Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/38514
|
| Title: | 委內瑞拉查維茲政權能源政策之研究－ 由分析層次探討
The study of the energy policy of Venezuela’s Chávez Regime- Examined from level of analysis |
| Authors: | 高晨峰 |
| Contributors: | 邱稔壤
高晨峰 |
| Keywords: | 分析層次
委內瑞拉
查維茲
玻利瓦主義
玻利瓦任務
委內瑞拉國營石油公司
奧里諾科石油計畫
拉丁美洲區域整合
拉丁美洲左派
level of analysis
Venezuela
Hugo Chávez
Bolivarianism
Bolívar mission
PDVSA
Orinoco project
Latin American regional integration
Latin American left |
| Date: | 2009 |
| Issue Date: | 2010-04-09 09:54:48 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 委內瑞拉為世界第五大的石油輸出國，且同為石油輸出國家組織的創始會員國之一。石油是委內瑞拉最為重要的產業與經濟活動，而委內瑞拉因石油而富，亦因石油而貧，委內瑞拉所依賴的石油一直以來猶如兩面刃般深刻的影響委內瑞拉的政治、經濟與社會。
1992年政變失敗的陸軍中校查維茲打著激烈改革的口號，於1998年贏得委內瑞拉總統大選，終結支配委內瑞拉政治長達50年的「協定民主」，為委內瑞拉的歷史打開了新的一頁。對於查維茲而言，委內瑞拉的石油不但是國家主權獨立的象徵，同時亦應用於國際政治中重要的地緣政治武器。因此，查維茲上台後，便積極展開石油改革計畫，強化對國內石油產業的控制權，重整委內瑞拉國營石油公司，並利用石油收入進行社會發展計畫。此外，配合近年來國際油價的高漲，查維茲在區域與國際政治舞台上，運用委內瑞拉豐富的石油蘊藏與龐大的石油收入，進行合縱連橫，攏絡盟友並且試圖削弱美國的影響力。
本研究採用K. J. Holsti所提出的個人、國家、體系與全球四個分析層次作為主要分析架構，以求對於查維茲政權能源政策做出全面性的探討。此論文假設查維茲政權能源政策的發展，決策者為核心因素，藉由在個人層次上，透過決策者個人研究，以求對查維茲個人政治理念有通盤的了解，並探討如何影響委內瑞拉能源政策之發展。再者，選取在國內、體系中對委內瑞拉能源政策影響較深的因素，解釋查維茲政權在這些因素影響下，產生何種政策輸出？最後，探討近年來全球能源環境的變遷與重要的發展趨勢，作為影響查維茲政權能源政策的重要中介因素，解釋全球能源環境的變化與發展對查維茲能源政策有何影響？
Venezuela is the fifth-largest oil exporter in the world, also, one of the funding members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. In Venezuela, most industries and economic activities are dominated by Petroleum sector, a “double edged sword” which brings both positive and negative effects, and deeply influences the political, economic and social conditions in Venezuela.
In 1998, the former lieutenant colonel, Hugo Chávez, who had organized an unsuccessful coup in 1992, seized the power as president in the election with the claim of “radical reformation”. The result in 1998 presidential election terminated the nearly fifty-year long “pacted democracy” and create a unprecendented prospect on Venezuela’s history. To Chávez, the oil is not only the symbol of independence of national sovereignty, but also a useful geopolitical weapon in the field of international politics. Therefore, Chávez began his oil reformation: strengthen the state control to the oil industry, reorganize the national oil company, Petroleos de Venezuela, SA, PDVSA, and use the income to facilitate the social policy. Moreover, due to the reason of oil price surging in recent years, the abundant oil reserve and its’ enormous output value enable Chavez to expand his power base and also to put his intention of striking the influence of United State in both regional and international stage to practice.
