Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/51133
|
| Title: | An assessment of the strategic use of outer space among China, Russia, and the United States
An assessment of the strategic use of outer space among China, Russia, and the United States |
| Authors: | 農凱貞 |
| Contributors: | 趙國材
農凱貞 |
| Keywords: | Space
International law |
| Date: | 2009 |
| Issue Date: | 2011-09-29 18:57:09 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | In 2010, with globalization, and economic integration, the world is brought even closer together by satellite technology. Satellites have revolutionized modern military operations and have become essential to ensuring national security regimes. The number of space faring nations has increased, and the US no longer holds a monopoly in space. With China’s successful ASAT test in 2007 and increasing military buildup and cooperation between China and Russia, the US must carefully develop space policies that do not appear antagonistic and unilateral in an attempt to dominate, otherwise a new cold war in space will ensue.
Already at the precipice of an all out arms race, the militarization of space has set the stage for the next phase: the weaponization of outer space. In order to prevent this, the laws of outer space should be clear and specifically dictate the rules. Unfortunately, the laws of space are outdated, vague, with marginal controls written before the technology of modern times.
The hypothesis for this thesis is based on the belief that the current treaties governing space are insufficient, and in order to preserve peace, they must evolve, along with increased international cooperation, communication, and transparency measures to prevent an all out conflict. This thesis is divided into five sections, the first of which provides an introduction and review of the existing legal system in space. This is followed by current issues and growing concerns, a summary of China, Russia and the US’s strategic capabilities, and finally the assessment of international legal regime in place to help mitigate the use of space. In order to ensure space security for all, transparent, multilateral policies should be pursued.
The militarization of space will continue until it reaches a point of confrontation. In order to preserve the peaceful use of space, arms control agreements and the existing space legislation needs to be clarified and updated. International dialogue must promote progress and advancement in shared technology, not an arms race. Through cooperation and collaborative efforts, the continued development of space can be achieved for the benefit of all. |
| Reference: | UN Declarations, Resolutions, Legal Principles and Publications
• UNGA Resolution 1721(XVI) of States Launching Objects into Orbit or Beyond, December 20, 1961.
• UNGA Resolution 1884(XVII) Question of General and Complete Disarmament, October17, 1963.
• UNGA Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the
Exploration and Peaceful Use of Outer Space, 1962 (XVIII) December 13, 1963.
• UNGA International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 1963 (XVIII) December 13, 1963.
• The Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting, UNGA Resolution 37/92 of December 10, 1982.
• The Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Outer Space, UNGA Resolution 41/65 of December 3, 1986.
• The Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space, GA Resolution 47/68 of December 14, 1992.
• The Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interest of All States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries, UNGA Resolution 51/122 of December 13, 1996.
• Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space. United Nations General Assembly Resolution: 55/32, January 2001.
Newspapers
• Baker, John & Kevin Pollpeter, “A Future for US-China Space Cooperation?” Space News, December 13, 2004.
• Elegant, Simon & Mark Thompson, “Why China’s Missile Test is Troubling,” Time, January 19, 2007. Accessed 10/5/09.
• Evans, Robert, “Russia, China Urge Start to Space Weapon Talks,” Reuters, March 22, 2005.
• Schwartz, John, “Experts to Discuss US Space Plan,” The New York Times, February 12, 2008. Accessed 11/2/09.
• Spencer, Richard, “Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in Space,” The Daily Telegraph, January 19, 2007. Accessed 11/2/09.
• “U.S. Official: Chinese Test Missile Obliterates Satellite,” Washington, CNN, January, 19, 2007. Accessed 9/1/09.
Internet Sources
• Chaikin, Andrew, “Greatest Space Events of the 20th Century: The 70s,” Space & Science: Space.com (December 3, 1999). (http://www.space.com/news/spacehistory/greatest_70s_991230.html). Accessed 11/5/09.
• “Hubble Opens New Eyes on the Universe,” News Release, HUBBLESITE.org (September 9, 2009). Accessed 12/9/09.
Government Correspondence, Publications and Statements
• Kestenbaum, David, “Chinese Missile Destroys Satellite in 500-Mile Orbit,” NPR:All Things Considered (January 19, 2007), [Radio Transcript: Online: (http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=6923805).
Accessed 10/15/09.
• Noble, Michael J, “Export Controls and United States Space Power,” Astropolitics, Volume 6, Issue 3 (September 2008), 251-312. Accessed 11/2/09.
• “No Fireworks,” New Scientist, Issue 2038 (July 13, 1996), 50-51. Accessed 10/26/09.
• “Sergei Ivanov considers reports on the rocket launch by China, that destroyed a satellite, exaggerated,” Voice of Russia (January 20, 2007), (http://www.vor.ru/index.phtml?id=4452). Accessed 9/14/09.
