Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/48983
|
| Title: | 從知識創造觀點探討Web 2.0之服務
An Examination of Web 2.0 Services –A Knowledge-Creating Perspective |
| Authors: | 吳雅玲
Wu, Ya Ling |
| Contributors: | 尚孝純
季延平
Shang, Shari S.C.
Chi, Yan Ping
吳雅玲
Wu, Ya Ling |
| Keywords: | Web 2.0服務模式
知識創造循環
知識分享流程
知識分享動機
數位選擇權
Web 2.0 service model
Knowledge-creating cycle
Delurking process
Motivation to share
Digital options |
| Date: | 2009 |
| Issue Date: | 2010-12-08 01:54:43 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | Web 2.0是一種架構在知識環境上的網路，使用者可以協同參與網站內容、工具和應用軟體的使用、發展與管理。為了創造更多使用者價值，各式各樣的Web 2.0新服務因應而生，例如：Wikipedia和Facebook，就是從這種服務導向的技術架構中衍生出來，進而提供有效的知識創造與社群互動。同時，由於Web 2.0平台具有協同合作與互動等特性，使用者的知識分享意願亦會受到平台中的知識與流程(即Web 2.0選擇權)所影響，因此，使用者參與和分享是十分重要的議題。
為了有效管理這類社群網路平台的知識創造與持續創新相關活動，本研究進行了兩階段的調查。在第一階段中，主要探索Web 2.0對於合作學習的知識創造服務。本研究分析並分類1,042個 Web 2.0 網站，進而定義出兩種知識創造服務平台(經驗交流型與智慧累進型) ，以及五種Web 2.0服務模式，包含交換模式、整合模式、組織模式、協同合作模式與開放模式，由於這些服務模式具體描繪出現有Web 2.0的不同應用，因此能清楚地闡釋Web 2.0科技的運用模式與價值建立。
第二階段本研究根據認知理論，調查知識貢獻者的分享動機，包括認知有用性、社群認同感、利他主義傾向、認知娛樂性和Web 2.0自我效能，以及Web 2.0選擇權對於分享意圖的調節效果。本研究對象來自於全球性樣本，即第一階段中兩大類型Web 2.0平台的貢獻者，經驗交流型平台蒐集了568位有效樣本；智慧累進型平台則有694位有效樣本。結果發現，Web 2.0選擇權會顯著地影響使用者的知識分享動機。對於經驗交流型平台而言，高度的知識與流程選擇權會顯著地調節知識貢獻者的社群認同感、利他主義傾向以及Web 2.0自我效能對於知識分享的意圖；對於智慧累進型平台而言，低度的知識與流程選擇權會顯著地調節知識貢獻者的社群認同感與認知有用性對於知識分享的意圖，而高度的流程選擇權則會調節貢獻者的認知娛樂性對於分享的意願。因此，組織在提供Web 2.0服務時，無論是為了人際交流目的或是知識累積目的，皆需要妥善地利用Web 2.0選擇權，才能有效建立良善的知識分享循環之平台。
Web 2.0 is a network on which individuals contribute to the development and distribution of content, tools, and software applications over the Internet. To provide different values to the users, various innovative Web 2.0 services, such as Wikipedia and Facebook, have emerged from this omnibus technological concept, and the Web 2.0 platform has been praised for providing an effective platform for knowledge creation and group innovation. For a cyclical flow of knowledge generation and reinvention, user participation and contribution become the most critical part of the platform. Meanwhile, due to the collaborative and interactive features of the platform, this user intention can be highly affected by the Web 2.0 options—i.e., the reach and richness of knowledge and processes enabled on the Web 2.0 platforms.
In order to effectively leverage this kind of social network platform for knowledge creation and innovation sustainment, this study has two stages. In Stage one, it explores Web 2.0 knowledge-creating services for collaborative learning. More than 1,000 Web 2.0 application sites were analyzed and classified, and two types of knowledge-creating services with five service models were identified. The two services are called experience-socialization and intelligence-proliferation, and the service models are coined with the names of Exchanger, Aggregator, Organizer, Collaborator, and Liberator. These service models represent the diversity of existing Web 2.0 applications and provide a base for better communications of the operating patterns and value propositions of the Web 2.0 technology.