This study adopts K. J. Holsti’s four levels of analysis – individual, state, system and global, as the analytic framework to this research. In this study, the individual level is assumed as the core factor of the energy policy development under the Chávez regime. Chavez’s political ideas and how it influences Venezuela’s energy policy would be examined through the study of his leadership. Furthermore, taking important factors influencing energy policy in both domestic and international level into account, what policies output related to the above factors had Chavez made? Last but not the least, a discussion of global energy environment change in recent years would be made for explaining how it acts as the intermediary factors which influence the energy policy of Chávez regime. |
| Reference: | 一、 中文參考書目
（一） 專書
日茲寧（Stanislav Z. Zhiznin）著，強曉云主譯，《國際能源政治與外交》，上海：華東師範大學出版社，2005年。
史提格里茲（Joseph E. Stiglitz）著，黃孝如譯，《世界的另一種可能》（Making Globalization Work）。台北：天下文化2007年。
向駿主編，王秀琦等著，《拉丁美洲研究》。台北：五南，2001年。
向駿主編，《拉丁美洲軍人政權之回顧與前瞻》。台北：韋伯，2004年。
沙茲（Manuel Alcántara Sáez）著，熊建成、洪惠紋譯，《拉丁美洲政治體制》，台北：國立編譯館，1998年。
江時學，《拉美發展模式研究》。北京：經濟管理出版社，1996年。
吉爾平（Robert Gilpin）著，楊宇光譯，《國際關係的政治經濟分析》（The Political Economy of International Relations）。台北：桂冠，2005年。
林正義主編，《石油與國際安全》。台北：兩岸交流遠景基金會，2007年。
林碧炤，《國際政治與外交政策》。台北：五南，1997。
邱稔壤，《從政治外交層面看南錐禿鷹行動引發之人權爭議：以智利皮諾契政權 為例》。台北：印刻，2002年。
張亞中主編，《國際關係總論》。台北：揚智，2003年。
陳明通，《派系政治與臺灣政治變遷》。台北：月旦出版社，1998年。
陳添枝主編，邱稔壤等著，《自由貿易區與國際政治經濟》。台北：兩岸交流遠景基金會，2007年。
葉至誠，《社會科學概論》。台北：揚智，2000年。
蘇振興主編，《拉丁美洲和加勒比發展報告（2008~2009）：拉丁美洲的能源》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2009。
焦震衡，《委內瑞拉（Venezuela）》。北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2005年。
（二） 期刊與會議論文
向駿，「美國總統布希在拉丁美洲之外交困境」，《國際關係學報》，第22期，2006年7月，頁177-184。
向駿，「委內瑞拉公投始末及影響」，《歷史月刊》，第202期，2006年，頁132-138。
吳國平，「中拉經濟合作：在經濟增長中實現良性互動」，《拉丁美洲研究》，2008年第3期，頁5-9。
邱稔壤，「後冷戰時期臺海兩岸在拉丁美洲的外交競逐」，《問題與研究》，第35卷第2期，1997年2月，頁54-64。
邱稔壤，「巴拿馬政府對運河移轉與基地談判之基本政策」，《問題與研究》，第39卷，第2期，2000年2月，頁13-29。
邱稔壤，「美國朝野對歸還巴拿馬運河立場之研析：保守派人士對外力介入之疑慮」，《問題與研究》，第39卷，第4期，2000年4月，頁79-97。
邱稔壤，「委內瑞拉在全球化浪潮下之『玻利瓦替代方案』－拉美左派非傳統區域選項」，《台灣民主季刊》，第六卷，第一期，2009年3月，頁107-133。
曾益民，「生質酒精汽油之發展」，《工業技術研究院材料與化工研究所研究報告》，2008年，頁22-31。
鄧中堅，「中國對拉丁美洲石油能源戰略與外交」，中國大陸對非西方世界石油能源戰略與外交學術研討會，國立政治大學外交系，台北，台灣，2007年5月25日。
鄧中堅，「崛起的中國在拉丁美洲的政策與作為」，《國際關係學報》，第23期，2007年1月，頁15-56。
（三） 學位論文
朱建登，《委內瑞拉政黨政治發展之研究（1958-1993）》，淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，1995年5月。
吳梅芝，《從委內瑞拉一九九九年憲政改革看其民主政治之發展》，淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，2002年6月。
吳嘉豪，《拉丁美洲新興左派研究－以委內瑞拉查維茲政權為例》，淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，2007年7月。
黃文傑，《南錐共同市場的發展－以新區域主義法分析》，國立政治大學外交研究所碩士論文，2006年6月。
游振隆，《委內瑞拉經濟發展與外交決策關係之研究》，淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，1992年6月。
蔡旻芸，《查維斯政權下委內瑞拉與美國外交關係之研究》，淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，2008年2月。
鄭子盈，《全球化時代下中國在拉丁美洲之石油外交》，淡江大學中國大陸研究所碩士論文，2008年1月。
鍾宛諭，《拉丁美洲新興左派興起因素之研究》，淡江大學拉丁美洲研究所碩士論文，2007年1月。
二、 外文參考書目
（一） 英文專書
Altmann, Jossette and Tatiana Beirut, eds., Dossier: ALBA. San José, Costa Rica: FLASCO, 2008.