• Shah, Anup, “Arms Race,” Global Issues (January 3, 2001), (http://www.globalissues.org/article/136/arms-race). Accessed 10/15/09.
• Weeks, Edythe, “Applying International Relations Theory to the Current Politics of Outer Space Development,” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association (Town & Country Resort and Convention Center: San Diego, California, March 22, 2006), 1-28. (http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p98300_index.html). Accessed 9/3/09.
• Xuequan, Mu, “India developing weapon system to neutralize enemy satellites,” New Delhi, January 3, 2010. (Xinhua: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12749170.htm). Accessed 1/5/10.
Other
• A Dictionary of Law, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
• US Statement, Definition and Delimitation of Outer Space and the Character and Utilization of the Geostationary Orbit, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at its 40th Session in Vienna from April, Agenda Item 6, Statement by the Delegation of the United States of America, US Department of State.
Official Websites
AFSPC: Air Force Space Command: http://www.afspc.af.mil.
BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk.
CDI: http://www.cdi.org.
China Brief: http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief.
CNN: http://edition.cnn.com.
CNSA: http://www.cnsa.gov.cn.html.
ECSL : European Centre for Space Law :
http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ECSL/index.html.
• Statement of General Kevin P. Chilton. Commander: United States Strategic Commander, Before the Strategic Forces Subcommittee House Armed Services Committee on United States Strategic Command, February 27, 2008.
Global Issues : http://www.globalissues.org.
Global Security : http://www.globalsecurity.org/index.html.
Inside GNSS : http://www.insidegnss.com.
International Assessment and Strategy Center : http://www.strategycenter.net.
IADC : Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee :
http://www.iadc-online.org/index.cgi?item=home.
IAF : http://www.fai.org/astronautics/100km.asp.
INTELSAT : http://www.intelsat.com.
ITU : International Telecommunication Union : http://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx.
NASA: http://www.nasa.gov/home/index.html.
• Statement by the Chinese Delegation at the Thematic Debate on Outer Space at the First Committee of the 64th Session of the UNGA, October 20, 2009.
National Geographic: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: http://www.merriam-webster.com.
People Daily Online: http://english.peopledaily.com.cn.
Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland:
http://www.china-un.ch/eng.
REUTERS: http://www.reuters.com.
The Telegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk.
UNECSO: http://www.unesco.org.
UNOOSA: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/index.html.
US Department of State: http://www.state.gov.
• “Communications Satellite Act of 1962: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Eighty-seventh Congress, second session, on H.R. 11040, an act for the establishment, ownership, operations, and regulation of a commercial communications satellite system and for other purposes,” United States Congress: Senate: Committee on Foreign Relations, US: Washington, 1962.
SECONDARY SOURCES
Books
• Alves, P. Gasparini, Building Confidence in Outer Space Activities: CSBMs & Earth-to-Space Monitoring, Dartmouth: Aldershot, October, 1995.
• Bedjaoui, Mohammed, International Law: Achievements and Prospects, Paris: UNESCO, 1991.
• Benko, Mary, Willem de Graaff, & Gijsbertha C.M. Reijnen, Space Law in the United Nations, Boston: Dordrecht, 1990.
• Berstein, Richard and Ross H. Munro, The Coming Conflict with China, New York: Knopf, 1997.
• Bush, Richard C. & O’Hanlon, Michael E, A War Like No Other: The Truth About China’s Challenges to America, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.
• Cheng, Bin, Studies in International Space Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
• Chia-Jui, Cheng, The Use of Airspace and Outer Space for all Mankind in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the International Conference on Air Transport and Space Application in a New World, Held in Tokyo from June 2-5, 1993, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1995.
• --------------------, The Use of Air and Outer Space Cooperation and Competition: Proceedings of the International Conference on Air and Outer Space at the Service of World Peace and Prosperity, Held in Beijing from August 21-23, 1995, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1998.
• Chia-Jui Cheng & Doo Hwan Kim, The Utilization of the World’s Air Space and Free Outer Space in the 21st Century, The Hague/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1997.
• Chun, Clayton, Defending Space: US Anti-Satellite Warfare and Space Weaponry, United Kingdom: Osprey, 2006.
• Courteix, Simone, L’Adaptation du Droit de l’Espace: A Ses Nouveaux Defis. Paris: Pedone: Melanges (No date).
• Csabafi, Imre Anthony, The Concept of State Jurisdiction in International Space Law: A Study in the Progressive Development of Space Law in the United Nation, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1971.
• Diederiks-Verschoor, I. H. Philepina, An Introduction to Space Law, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1993.
• Dolman, Everett C., Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age, Portland: Frank Cass, 2001.
• Fawcett, J.E.S., Outer Space: New Challenges to Law and Policy, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
• Gennady, Zhukov and Yuri Kolosov, International Space Law, New York: Praeger Special Studies, 1984.