In Stage two, based on cognitive theories, it examines the determinants of knowledge sharing and the moderating effects of Web 2.0 options on the sharing intention. Motivators such as perceived usefulness, community identification, altruism tendency, perceived enjoyment, and Web 2.0 self-efficacy were verified by frequent contributors of all types. A global sample from contributors of two major types of Web 2.0 platforms, experience-socialization platforms (N = 568) and intelligence-proliferation platforms (N = 694), were collected. The results confirm that user motivations to contribute are moderated by Web 2.0 options. For contributors to experience-socialization platforms high knowledge and process options can affect their sense of community identity, altruism tendency, and Web 2.0 self-efficacy towards sharing intention. For contributors of intelligence-proliferation platform, low knowledge and process options affect the user’s sense of community identity and perceived usefulness that shapes their intention to share. By the same token, high process options affect contributors’ feeling of joyfulness towards contributing on the platform. Organizations providing Web 2.0 services for either socialization purposes or knowledge retention purposes need to leverage Web 2.0 options properly in order to build effective platforms and nurture a strong, growing stream of knowledge contribution. |
| Reference: | Agarwal, R. and Karahanna, E., Time flies when you’re having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage, MIS Quarterly, 24(4), 2000, pp. 665–694.
AjaxProjects.com, Web 2.0 sites, AjaxProjects.com, 2008, retrieve at http://web2.ajaxprojects.com/?Title=Web+2.0.
Anderson, J.C. and Gerbing, D.W., Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 1988, pp. 411–423.
Ansoff, H.I., Strategic issue management, Strategic Management Journal, 2(1), 1980, pp. 132-148.
Applegate, L.M., Austin, R.D., and McFarlan, F.W., Corporate Information Strategy and Management: Text and Cases, 7th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.
Asch, S.E., Opinions and social pressure, Scientific American, 193(5), 1955, pp. 31-35.
Bailey, K.D., Typologies and Taxonomies: An Introduction to Classification Techniques, Sage Publications Inc., Los Angeles, 1994.
Bandura, A., Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1986.
Bélanger, F. and Allport, C.D., Collaborative technologies in knowledge telework: An exploratory study, Information Systems Journal, 18(1), 2008, pp. 101-121.
Bock, G.W. and Kim, Y.G., Breaking the myths of rewards: An exploratory study of attitudes about knowledge sharing, Information Resource Management Journal, 15(2), 2002, pp. 14-21.
Bock, G.W., Zmud, R.W., and Kim, Y.G., Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate, MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 2005, pp. 87-111.
Warkentin, M. and Beranek, P.M., Training to improve virtual team communication, Information Systems Journal, 9(4), 1999, pp. 271–289.
Weill, P. and Broadbent, M., Leveraging the New Infrastructure: How Market Leaders Capitalize on Information Technology, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1998.
Wu, C.G., Gerlach, J.H., and Young, C.E., An empirical analysis of open source software developers’ motivations and continuance intentions, Information & Management, 44 (3), 2007, pp. 231–352.
Xu, B., Jones, D.R., Shao, B., Volunteers’ involvement in online community based software development, Information & Management, 46(3), 2009, pp. 151-158.
Yan, X. Technology neutrality should be a consistent policy stance, Sep. 15 2008, CiteSeer, retrieve at http://www.ofta.gov.hk/en/report-paper-guide/paper/consultation/20040702/10.pdf, as of 08/21/2009.
Yu, J., Jiang, Z., and Chan, H.C., Knowledge contribution in problem solving virtual communities: The mediating role of individual motivations, Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGMIS Computer Personnel doctoral Consortium and Research Conference: The Global Information Technology Workforce, St Louis, Missouri, USA, Apr. 19-21, 2007, pp. 144 – 152.
Chatti, A., Klamma, R., Jarke, M., Naeve, A., The Web 2.0 driven SECI model based learning process, Proceedings of the International Conference of Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT-2007), Japan, 2007, retrieve at http://mohamedaminechatti.blogspot.com/2007/06/icalt-2007.html.
Chiou, J.-S., Antecedents and moderators of behavioral intention: Differences between U.S. and Taiwanese Students, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(1), 2000, pp. 105-124.
Compeau, D.R. and Higgins, C.A., Computer self-efficacy: Development of a measure and initial test, MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 1995, pp. 189-211.
Constant, D., Kiesler, S., and Sproull, L., What’s mine is ours, or is it: A study of attitudes about information sharing, Information Systems Research, 5(4), 1994, pp. 400-421.
Constant, D., Sproull, L., and Kiesler, S., The kindness of strangers: The usefulness of electronic weak ties for technical advice, Organization Science, 7(2), 1996, pp. 119-135.
Craig, E.M., Changing paradigms: Managed learning environments and Web 2.0, Campus-Wide Information Systems, 24(3), 2007, pp. 152–161.