Balassa, Bela, The Theory of Economic Integration, Homewood: Richard D. Irwin, 1961.
Bushnell, David, eds., El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolivar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
CEPAL, Panorama Social de América Latina 2001-2002. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL, 2002.
Corrales, Javier, Presidents without parties: The Politics od Economic Reform in Argentina and Venezuela in the 1990s. PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002.
East, Maurice A., Stephen A. Salmore and Charles F. Hermann, eds., Why Nations Act: The Theoretical Perspectives for Comparative Foreign Policy Studies. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978.
Ellner, Steve and Daniel Hellinger, eds., Venezuelan politics in the Chavez era : class, polarization, and conflict. Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner, 2003.
Ellner, Steve and Miguel Tinker Salas, eds., Venezuela: Hugo Chávez and the Decline of an “ Exceptional Democracy”. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Pub, 2007.
Golinger, Eva, The Chávez Code: Cracking US Intervention in Venezuela. MA, Northhampton: Olive Branch Press, 2006.
Gott, Richard, In the shadow of the liberator : Hugo Chávez and the transformation of Venezuela. London; New York: Verso, 2001.
Gott, Richard, Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian Revolution. London, New York: Verso, 2005.
Guevara, Aleida, Chávez, Venezuela and the New Latin America: An Inter view with Hugo Chávez. Canada: Ocean Press, 2005.
Global Wind Energy Council （GWEC）, Global Wind 2008 Report. Brusels: GWEC, 2009.
Herman, Margaret G., eds., Political Psychology. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Press, 1986.
Hartshorn, J. E., Oil Trade: Politics and Prospects. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Holsti, K. J., International Politics: A Framework for Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1995.
Hughes, Barry, Continuity and Change in the World Politics. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1998.
International Business Publications, Venezuela Oil and Gas Industry Handbook Volume1. Washington D.C.: International Business Publications, 2008.
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2006. Paris: IEA, 2007.
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2007: China and India Insights. Paris: IEA, 2008.
International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2008. Paris: IEA, 2009.
International Energy Agency (IEA), Renewable Global Status Report 2007. Vienna: IEA, 2008.
International Energy Agency (IEA), Renewable Global Status Report 2009 Update. Vienna: IEA, 2009.
Hagan, Joe D., Political Opposition and Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective. Boulder, Colo.: L. Rienner, 1993.
Jones, Bart, !Hugo! : The Hugo Chávez story from mud hut to perpetual revolution. Hanover, N.H.: Steerforth Press, 2007.
Karl, Terry Lynn, The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Boom and Petro-States. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
Kelly, Janet and Carlos A. Remero, Rethinking a Relationship: The United State and Venezuela. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Knorr, Klaus and Sidney Verba, eds., The International System: Theoretical Essays. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1961.
Kozloff, Nikolas, Hugo Chávez: Oil, Politics, and the Challenge to the United State. N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Kozloff, Nikolas, Revolution!: South America and the Rise of the New Left. New York: Palgrave MacMillian, 2008.
Lorenzo, Fernando and Marcel Vaillant, eds., MERCOSUR and the Creation of the Free Trade Area of Americas. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center fo Scholar, 2003.
Massabié, Germán, Venezuela: A Petro-State Using Renewable Energies. Heidelberg, Germany: VS Research, 2008.
McCaughan, Michael, The Battle of Venezuela. Toronto: Seven Stories Press, 2005.
