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    Title: 等呼徵性的擴大─以明代中期為觀察對象
    Other Titles: The Expand of Feature of Denghu--- Observe by Middle Ming Dynasty Period
    Authors: 宋韻珊
    Contributors: 行政院國家科學委員會
    國立政治大學中國文學系
    Keywords: 語文;等呼;書文音義便考私編;韻法直圖;韻法橫圖;明代
    Date: 2010
    Issue Date: 2011-10-31 14:04:42 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 等呼徵性的擴大──以明代中期為觀察對象介音在現代漢語的音節結構中屬於韻母部份，它位居聲母輔音與主要元音間，可促使聲母和韻母產生音變，是以，介音在音節結構中實扮演相當重要的角色。在宋元時期的韻書韻圖裡，原則上按等、呼條件來列字，因此當時的介音大別為開洪、開細、合洪、合細四類，此即所謂等呼，由此可知，介音與等呼間實存在著密不可分的相互依存關係。可是標誌着中古音「介音」這個部件的「等呼」，其實自宋代已開始發生變化，原來，宋代的《四聲等子》雖仍維持二呼四等格局，實際上等和等之間的界限已不那麼清楚了。進入元以後，四等二呼的界限逐漸泯滅，因此從二呼四等到近代開齊合撮四呼，揭示出介音的漸變過程。耿振生(1992：62)認為明確地從介音角度把韻母區別為四類的，應以桑紹良《青郊雜著》(1581)最早，該書以「四科」取代四呼名稱，稍晚於桑紹良，有徐孝、袁子讓、葉秉敬等人則用二呼二等的形式區別四呼。不過，真正變等為呼、揭櫫開齊合撮各類呼口之名者，趙蔭棠(1985)認為乃始自梅氏《字彙》後所附之《橫直圖》。趙氏把呼名設立之功歸於《橫直圖》上，是著眼於「等呼」歷經唐宋元明的歷時性音變上而言。可是，記錄指稱「等呼」的「介音」這個部件，至明代除了完成開齊合撮各類呼名外，同時存在著擴大其音韻徵性的跡象，如成書於萬曆年間 (1611)吳繼仕的《音聲紀元》，採取「聲母和介音拼合後」的「聲介合母」1方式來標聲母系統(耿振生1992：204)。吳氏此種一反將傳統把介音歸入韻母的作法而改納入聲母的舉措，在現代看來相當創新，然在明代並不罕見，相形之下，刊行於明萬曆間的三部韻書韻圖：李登《書文音義便考私編》、無名氏《韻法直圖》和李世澤《韻法橫圖》，這三部語料更是將介音和等呼的概念以及等呼所蘊含的語音徵性發揮至極致，《私編》裡有10 種呼名，《橫圖》裡列了8 種，《直圖》內的呼名則多達13 種。這些呼名或是單指介音(如開齊合撮四呼)，或是指涉韻尾(閉口呼)，或是兼具形容聲母、介音、韻尾的三合一特點(齊齒捲舌而閉)，如此創新多樣的呼名形式，不僅遠遠溢出「介音」此一部件的位置與屬性，更達到無所不包的境界，這是只有在明代才出現的極為特殊的現象，而這些都出現於明中葉時期。因此，本計畫把觀察時限定於明代中期的等呼發展，且選擇呼名最多樣化又具代表性的《書文音義便考私編》、《韻法橫圖》以及《韻法直圖》三部韻書韻圖為主要追索重點，希望透過對此三部語料中多達八至十三種的呼名進行深入探析，釐析各呼名內容所指，並進而考察為何呼名在此一階段竟然遠遠溢出介音指涉之範圍，達到高度發展、無所不包的地步。而《私編》、《橫圖》二書音系融合了明代讀書音與江淮官話色彩；《直圖》更是雜揉讀書音、皖南徽語以及吳語為一爐的混合音系著作，讀書音與不同方音特點的層疊共構，是否主宰對呼名的指稱與使用？某些呼名的設立是否因應特定方音的需求？這也是本計畫關注的要項。另外，除了以這三部語料為探討重點外，同時旁及《音聲紀元》、《交泰韻》(此二書皆以聲介合母的方式來拼音)、《青郊雜著》(此書雖不用四呼，卻是最早隱含四呼的文獻)等也同屬明代中期的等韻著作以為輔證，希冀為明代精彩紛呈的多樣呼名以及此時期擴大的等呼徵性做出合理的解釋。；The expand of feature of DengHu──observe by middle Ming Dynasty period Medial in modern Chinese language syllable structural, is belong final of syllable. It between initial consonant and major vowel, can promote the change of vowel and final syllable, there fore medial is very important in syllable structural. In the Rhythm book and Rhythm picture at Song and Yuan Dynasty period, in principle arrange the words by condition of DengHu, so in this period the medial to distinguish between open broad sound、open Xi Yin、He Kou broad sound and He Kou Xi Yin four types, it is call DengHu, hence we know medial and DengHu has very close relationship. But marked 〝medial〞this part of DengHu in ancient Chinese Sound, was began changed in Song Dynasty, and into Yuan Dynasty, the distinguish of FourDengTwoHu was more and more ambiguity. This project as concerns the development of DengHu in middle Ming Dynasty, and choose those three books it is most variety change and most representation about DengHu, ShuUenYinYiBianKaoSiBian 、YunFaHengTu 、YunFaZhiTu to be observation, we wanded through the deep analyze about eight to thirteen kind of the name of Hu, distinguish those name of Hu it’s real meaning, and progressing investigate why the name of Hu was highly development and including so many article .
    Relation: 基礎研究
    學術補助
    研究期間:9908~ 10007
    研究經費:308仟元
    Data Type: report
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Chinese Literature] NSC Projects

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