Davenport, T.H. and Prusak, L., Work Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, USA, 1998.
Davenport, T.H., Some principles of knowledge management, Strategy & Business, 1(2), 1996, pp. 34-40.
Davis, F.D., Bagozzi, P.R., and Warshaw, P.R., User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models, Management Science, 35(8), 1989, pp. 982-1003.
Davis, F.D., Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology, MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 1989, pp. 319-340.
De Lucia, A., Francese, R., Passero, I., and Tortora, G., Development and evaluation of a virtual campus on second life: The case of SecondDMI, Computers & Education, 52(1), 2009, pp. 220-233.
Deci, E.L., Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 1971, pp. 105-115.
Deci, E.L., Intrinsic Motivation, Plenum Press, New York, NY, USA, 1975.
Egger, M. Fischbach, K. Gloor, P. Lang, A., and Sprenger, M., How to identify successful actors of the Flickr community and how to determine their attributes, Lecture Notes in Informatics, 134, 2008, pp. 947-952.
Eppler, M.J., A process-based classification of knowledge maps and application examples, Knowledge and Process Management, 15(1), 2008, pp. 59-71.
Evans, P. and Wurster, T.S., Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, USA, 2000.
Facebook, Facebook statistics, 2009, [WWW document], retrieve at http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics, as of 08/02/2009.
Fetscherin, M. and Lattemann, C., User acceptance of virtual worlds, Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 9 (3), 2008, pp. 231-242.
Fichman, R.G., Real options and it platform adoption: Implications for theory and practice, Information Systems Research, 2(15), 2004, pp. 132-154.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F., Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable and measurement error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 1981, pp. 39–50.
Fortt, J., Michael Dell `friends` his customers, Fortune, 158(5), 2008, pp. 35-38.
Garud, R. and Kumaraswamy, A., Vicious and virtuous circles in the management of knowledge: the case of Infosys technologies, MIS Quarterly 29(1), 2005, pp. 9-33.
Gordon, T.J., The Delphi method, AC/UNU Millennium Project, 1994, retrieve at http://www.gerenciamento.ufba.br/Downloads/delphi%20(1).pdf, as of 02/04/2009.
Gourlay, S., Conceptualizing knowledge creation: A critique of Nonaka’s theory, Journal of Management Studies, 43(7), 2006, pp. 1415-1436.
Hair, Jr.J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., and Black, W.C., Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1998.
Hendriks, P., Why share knowledge? The influence of ict on the motivation for knowledge sharing, Knowledge and Process Management, 6(2), 1999, pp. 91-100.
Hoëgg, R., Martignoni, R., Meckel, M., and Stanoevska-Slabeva, K., Overview of business models for Web 2.0 communities, Proceedings of GeNeMe 2006, Sep. 28, 2006, pp. 23-37, retrieve at http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/EXPORT/DL/31412.pdf, as of 04/08/2009.
Holsti, O.R., Content Analysis for the Social Sciences and Humanities, Reading, Addison-Wesley, MA, 1969.
Hsu, C.L. and Lin, J.C., Acceptance of blog usage: The roles of technology acceptance, social influence and knowledge sharing motivation, Information & Management, 45(1), 2008, pp. 65-74.
Hughes, C.M. and McCann, S., A qualitative assessment of perceived barriers to inter-professional working between community pharmacists and general practitioners, The International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 10(suppl), 2002, R 36.
Jones, G., Ravid, G., and Rafaeli, S., Information overload and virtual public discourse boundaries, Proceedings of Eighth IFIP conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Tokyo, Japan, July 2001.
Kakihara, M. and Sørensen, C., Exploring knowledge emergence: From chaos to organizational knowledge, Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 5(3), 2002, pp. 48–66.
Kankanhalli, A., Tan, B.C.Y., and Wei, K.K., Contributing knowledge to electronic repositories: An empirical investigation, MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 2005, pp. 113-143.
Kasi, V., Keil, M., Mathiassen, L., and Pedersen, K., The post mortem paradox: A Delphi study of IT specialist perceptions, European Journal of Information System, 17(1), 2008, pp. 62-78.
Katsva, M. and Condrey, S.E., Motivating personnel at Russian Nuclear Power Plants: A case-study of motivation theory application, Public Personnel Management, 34(4), 2005, pp. 343-356.
Keen, P.G.W., Shaping the Future: Business Redesign through Information Technology, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, USA, 1991.