McCoy, Jennifer, Andrés Serbin, William C. Smith, and Andrés Stambouli, eds., Venezuela Democracy Under Stress. New Brunswick, N.Y.: Transaction Books, 1995.
McCoy, Jennifer and Trinkunas, Harold , Observation of the 1998 Venezuelan Elections: A Report of the Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government. Atlanta: Carter Center, 1999.
McCoy, Jennifer L. and David J. Myers, eds., The Unraveling of Represtnative Democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Mingst, Karen A., Essentials of International Relations. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), World Oil Outlook 2007.Vienna: OPEC, 2008.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), World Oil Outlook 2008.Vienna: OPEC, 2009.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Annual Statistical Bulletin 2008. Vienna: OPEC, 2009.
Pan American Health Organization, Mission Barrio Adentro: The Right to Health and Social Inclusion in Venezuela. Caracas: PAHO, 2006.
Person, Sarah G., The classical populist returns: Hugo Chávez’s political style and public image. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan, 2007.
Pirog, Robert, “The Role of National Oil Companies in the International Oil Market,” CRS Report, August 21, 2007.
Roberts, Paul, The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World. New York: Mariner Books, 2005.
Russett, Bruce and Harvey Starr, World Politics: The Menu for Choice. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2000.
Sánchez, Germán, Cuba and Venezuela: an insight into two revolutions. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 2007.
Santiso, Javier, Latin America’s Political Economic of the Possible: Beyond Good Revolutionaries and Free-Marketeers. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, c2006.
Skidmore, Thomas E., Modern Latin America. New York : Oxford University Press, 2005.
Tarver, H. Michael and Julia C. Frederick, The History of Venezuela. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005.
Waltz, Kenneth N., Man, State and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1959.
Wilpert, Gregory, Changing Venezuela by Taking Power. London: Verso, 2007.
Wood, Charles H. and Bryan R. Roberts, eds., Rethinking Development in Latin America. University Parl, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.
（二）西班牙文專書
Bilbao, Luis, Chávez y la Revolución Bolivariana. Chile, Santiago: Editorial Aún creemos en los sueño S.A., 2002.
Latinobarómetro, Informe de Prensa: Encuesta Latinobarómetro 1999-2000. Santiago de Chile: Latinobarómetro, 2000.
Latinobarómetro, Informe de Prensa: Encuesta Latinobarómetro 2006. Santiago de Chile: Latinobarómetro, 2006.
Maihold, Gunther ed., Venezuela en Retrospectiva: Los Pasos Hacia el Régimen Chavista. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 2007.
Marcano, Crstiana y Alberto Barrerra Tyszka, Hugo Chávez sin uniforme: Una historia personal. Spain: Ediciones Debate, 2006.
Provea, Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela: Informe Anual Octubre 2003-Septiembre 2004. Cararcas: Provea, 2004.
（三）英文期刊論文
Alvarez, Angel E., “Social Cleavages, Political Polarization and Democratic Breakdown in Venezuela,” Stockholm Review of Latin America Studies, Issue No.1, November 2006, pp.18-28.
Alvarez Herrera, Bernardo, “A Benign Revolution: In the Defense of Hugo Chávez,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 4, July/August 2006, pp. 195-198.
Cheng, Joseph Y. S., “ Latin America in China’s Contemporary Foreign Policy,” Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol.36, Iss.4, 2006, pp. 500-528.
Coatsworth, John H., “United States Interventions: What for?” Rvista, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2005, pp.6-9
Ellner, Steve, “The Radical Potential of Chavismo in Venezuela: The First Year and a Half in Power,” Latin American Perspective, Vol. 28, No. 5, Sep. 2001, pp.5-32.
Ellner, Steve, “Toward a ‘Multipolar World’: Using Oil Diplomacy to Server Venezuela’s Dependence,” NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, Iss. 5, Sep/Oct 2007, pp. 15-43.
Encarnación, Omar G., “Venezuela’s “Civil Society Coup”,” World Policy Journal, No. 19, Iss. 2, Summer 2002, pp.38-48.
Gott, Richard, “Venezuela’s Murdoch,” New Left Review, Vol. 39, May/June 2006, pp.149-158.
