再加上金融市場利率持續走低,以及金融風暴的突襲,造成我國許多社會保險與退休基金,可能在未來會面臨前所未有的財務危機。因此,如何健全政府退休基金財務收支,確保基金長期、穩定的獲利,能夠支應退休給付之需求,已成為當前政府施政所面臨的最重要課題。檢視我國目前主要退休基金運作現況,除勞退新制為確定提撥制外,國民年金、勞保、勞退舊制與軍公教退撫基金基本上屬於確定給付制。其中在確定給付制基金部分,因為過去的提撥準備不足以及報酬率偏低,未來將隨著退休人數快速增加將面臨更為嚴峻的負債缺口;此外,在運作制度面又受限於政府負有保證最低收益的規定,反而導致經營團隊面臨不可有投資虧損的壓力。在資產負債缺口與經營環境變動劇烈的雙重制約下,若不及時進行制度性與結構性的改革,有朝一日在金融局勢劇烈變化下,將導致財政急遽惡化,最後恐不得不將支付責任丟給政府甚至全民共同負擔。因此,本研究希望探討現行我國退休基金管理制度及運作現況,提出制度面臨的重要問題與警訊,藉此提升相關單位對退休基金管理的重視,並研提改進我國退休基金管理機制之政策建議,如此才能真正做到逐漸降低退休基金資產負債缺口,有效解除我國社會保險基金與退休基金未來失卻清償能力的可能危機。根據我國與世界各國之退休基金管理之調查與研究,本研究提出如下意見: (一)、提升我國退休基金行政效率 1、改變薪酬機制強化專業聘任: (1)、提升我國退休基金管理人員之薪資或專業金融加給,與建立具誘因的獎懲制度(主辦單位:銓敘部;協辦單位:各基金主管機關) (2)、基金管理人員數量與行政成本應隨基金規模適度增加(主辦單位:人事行政局) 2、提高基金監理機關之獨立性與專業性,減少行政機關監督成本(主辦單位:人事行政局;協辦單位:各基金主管機關) 3、建立正確監理指標,重視投資長期績效,解決代理問題(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) 4、強化基金決策過程之透明度及適度的資訊揭露(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) (二)、提升我國退休基金投資管理效率與風險管理機制 1、頒訂投資政策書明訂長期投資與風險管理策略(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) 2、採取被動式管理,專注於資產配置以及擇時操作(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) 3、對政府基金自營及委外操作的建議(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) (1)、 自營與委外操作比率的長期方向依目前政府基金的人力配置,宜提高委外操作部分的比率。(2)、 自營專業人才的質與量。目前體制下無法再大幅提高,建議自營操作以被動式指數型基金為主,因為被動式操作的專業人才人數相對主動是操作低許多。(3)、 委外操作依國內市場與國外市場劃分。(4)、 改善委外投資之績效與稽核。(5)、 增加公股、公有資產、海外投資、指數型資產與另類投資比例。(6)、 放寬對中國大陸的投資限制。(三)、提升退休基金風險管理機制 1、依各基金之基金積存率進行不同投資與風險管理策略,檢視兩個主要風險管理指標:(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) (1)、 建立風險預算的機制,定時檢視風險是否超過基金之風險限額。(2)、 定期檢視基金的資產負債缺口與基金盈餘風險狀況,依基金積存率進行不同投資與風險管理策略 2、進行負債導向投資策略,並強化財務數量模型之分析運用(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) (四)、制度運作改革建議 1、國民年金應積極穩定現金流量(主辦單位:勞工保險局;協辦單位:國民年金監理會) 2、新制勞退基金應盡快修法開放員工投資自選之日出條款(主辦單位:勞工委員會) 3、新制勞退基金建立員工投資自選平台(主辦單位:行政院勞委會) 4、退撫制度實施兼採確定提撥制之雙層制(主辦單位:銓敘部) 5、退撫制度應積極設法降低負債成本(主辦單位:銓敘部) 6、尊重專業建立善良管理人責任制度以降低代理問題(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) 7、考慮修法以公法人的型態成立基金管理單位(主辦單位:各基金主管機關) This report is about the management system and operation of the current pension funds in Taiwan, including the national pension funds, labor insurance funds, old and new labor pension funds, civil service insurance and civil service pension funds. One of objective is to analysis the reform and management trend of pension funds in developed countries. This report will explore the defined benefit plan (DB) and defined contribution plan (DC), and in-depth understand the reforming, design and management experience of pension funds. Moreover, this report will review the existing issues and management system of major pension funds in Taiwan, and analysis the related problems of regulation and management system. Finally, this report will suggest how to improve the management system and policy of pension funds in Taiwan. The current life expectancy around the world is facing the dual effect of fertility decline and such phenomenon will enable the whole community and individuals exposed to the dramatic increase in the longevity risk. Longevity risk on a national government deeply affects fiscal and financial markets, especially on social insurance and pension funds which threatens long-term financial health. With the aging population and low birth rate trend which is increasingly clear, the future of the pension fund will be aging, increasing life expectancy and low birth rate, coupled with interest rates remained low in the financial market, and the financial turmoil of the raid, causing many of social insurance and pension funds will face a financial crisis in the future. To improve the financial status of the pension fund to ensure that funds long-term, stable earnings, the current government administration has become the most important issue. This project to our pension fund management system as the major research areas, intended to adopt "inductive analysis" and "depth interviews". After researching the pension systems around the world and comparing them with the pension system of Taiwan, the research group proposes many important problems of the pension system in Taiwan. The key findings towards pension system in Taiwan includes the serious shortage of professional manpower, conservative and short-term pension fund investment, severe financial shortage, and lack of the platform of investment options to employees, etc. According to the research of pension systems in the world, we propose following main advices to the pension system in Taiwan:(1) Enhance the administrative efficiency of pension funds. (2) Improve the investment performance of pension funds. (3) Enhance the pension fund risk management. (4) Increase the contribution rate and provide various payment mechanism systems. (5) Supply the platform of investment options to employees as soon as possible, etc. |