Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51584
|
| Title: | 性別特質與愛情關係滿意度：關係他人-自我取向的中介效果
Gender traits and relationship satisfaction: The mediation of other-self orientation |
| Authors: | 林津儷
Lin, Chin Li |
| Contributors: | 李怡青
Lee, I Ching
林津儷
Lin, Chin Li |
| Keywords: | 性別特質
女性化
關係他人-自我取向
關係滿意度
決策行為
gender traits
femininity
other-self orientation
relationship satisfaction
decision making |
| Date: | 2009 |
| Issue Date: | 2011-10-11 16:55:36 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 過往研究發現性別特質在愛情關係中扮演重要角色。人們在選擇理想的愛情對象上經常反映出性別特質的互補性，例如男性化特質高的男性和女性化特質高的女性是多數人同意的理想伴侶。然而實際的關係中，女性化特質比男性化特質更能有效的預測婚姻滿意度和婚姻關係適應。這是因為女性化特質有助於人際關係的建立與維繫，女性化特質高的人展現較多自我揭露和情緒依賴，或以人際關係中的互動對象來認同自己，在關係互動中更經常表現出回應且滿足他人需求、考量他人感受等行為，係具有較高程度的關係他人-自我取向。而關係他人-自我取向是親子、密友、愛情等親密關係常見的人際行為表現，它可以增進關係親密感、滿足對方期望，以及引起對方相對回應，在過去研究中被認為是提升關係品質的重要因素。因此本研究假設，女性化特質會透過關係他人-自我取向之中介來預測愛情關係的滿意度，並進一步探討關係他人-自我取向如何影響個人在決策事件中考量伴侶的程度。本研究中以兩個樣本（共149對未婚情侶）檢驗成對情侶的徑路模型，在模型一中驗證了過去研究發現女性化特質對於關係滿意度的正向預測力，模型二則發現個人的關係他人-自我取向是女性化特質和關係滿意度之間的部分中介變項。此外，個人的關係他人-自我取向可以反映出預期的決策事件（樣本一74對情侶）和真實的決策事件（樣本二75對情侶）中考慮他人意見的程度，這樣的預測效果在只關乎情侶兩人的決策事件中最為明顯，涉及任一方普通朋友、異性友人、家人等的決策事件無此發現。而後續分析發現，在真實的決策事件中，男性的決策他人取向可以預期自己的關係滿意度，女性則未發現此現象。本研究於綜合討論中解釋這些結果，並探討影響關係品質的可能歷程。
Past studies have shown that gender traits play an important role in romantic relationships. Complementary gender traits are desired in heterosexual mate selection since people describe masculine men and feminine women as their ideal partners. In real relationships, however, femininity works as a better predictor of both marriage satisfaction and dyadic adjustment than masculinity. Femininity, derived from the caretaker roles in society, is related to emotional expressivity and relationship development. Feminine individuals show more self-disclosure and emotional dependency, identify themselves with current interpersonal relationships, and consider others when making decisions. They are also responsive to others’ needs, displaying a high level of other-self orientation. The higher one is in the other-self orientation, the more one is concerned for others’ welfare. While high other-self orientation is not limited to feminine individuals. People, regardless of their gender traits, tend to show a high level of other-self orientation in intimate relationships, such as parents and children, close friends, and couples. Research showed that high other-self-orientation individuals enjoy better relationship quality for that they meet partners’ needs and this brings the mutual responsiveness. As a result, we postulate that other-self orientation is a mediator between femininity and relationship satisfaction, and that other-self orientation predicts the degree one considers the partner when making decisions on romantic relationships. Two path models with two samples (149 unmarried couples totally) were examined in our study. Results indicated that femininity has a positive effect on one’s own as well as his or her partner’s relationship satisfaction (path model 1) and that the effect of femininity on one’s relationship satisfaction is partly mediated by his or her own other-self orientation (path model 2). In addition, other-self orientation is positively correlated with the degree he or she considers the partner’s needs when making decisions in hypothetical events (sample 1 with 74 couples) and real-life events (sample 2 with 75 couples). Those positive correlations are found in events involving the couple without the third party such as friends, potential relationship rivals, and the family. Follow-up analysis revealed that the more a man considers his partner’s needs in real-life decision making, the more he is satisfied with the relationship. Details were discussed in the conclusion. |
| Reference: | 一、中文部分
李美枝（1981）。性別特質問卷的編制及男女大學生四種性別特質類型在成就動機，婚姻、事業及性態度上的比較。「中華心理學刊」，23，23-37。
李美枝（1983）。兩性之間的喜歡、愛情與婚前性行為容許度。「中華心理學刊」，25，121-135。
林仲瑩（2006）。「愛情關係的社會比較」。政治大學心理研究所，碩士論文。
林宜旻、陳皎眉（1995）。愛情類型、嫉妒與關係滿意度之相關研究。「教育與心理研究」，18，281-311。
徐美惠（1982）。社會變遷中女性角色期望研究。「輔導學報」，5，53-77。
張芳熒（2004）。「愛情關係中對方衝突管理方式與自身關係滿意度之關聯」。輔仁大學心理研究所，碩士論文。
張思嘉（2001）。擇偶過程與婚前關係的形成與發展。「中華心理衛生期刊」，14，1-29。
張思嘉、李雅雯（2009）。擇偶歷程中影響關係發展的關鍵因素。「中華輔導與諮商學報」，25，179-212。