Kim, H.-W., Chan, H.C., and Gupta, S., Value-based adoption of mobile internet: An empirical investigation, Decision Support Systems, 43(1), 2007, pp. 111-126.
Kollock, P. and Smith, M., Managing the virtual commons: Cooperation and conflict in computer communities, In: Herring, S.C. (Eds.), Computer-Mediated Communication: Linguistic, Social, and Cross-Cultural Perspectives, John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam, Holland, 1996, pp. 109-128.
Lee, M.K.O., Cheung, C.M.K., and Chen, Z., Acceptance of Internet-based learning medium: The role of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, Information & Management, 42(8), 2005, 1095-1104.
Lee, M.R. and Lan, Y.-C., From Web 2.0 to conversational knowledge management: Towards collaborative intelligence, Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 2(2), 2007, pp. 47–62.
Lih, A., The Wikipedia revolution: How a bunch of nobodies created the world`s greatest encyclopedia, Hyperion, New York, 2009.
Lin, C.S., Wu, S., and Tsai, R.J., Integrating perceived playfulness into expectation-confirmation model for web portal context, Information & Management, 42(5), 2005, pp. 683-693.
Lin, H.-F., Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions, Journal of Information Science, 33(2), 2007, pp. 135-149.
Linstone, H.A. and Turoff, M., The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Massachusetts, 1975.
MacCallum, R.C., Roznowski, M., Mar, C.M., and Reith, J.V., Alternative strategies for cross-validation of covariance structure models, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29(1), 1994, pp. 1-32.
McGee, P. and Diaz, V., Wikis and podcasts and blogs! Oh, my! what is a faculty member supposed to do, EDUCAUSE Review, 42(5), Sep./Oct. 2007, pp. 28-41.
McLure Wasko, M. and Faraj, S., It is what one does: Why people participate and help others in electronic communities of practice, Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 9(2-3), 2000, pp. 155-173.
McLure Wasko, M. and Faraj, S., Why should I share? Examining social capital and knowledge contribution in electronic networks of practice, MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 2005, pp. 35-57.
Moon, J.-W. and Kim, Y.-G., Extending the TAM for a World-Wide-Web context, Information & Management, 38(4), 2001, pp. 217-230.
Müller-Prove, M., Community experience at OpenOffice.org, Interactions, 14(6), Nov. / Dec. 2007, pp. 47-48.
Musser, J. and O’Reilly, T., Web 2.0 – principles and best practices, O’Reilly Radar, Tech. Rep., Nov. 2006.
Nonaka, I., A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation, Organization Science, 5(1), 1994, pp. 14–37.
Nonaka, I., Nishiguchi, T., Knowledge Emergence: Social, Technical, and Evolutionary Dimensions of Knowledge Creation, Oxford University Press, New York, 2001.
Nonaka, I., Takeuchi, H., The Knowledge Creation Company: The Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995.
Nonaka, I., Umemoto, K., Sasaki, K., Three tales of knowledge-creating companies, In: Von Krogh, G., Roos, J., & Kleine, D. (Eds.), Knowing in Firms: Understanding, Managing, and Measuring Knowledge, Sage, London, 1998, pp. 146–172.
Nonnecke, B., Lurking in Email-based Discussion Lists, Unpublished Ph.D., South Bank University, London, England, 2000.
O’Reilly, T., What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software, O’Reilly Media Inc., 2005, retrieve at http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html.
Okoli, C. and Oh, W., Investigating recognition-based performance in an open content community: A social capital perspective, Information & Management, 44 (3), 2007, pp. 240-252.
Oliver, P., Marvell, G., and Teixeira, R. A theory of the critical mass: Interdependence, group heterogeneity and the production of collective action, American Journal of Sociology, 91, 1985, pp. 522-566.
OpenOffice.org, OpenOffice.org community forum, 2009, [WWW document], retrieve at http://user.services.openoffice.org/en/forum/, as of 08/02/2009.
Overby, E., Bharadwaj, A., and Sambamurthy, V., Enterprise agility and the enabling role of information technology, European Journal of Information Systems, 15(2), 2006, pp. 120-131.
Padilla-Meléndez, A., Garrido-Moreno, A., Del Aguila-Obra, A.R., Factors affecting e-collaboration technology use among management students, Computers & Education, 51(2), Sep. 2008, pp. 609-623.
Peña-López, I., The personal research portal: Web 2.0 driven individual commitment with open access for development, Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 3(1), 2007, pp. 35–48.
Peyrot, M., Causal analysis: Theory and application, Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21(1), 1996, pp. 3-24.