Hakim, Peter, “Is Washington Losing Latin America?,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 1, January/February 2006, pp. 39-53.
Huber, Evelyne and Fred Solt, “Successes and Failures of Neoliberalism, “Latin American Research Review, Vol.39, No.3, pp. 165-183.
Karl, Terry Lynn, “The Perils of Petro-State: Reflections on the Paradox of Plenty,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 53, No. 1, Fall 1999, pp.31-48.
Lander, Luis E., “Venezuela’s balancing act: Big oil, OPEC and national development,” NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 34, Iss.4, Jan/Feb 2001, pp. 25-31
Lander, Luis E. and Margarita Lopez Maya, “Venezuela’s oil reform and Chavismo,” NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol.36, Iss.1, Jul/Aug 2002, pp.21-25.
Kupchan, Charles A. and Peter L. Trubowitz, “Grand Strategies for a Divided America,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 86, No. 4, July/August 2007, pp. 71-83.
Lalander, Rickard O., “Has Venezuelan Decentralization Survived Chavismo?,” Stockholm Review of Latin America Studies, Issue No.1, November 2006, pp.29-41.
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, “ The two faces of Hugo Chavez”, NACLA Report on the Americas, May/Jun 2000. Vol. 33, Issue No.6, pp. 14-18.
Shifter, Michael, “In the Search of Hugo Chávez,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 3 May/June 2006, pp.45-59.
Singer, J. David “International Conflict: The Three Level of Analysis,” World Politics, Vol. 12, No.3, April 1960, pp.453-461.
Stolowicz, Beatriz, “ The Latin America Left: Between Governability and Change,” TNI New Politics Project Debate paper, No.1, 2004, pp 1-20.
Tinker Salas, Miguel, “Fueling Concern: The Role of Oil in Venezuela.” Harvard International Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, Winter 2005, pp. 54-60.
Unicef, “Venezuela’s Barrio Adentro: A model of universal Primary Health Care,” Immunization Plus Quarterly e-Newsletter, Vol.1, Iss,1. January-March 2005.
Velez, Federico, “U.S. Policy Toward Latin America,” Rvista, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2005, pp.10-12.
Walton, Michael, “Neoliberalism in Latin America: Good, Bad or Incomplete?” Latin America Research Review, Vol.39, No.3, 2004, pp.165-183.
Weyland, Kurt, “Assessing Latin America Neoliberalism: Introduction to a Debate,” Latin America Research Review, Vol. 39, No.3, 2004, pp.143-183.
Weyland, Kurt, “Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America: A Mixed Record,” Latin America Politics and Society, Vol.46, No.1, 2004, pp.135-157.
（四） 西班牙文期刊論文
Blanco, Carlos, “¿Revolución o Neo Autoritarismo?,” Stockholm Review of Latin America Studies, Issue No.1, November 2006, pp.66-83.
Hellinger, Daniel, “Tercermundismo and Chavismo," Stockholm Review of Latin America Studies, Issue No.1, November 2006, pp.4-17.
Petkoff, Teodoro, “Las dos izquierdas,” Nueva Sociedad, N°.197, 2005, pp. 114-128.
Villas, Carlos M., “La izquierda latinoamericana y el surgimiento de regímenes nacional-populares,” Nueva Sociedad, N°.197, 2005, pp.84-99.
Reyes, Oscar, “Sobre el Socialismo del Siglo XXI en Venezuela,” Stockholm Review of Latin America Studies, Issue No.1, November 2006, pp.84-104.
Welsch, Friedrich and Gabriel Reyes, “¿Quiénes son la Revolucionarios? Perfil Sociodemografico e Ideopolitico del Chavecismo,” Stockholm Review of Latin America Studies, Issue No.1, November 2006, pp.58-65.