劉惠琴（2001）。大學生戀愛關係的維持歷程。「中華心理衛生學刊」，14，1-31。
二、英文部分
Abbey, A., Andrews, F., & Halman, L. (1995). Provision and receipt of social support and disregard: What is their impact on the marital life quality of infertile and fertile couples? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 455-469.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.
Antill, J. K. (1983). Sex role complementarity versus similarity in married couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 145-155.
Arima A. N. (2003). Gender stereotypes in Japanese television advertisements. Sex Roles, 49, 81-90.
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596-612.
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationship as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 241-253.
Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: An essay on psychology and religion. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Basow, S. A. (1992). Gender: Stereotypes and roles (3rd Edition). CA: Brooks/ Cole.
Baucom, D. H., & Aiken, P. A. (1984). Sex role identity, marital satisfaction, and response to behavioral marital therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 438-444.
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162.
Bem, S. L. (1977). On the utility of alternative procedures for assessing psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 196-205.
Bem, S. L., & Lewis, S. A. (1975). Sex role adaptability: One consequence of psychological androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 634–643.
Bem, S. L., Martyna, W., & Watson, C. (1976). Sex typing and androgyny: Further explorations of the expressive domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1016-1023.
Berscheid, E., & Lopes, J. (1997). A temporal model of relationship satisfaction and stability. In R. J. Sternberg & M. Hojjat (Eds.), Satisfaction in close relationship (pp. 129-159). New York: Guilford Press.
Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., & Robinson, J. P. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social Forces, 79, 191-228.
Bradbury, T. N., & Fincham, F. D. (1988). Individual difference variables in close relationship: A contextual model of marriage as an integrative work. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 713-721.
Bussy, K., & Bandura, A. (1992). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing gender development. Child Development, 63, 1236-1250.
Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
Carmines, E. G., & McIver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing Models with Unobserved Variables: Analysis of Covariance Structures. In G. W. Bohrnstedt & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social Measurement: Current Issues (pp. 65-115). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Cheng, C. (2005). Processes underlying gender-role flexibility: Do androgynous individuals know more or know how to cope? Journal of Personality, 73, 645-673.
Clark, M. S. (1981). Noncomparability of benefits given and received: A cue to the existence of friendship. Social Personality Quarterly, 44, 375-381.
Clark, M. S., Graham, S., & Grote, N. (2002). Bases for giving benefits in marriage: What is ideal? What is realistic? What really happens? In P. Noller & J. A. Feeney (Eds.), Understanding marriage: Developments in the study of couple interaction (pp. 150-176). New York: Cambridge University Express.
Clark, M. S., & Grote, N. K. (1998). Why aren’t indices of relationship costs always negatively related to indices of relationship quality? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 2-17.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979). Interpersonal attraction and in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 12-14.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1993). The difference between in exchange and communal relationships: What is and what is not. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 684-691.
Collins, N. L., & Feeney, B. C. (2000). A safe haven: An attachment theory perspective on support seeking and caregiving in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1053-1073.