Pintrich, P.R., The dynamic interplay of student motivation and cognition in the college classroom, In: Maehr, M., & Ames, C. (Eds.), Advance in Motivation and Achievement: Motivation Enhancing Environments, Vol. 6, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, USA, 1989, pp. 117-160.
Rafaeli, S. and Ravid, G. Information sharing as enabler for the virtual team: an experimental approach to assessing the role of electronic mail in disintermediation, Information Systems Journal, 13(2), Apr. 2003, pp. 191–206.
Rafaeli, S., Ravid, G., and Soroka, V., De-lurking in virtual communities: A social communication network approach to measuring the effects of social and cultural capital, Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Jan. 5-8, 2004, Big Island, Hawaii, USA.
Rouse, W.B., Cannon-Bowers, J.A., and Salas, E., The role of mental models in team performance in complex systems, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 22(6), 1992, pp. 1296-1308.
Rowe, G., Wright, G., Expert opinions in forecasting: the role of the Delphi technique, In: J. S. Armstrong (Eds.), Principles of Forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, 2001.
Sahdra, B. and Thagard, P., Procedural knowledge in molecular biology, Philosophical Psychology, 16(4), 2003, pp. 477–498.
Sambamurthy, V., Bharadwaj, A., and Grover, V., Shaping agility through digital options: Reconceptualizing the role of information technology in contemporary firms, MIS Quarterly, 27(2), 2003, pp. 237-263.
Schauer, B., Experience attributes: Crucial DNA of Web 2.0, 2005, [WWW document], retrieve at http://www.adaptivepath.com/ideas/essays/archives/000547.php, as of 10/23/ 2008.
Schmidt, R.C., Managing Delphi surveys using nonparametric statistical techniques, Decision Sciences, 28(3), 1997, pp. 763-774.
Shang, S. S.-C., Wu, Y.-L. and Hou, O. C.-L., An analysis of business models of Web 2.0 application, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG 2009), April 27-29, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 2009.
Shapiro C. and Varian H.R., Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1999, pp. 173-225.
Shee, D.Y. and Wu, Y.-L., Is competence set expansion in the information service industry a planned behavior? The moderating effects of action control style, The Service Industries Journal, 28(10), 2008, pp. 1385-1398.
Shumaker, S. and Brownell, A., Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps, Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 1984, pp. 11-36.
Simonin, B.L., Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances, Strategic Management Journal, 20(7), 1999, pp. 595-623.
Stefan, S. and Claudia, K., Active citizenship: The role of community identification in community volunteerism and local participation, Psychologica Belgica, 43(1-2), 2003, pp. 103-122.
Szulanski, G., The process of knowledge transfer: A diachronic analysis of stickiness, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 2000, pp. 9-27.
Tajfel, H., The Achievement of Group Differentiation, In: Tajfel, H. (Eds.), Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Academic Press, London, England, 1978, pp.77-98.
Takahashi, M., Fujimoto, M., and Yamasaki, N., The Active Lurker: Influence of an In-House Online Community on Its Outside Environment, In: Tremaine, M., & Simone, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2003 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, , Sanibel Island, Florida, USA, 2003, pp. 1-10.
Tancer, B., Click: What Millions of People Are Doing Online and Why it Matters, Harper Collins Canada, New York, 2008.
Teo, T.S.H., Lim, V.K.G., and Lai, R.Y.C., Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Internet usage, Omega: The International Journal of Management Science, 27(1), 1999, pp. 25-37.
Tidwell, M.V., A Social identity model of prosocial behaviors within nonprofit organizations, Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 15(4), 2005, pp. 449-467.
Torab, H., Top 100 Web 2.0 Sites, Web 2.0 Magazine, 2007, retrieve at http://web2magazine.blogspot.com/2007/01/thanks-for-web-2.html.
Venkatesh, V. and Davis, F.D., A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies, Management Science, 46(2), 2000, pp. 186-204.
Venkatesh, V., Creating favorable user perceptions: Exploring the role of intrinsic motivation, MIS Quarterly, 23(2), 1999, pp. 239-260.
Venkatesh, V., Speier, C., and Morris, M.G., User acceptance enablers in individual decision making about technology: Toward an integrated model, Decision Sciences, 33(2), 2002, pp. 297-315. |
| Description: | 博士
國立政治大學
資訊管理研究所
94356502
98 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0094356502 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [資訊管理學系] 學位論文
|
Files in This Item:
| File |
Size | Format | |
|---|
| index.html | 0Kb | HTML2 | 219 | View/Open |
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