• Goldman, Nathan C., Space Policy: An Introduction, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1992.
• Gorove, Stephen, Developments in Space Law: Issues and Policies, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.
• Humble, Ronald D., The Soviet Space Programme, London: Routeledge, 1988.
• Hurwitz, Bruce A, The Legality of Space Militarization, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1986.
• Jasani, Bhupendra, Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Uses of Space: Problems of Definition for the Prevention of an Arms Race, New York: Taylor & Francis, 1991.
• Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, Space Law: Development and Scope, Westport: Praeger, 1992.
• Joyner, Christopher C., International Law in the 21st Century: Rules for Global Governance, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, INC., 2005.
• Lo, Bobo, Vladimir Putin and the Evolution of Russian Foreign Policy, London: Blackwell, 2003.
• Lyall, Francis and Paul B. Larsen, Space Law: A Treatise, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Co., 2009.
• Mowthorpe, Matthew, The Militarization and Weaponization of Space, New York: Lexington Books, 2004.
• Ni, Zhengyu, “Some Problems of International Law Concerning Outer Space,” Selected Articles from Chinese Yearbook of International Law (Beijing: China Translation & Pub. Co., 1983), 64-84.
• Ragazzi, Maurizio, The Concept of International Obligations Erga Omnes, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Reynolds, Glenn H. and Robert P. Merges, Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy, Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
• Roth, Brad R., Governmental Illegitimacy in International Law, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Sokolovskii,Vasilii Danilovich, Soviet Military Strategy, Crane: Russak, 1975.
• Smith, Milton L., International Regulation of Satellite Communication, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990.
• Stares, P.B., The Militarization of Space: US Policy, 1945-1984, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985.
• Talmon, Stefan, Recognition of Governments in International Law: With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998.
• Traa-Engelman, H.L. van, Commercial Utilization of Outer Space: Law and Practice, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993.
• Wassenbergh, Henri A., Principles of Outer Space Law in Hindsight, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991.
• Wolter, Detlev, Common Security in Outer Space and International Law, Geneva: UNIDIR United Nation Publication, 2006.
• Zwaan, Tanja L.,Walter W.C. De Vries, Paul Henry Tuinder, & Ilias I. Kuskuvelis, Space Law: Views of the Future: A Compilation of Articles by a New Generation of Space Law Scholars, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988.
Articles, Papers and Reports
• Armstrong, Dale, “Space Preservation or Space Destruction?” The Space Review, March 12, 2007.
• Ball, Desmond, “Assessing China’s ASAT Program,” Austral Special Report, June 14, 2007. (http://www.nautilus.org/~rmit/forum-reports/0714s-ball). Accessed 9/2/09.
• Bowman, Robert M, “Arms Control in Space,” Air University Review (November-December 1985), 45-53.
• Brownlie, Ian, “The Maintenance of International Peace and Security in Outer Space,” British Yearbook of International Law, XL (1964), 1-31.
• Cheng, Bin, “The Legal Status of Outer Space and Relevant Issues: Delimitation of Outer Space and Definition of Peaceful Use,” Journal of Space Law, Volume 11, Mississippi: University of Mississippi School of Law (Spring/Fall 1983), 89-105.
• --------------- , “Recent Developments in Air Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume (1956), 208-234.
• -------------- , “Crimes on Board Aircraft,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 12 (1959), 177-207.
• -------------- , “Analogies and Fictions in Air and Space Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 15 (1962), 226-247.
• -------------- , “The Extra-Terrestrial Application of International Law,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 18 (1965), 132-152.
• -------------- , “International Co-operation and Control: From Atoms to Space,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 21 (1968), 137-158.
• -------------- , “Liability for Spacecraft,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 23 (1970), 216-239.
• -------------- , “Communications Satellites,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 24 (1971), 211-245.
• -------------- , “The Moon Treaty: Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies within the Solar System other than the Earth, December 18, 1979,” Current Legal Problems, Volume 33 (1980), 213-237.
• de Cordoba, Sanz Fernandez, “100 km Altitude Boundary for Astronautics,” Federation Aeronautique Internationale: Astronautic Records Commission (June 26, 2004).
• Crawford, James and Vaughan Lowe, eds., “Decisions of British Courts During 2005 Involving Questions of Public or Private International Law, Part Two: II. Sources and Codification of International Law – Codification and progressive development of international law,” British Yearbook of International Law, LXXVI (2005), 698-699.
• Cruickshank, D.A., Joey Fox, Jetta Gilligan Bory, and Caspar Trimmer, SIPRI Yearbook 2009: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Solna, Sweden: Oxford University Press, 2009.
• Figliola, Patricia Moloney, “US Military Space Programs: An Overview of Appropriations and Current Issues,” CRS Report for Congress: Received through the CRS Web, Order Code RL33601 (August 7, 2006).