Cooper, K., Chassin, L., & Zeiss, A. (1985). The relation of sex-role self-concept and sex-role attitudes to the marital satisfaction and personal adjustment of dual-worker couples with preschool children. Sex Roles, 12, 227-241.
Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 791-808.
Cross, S. E., Morris, M. L., & Gore, J. S. (2002). Thinking about oneself and others: the relational-interdependent self-construal and social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 399-418.
Dear, G. E., & Roberts, C. M. (2002). The relationships between codependency and femininity and masculinity. Sex Roles, 46, 159-165.
Deuax, K., & Kite, M., (1993). Gender stereotypes. In F. L. Denmark & M. A. Paludi (Eds.), Social Psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 777-798). New York: Guilford Press.
Di-Dio, L., Saragovi, C., Koestner, R., & Aubé, J. (1996). Linking personal values to gender. Sex Roles, 34, 621-636.
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Eastwick, P. W., Eagly, A. H., Glick, P., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., Fiske, S. T., Blum, A. M. B., Eckes, T., Freiburger P., Huang, L. L. & Fernández, M. L., Manganelli, A. M., Pek, J. C. X., Castro, Y. R., Sakalli-Ugurlu, N., Six-Materna I., & Volpato, V. (2006). Is Traditional Gender Ideology Associated with Sex-Typed Mate Preferences? A Test in Nine Nations. Sex Roles, 54, 603-614.
Feeney, B. C., & Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1996). Effects of adult attachment and presence romantic partners on physiological response to stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 255-270.
Flaherty, J. F., & Dusek, J. B. (1980). An investigation of the relationship between psychological androgyny and components of self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 984-992.
Frank, E., & Brandstatter, V. (2002). Approach versus avoidance: Different types of commitment in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 208-221.
Frey, K. S., & Ruble, D. N. (1992). Gender constancy and the “cost” of sex-typed behavior: A test of the conflict hypothesis. Developmental Psychology, 28, 714-721.
Gattis, K. S., Berns, S., Simpson, L. E., & Christensen, A. (2004). Birds of a feather or strange birds? Ties among personality, dimensions, similarity, and marital quality. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 564-574.
Gonzaga, G. C., Cappos, B., & Bradbury, T. (2007). Similarity, convergence, and relationship satisfaction in dating and marriage couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 34-48.
Gore, J. S., Cross, S. E., & Morris, M. L. (2006). Let’s be friends: Relational self-construal and the development of intimacy. Personal Relationships, 13, 83-102.
Gough, H. G. (1957). Manual for the California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Guisinger, S., & Blatt, S. (1994). Individuality and relatedness: Evolution of a fundamental dialectic. American Psychologist, 49, 104-111.
Harter, S., Waters, P. L., Pettitt, L. M., Whitesell, N., Kofkin, J.,& Jordan, J. (1997). Autonomy and connectedness as dimensions of relationship styles in men and women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 148-164.
Hatfield, E. (1988). Passionate and companionate love. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barens (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 191-217). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Headland, T. N., & Headland, J. D. (1999). Four decades among the Agta: Trials and advantages of long-term fieldwork with Philippine hunter gatherers. Retrieved June 13, 2001 from http://www.sil.org/sil/roster/headland-t/fourdecd.htm
Hendrick, S. S. (1988). A generic measure of relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 93-98.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Psychology, 63, 597-606.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Huston, T. L. (1994). Courtship antecedents of marital satisfaction and love. In R. Erber & S. Duck (Eds.), Theoretical frameworks for personal relationships (pp. 43-65). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Impett E. A., Gable S. L, & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Giving up and giving in: the costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 327-344.
Jackson, L. A. (1985). Self-conceptions and gender role: The correspondence between gender-role categorization and open-ended descriptions. Sex Roles, 13, 549-566.
Kalin, R., & Lloyd, C. A. (1985). Sex role identity, sex role ideology and marital adjustment. International Journal of Women`s Studies, 8, 32-39.
Kaul, M., & Lakey, B. (2003). Where is the support in perceived support? The role of generic relationship satisfaction and enacted support in perceived support’s relation to low distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22, 59-78.