三、網路參考文獻
（一） 學術、評論性資料：
英文
ABN, “Proyecto Sembrando Luz lleva electricidad a comunidades rurales,” Aporrea, 4 de Septiembre. 2006. http://www.aporrea.org/misiones/n83160.html
Agenda 21, “ASPECTOS DEL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE REFERENTES A LOS RECURSOS NATURALES EN VENEZUELA,” United Nation, http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/venez/natur.htm#energy
Alizadeh, Behrooz Baik, “OPEC Price Band Mechanism: To Repeat The Success, “ Middle East Economic Survey, VOL. LII, No 6, February 6, 2009. http://www.mees.com/postedarticles/oped/v52n06-5OD02.htm
Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba (CAFC), “Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba: Report to the President,” July 2006, pp.5-6. http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/68166.pdf
Conry, Barbara, “ Loose Cannon: The National Endowment for Democracy,” Cato Foreign Policy Brief, No.27, November 8, 1993. http://www.cato.org/pubs/fpbriefs/fpb-027.html
Drezner, Daniel W., “Hugo Chavez Wants to Impoverish the Developing World, Foreign Policy, June 1, 2006. http://drezner.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2006/06/01/hugo_chavez_wants_to_impoverish_the_developing_world
EIA, Venezuela Energy Profile- Energy Data Series, http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_time_series.cfm?fips=VE
GAO, “Plan Colombia: Drug Reduction Goals Were Not Fully Met, but Security Has Improved; U.S. Agencies Need More Detailed Plans for Reducing Assistance,” Report to the Honorable Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman , Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, October 2008. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0971.pdf
Gott, Richard, “Two fingers to America,” Guardian, August 25, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/aug/25/venezuela.features11
Green, Dianna and Barry Lipton, “Report on Venezuela’s Trade Union Situation”, Venezuelanalysis, May 26, 2004. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/520
Grogg, Patricia, “CUBA-VENEZUELA: Making Biofuels Without Wasting Food,” IPS, March 6, 2007. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36823
Gunson, Phil, “Hugo Chávez: yo, el supreme,” OpenDemocracy, April 13, 2007. http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/chavez_supremo_4523.jsp
Harris, David and Diego Azzi, “ALBA Venezuela’s answer to ‘free trade’: the Bolivarian Alternative for Americas,” Focus on the Global South, October 2006. http://www.focusweb.org/pdf/alba-book.pdf
Haugaard, Lisa, Adam Isacson and Joy Olson, “Erasing the Lines: Trends in U.S. military programs in Latin America,” Center for International Policy, 2005. http://ciponline.org/facts/0512eras.pdf
Honoré, Anouk, ”Argentina: 2004 Gas Crisis,” Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, November 2004. http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/NG7.pdf
Houser, Trevor, Daniel Rosen and David Vought, “Chávez-China Oil Deal May Produce Unsuspected Winners,” YaleGlobal, September 7, 2006, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=8120
Jaffe, Amy Myers, “The Changing Role of National Oil Companies in International Energy Market: Introduction and Summary Conclusion,” James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, March 1, 2007. http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/docs/NOCs/Presentations/Hou-Jaffe-KeyFindings.pdf
Kozloff, Nikolas, “Venezuela’s Chavez: Oil is a Geopolitical Weapon,” Venezuelanalysis, March 29, 2005. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1027
Latinobarómetro, “Poll: Latin Americans like U.S., but a little less,” September 23, 2007. http://www.latinobarometro.org/
Macbeth, Hampden and Shana Ramirez, ”Argentina-Brazil Relations: Urgent Challenges Come to the Forefront,” COHA, July 12, 2005. http://www.coha.org/2005/07/argentina-brazil-relations-urgent-challenges-come-to-the-forefront/
Marquez, Humberto, “Venezuelan State Oil Company’s Growing Presence in Latin America,” IPS, September 30, 2008. http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44050
Mitra, Pramit, “Indian Diplomacy Energized by Search for Oil,” YaleGlobal, March 14, 2005. http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=5419
Mommer, Bernard, “ Changing Venezuelan Oil Policy,” Oxford Energy Comment, April, 1999 http://www.oxfordenergy.org/comment.php?9904