• Fisher, Richard, Jr., “Report on the Zhuhai Airshow: November 3-8, 2002,” Arms Show Reports, November 30, 2002, International Assessment and Strategy Center, 2004.
• Hackett, James, ed., The Military Balance 2009, The International Institute for Strategic Studies, UK: Routledge, 2009.
• Harvey, Brian, “China’s Space Program: Emerging Competitor or Potential Partner?” New Challenges in Missile Proliferation, Missile Defense, and Space Security, Center for Nonproliferation Studies: Occasional Paper No. 12, July, 2003. 49-55.
• Jasentuliyana, Nandasiri, “Maintaining Outer Space for Peaceful Uses: Proceedings of a Symposium held in the Hague, March,” Tokyo: United Nations University, 1984.
• Marston, Geoffrey, ed., “United Kingdom Materials on International Law 1984, Part Ten: III: Air space, outer space – outer space, and Part Ten: IV: Airspace, outer space – telecommunications including broadcasting,” British Yearbook of International Law, LV (1984), 564-566.
• -----------------------, ed., “United Kingdom Materials on International Law 1993 Part Ten: I.A: Air space, outer space – sovereignty over air space – extent, Part Ten: III. Airspace, outer space – outer space,” British Yearbook of International Law, LXIV (1993), 689.
• ------------------------, ed., “United Kingdom Materials on International Law 1996 Part Ten: III: Air space, outer space – outer space,” British Yearbook of International Law, LXVII (1996), 802-805.
• ------------------------, ed., “United Kingdom Materials on International Law 2001 Part12: II,” British Yearbook of International Law, LXXII (2001), 641-643.
• McMahon, J.F., “Legal Aspects of Outer Space,” British Yearbook of International Law, XXXVIII (1962), 339-399.
• ------------------------, “Legal Aspects of Outer Space: Recent Developments,” British Yearbook of International Law, XLI (1965-66), 417-431.
• Smith, Marcia S, “China’s Space Program: An Overview,” CRS Report for Congress: Received through the CRS Web, Order Code RS21641, October 18, 2005. 1-6.
• “Proceedings of the 31st Colloquium on: The Law of Outer Space,” International Institute of Space Law of the International Astronautical Federation, Bangalore, India, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, October 8-15, 1988.
• “The Importance of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and its World Radio communication Conferences to the Satellite Industry,” Satellite Industry Association, SIA White Paper, December 2008. 1-2.
Journals and Magazines
• Aikman, Bill, “Operation Morning Light: The Search for Satellite Cosmos 954;” Sentinel, Volume 14, Number 2 ?(Canada: Department of National Defense, 1978), 4-16.
• Berstein and Munro, “The Coming Conflict with China,” in Emma V. Broomfield, “Perceptions of Danger: the China threat theory,” Journal of Contemporary China (2003), 216-235.
• Blagov, Sergei, “Russia and China: United by Foreign Policy, Divided by Energy Prices,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Volume 5, Issue 100 (May 26, 2008), 53-61.
• Chase, Michael S, “China’s Assessment of the War in Iraq: America’s ‘Deepest Quagmire’ and the Implications for Chinese National Security,” China Brief, Volume 7, Issue 17 (September 19, 2007), 11-16.
• Cheng, Joseph Y.S. and Zhang Wankun, “Patterns and Dynamics of China’s International Strategic Behavior,” Journal of Contemporary China, Volume 11, Number 13 (May 2002), 235-260.
• Halibronner, Kay, “Freedom of the Air and the Convention on the Law of the Sea,” The American Journal of International Law, Volume 77, Number 3 (July 1983), 490-520.
• Hitchens, Theresa, “US-Sino Relations in Space: From ‘War of Words’ to Cold War in Space?” China Security (Winter 2007), 12-30. Accessed 11/4/09.
• Lowder, Stacey L, “A State’s International Legal Role: From the Earth to the Moon,” Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law, Volume 7, Issue 7.1 (1999), 253-268.
• Marchisio, Sergio, “The Evolutionary Stages of the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS),” Journal of Space Law, Volume 31 (Summer 2005), 219-226.
• Markoff, Marko G, “Disarmament and “Peaceful Purposes” Provisions in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty,” Journal of Space Law, Volume 4, Number 2 (Fall 1976), 3-22.
• Viikari, L. E, “Environmental Impact Assessment and Space Activities,” Advances in Space Research, Volume 34, Issue 11 (January 2004), 2363-2367.
• Waldrop, Elizabeth Seebode, “Integration of Military and Civilian Space Assets: Legal and National Security Implications,” The Air Force Law Review, Number 55 (2004), 163-172. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
亞太研究英語碩士學位學程(IMAS)
95925038
98 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0959250381 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [亞太研究英語博/碩士學位學程(IDAS/IMAS)] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 1045 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