Kenny, D. A., Beashy, D. A., & Bolger, N. (1998). Data analysis in social psychology. In D. T. Gilbert & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 233-265). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kimlicka, T. M, Wakefield, J. A, & Goad, N. A. (1982). Sex-roles of the ideal opposite sexed persons for college males and females. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 519-521.
Klonhen, E. C., & Bera, S. (1998). Behavioral and experiential patterns of avoidantly and securely attached women across adulthood: A 31-year longitudinal perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 211-223.
Kurdek, L. A. (1989). Relationship quality for newly married husbands and wives: Marital history, stepchildren, and individual-difference predictors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 1053-1064.
Lee, C. W. (2003). A study of Singapore`s English channel television commercials and sex-role stereotypes. Asian Journal of Women’s studies, 9, 78-100.
Locke, H., & Wallace, K. (1959). Short marital-adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251-255.
Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents` differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 267-296.
McAdam, G. (1989). The biographical consequences of activism. American Sociological Review, 54, 744-760.
McCall, M., Reno, R. R., Jalbert, N., West, S. G. (2000). Communal orientation and attributes between the self and other. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 301-308.
Mills, J., Clark, M. S., Ford, T. E., & Johnson, M. (2004). Measurement of communal strength. Personal Relationships, 11, 213-230.
Murstein, B. I. (1970). Stimulus-value-role: A theory of marital choice. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 32, 465-481.
Murstein, B. I., & Williams, P. D. (1983). Sex roles and marriage adjustment. Small Group Behavior, 14, 77-94.
Orlofsky, J. L. (1982). Psychological androgyny, sex-typing, and sex-role ideology as predictors of male-female interpersonal attraction. Sex Roles, 8, 1057-1074.
Palmore, E. (1978). When can age, period, and cohort be separated? Social Forces, 57, 282-295.
Reskin, B. F., & Padavic, I. (1994). Women and men at work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Roopnarine, J. L. (1986). Mothers’ and fathers’ behaviors toward the toy play of infant sons and daughters. Sex Roles, 14, 59-68.
Rosenkrantz, P. S., Vogel, S. R., Bee, H., Broverman, I. K., & Broverman, D. M. (1968). Sex role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287-295.
Schaffer, K. F. (1980). Sex-role issues in mental health. Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Senchak, M., & Leonard, K. E. (1992). Attachment styles and marital adjustment among newlywed couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 9, 51-64.
Shettel-Neuber, J., Bryson, J. B., & Young, L. E. (1978). Physical attractiveness of the "other person" and jealousy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 612-615.
Snyder, D. K. (1979). Marital Satisfaction Inventory. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Snyder, D. K. (1997). Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Revised (MSI-R) manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28.
Spence, J. T. (1984). Masculinity, femininity, and gender-related traits: A conceptual analysis and critique of current research, In B.A. Maher & W.B. Maher (Eds.) Progress in experimental personality research (pp.1-97), New York: Academic Press.
Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978). Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1980). Masculine instrumentality and feminine expressiveness: Their relationships with sex role attitudes and behaviors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 147-163.
Sprencher, S. (1999). “I love you more today than yesterday”: Romantic partners’ perception of changes in love and related affect over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 46-53.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93, 119-135.
Ward, L. M., Hansbrough, E., & Walker, E. (2005). Contributions of music video exposure to black adolescents’ gender and sexual schemas. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 143-166.
Weinraub, M., Clements, L. P., Sockloff, A., Ethridge, T. E., Gracely, E., & Myers, B. (1984). The development of sex role stereotypes in the third year: relationships to gender labeling, gender identity, sex-typed toy preference and family characteristics. Child Development, 55, 1493-1503.
Wheeler, L., Reism, H., & Nezlek, J. (1983). Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 943-953.
Whitley, B. E. (1983). Sex role orientation and self-esteem: A critical meta-analytic review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 765-778.
Williams, D. (1985). Gender, masculinity-femininity, and emotional intimacy in same-sex friendship. Sex roles, 12, 587-600.
Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 699-727.
Zammichieli, M. E., Gilroy, F D., & Sherman, M. F. (1988). Relation between sex role orientation and marital satisfaction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 747-754. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
心理學研究所
96752004
98 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0096752004 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [心理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| 200401.pdf | 915Kb | Adobe PDF2 | 1573 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