Munckton, Stuart, “Venezuela takes on oil multinationals,” Green left, May 4, 2007. http://www.greenleft.org.au/2007/708/36760
National Drug Intelligence Center, “ National Drug Threat Assessment 2007, October 2006. http://www.usdoj.gov/ndic/pubs21/21137/cocaine.htm
Negus, George, “Interview with Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani,” Dateline, June 18, 2008. http://www.sbs.com.au/dateline/story/transcript/id/549555/n/Interview-with-Sheikh-Ahmed-Zaki-Yamani
Orozco, Jose, “Oil Lubricates Beijing-Caracas relations,” Asia Times, December 2, 2006. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HL02Cb01.html
Ospina, Hernando Calvo, “ Cuba exports health,” Le Monde Diplomatique (English Edition), August 2006. http://mondediplo.com/2006/08/11cuba
Pacheco, Luis A., “High Noon at the Orinoco River: Venezuela and Exxon-Mobil,” Petroleumworld, April 8, 2009. http://www.petroleumworld.com/ed09040801.htm
Patlow, Joshua, “Ecuador Giving U.S. Air Base the Boot,” The Washington Post, September 4, 2008. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/03/AR2008090303289.html
Petras, James, “Venezuela : Democracy, Socialism and Imperialism,” Global Research, April 17, 2008. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=8711
Philp, George, “The politics of oil in Venezuela,” OpenDemocracy, May 24, 2006. http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-protest/venezuela_oil_3580.jsp
Robinson, William I., “Promoting Polyarchy: The New U.S. Political Intervention in Latin America,” ALAI, Latin America in Movement, 17 February, 2006. http://www.alainet.org/active/10626&lang=en
Trigona, Marie, “Mercuosur: More Than a Trade Pact,” Venezuelanalysis, July 26, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1855
United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General, A Review Toward Venezuela November 2001- April 2002, Report Number 02-OIG-003, July 2002, pp. 19-28. http://www.oig.state.gov/documents/organization/13682.pdf
Verleger, Jr., Philip K., “Explaning the 2008 Crude Oil Price Rise,” PKVerleger LLC, July 2008. http://www.pkverlegerllc.com/TIE0807.PDF
Wagner, Sara, “Mercal: Reducing Poverty and Creating National Food Sovereignty in Venezuela,” Venezuelanalysis, June 24, 2005. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/1211
Weisbrot, Mark and Luis Sandoval, “The Venezuelan Economy in the Chávez Years,” Center for Economy and Policy Research (CEPR), July 2007.
http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/venezuela_2007_07.pdf
Wilpert, Gregory, The Economics, Culture and Politics of Oil in Venezuela, August 30, 2003. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/74
Wilpert, Gregory, “ Venezuela’s mission to fight poverty,” Venezuelanalysis, November 11, 2003, http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/213
“Agreement of the Forum for Negotiation and Agreement in Venezuela,” The Carter Center, May 23, 2003. http://www.cartercenter.org/news/documents/doc1338.html
“Country Analysis Briefs: Venezuela”, Energy Information Administration, October 2007,. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Venezuela/Full.html
“An Open Letter to the U.S. State Department Regarding Recent Violence in Bolivia,” NACLA, September 20, 2008. https://nacla.org/node/5031
“Observing the Venezuela Presidential Recall Referendum: Comprehensive Report,” The Carter Center, February, 2005. http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/2020.pdf
“The Return of Populism”, The Economist, April 12, 2006, http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_GRDNQQR
“Venezuela: Energy profile,” Energy Publisher, October 16, 2007. http://www.energypublisher.com/article.asp?id=11496
“Venezuela: Sweetening the Rhetoric on Brazilian Ethanol,” Stratfor Global Intelligence, April 18, 2007. http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/28389/venezuela_sweetening_rhetoric_brazilian_ethanol
西班牙文
Harnecker, Marta, Hugo Chávez Frías: Un hombre, Un Pueblo. http://sala.clacso.edu.ar/gsdl252/cgi-bin/library?e=d-000-00---0martah--00-0-0--0prompt-10---4------0-1l--1-es-50---20-about---00031-001-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&c=martah&cl=CL1.3&d=HASH0188b22ae24e8814996ab5c7.4
Harnecker, Marta, Militares Junto al Pueblo. http://www.antiescualidos.com/img/3.%20Militares%20junto%20al%20pueblo%20-%20Marta%20Harnecker%20-%20Revolucion%20Bolivariana%20-%20Libros%20-%20Chavez.pdf
Ibarz, Joaquim, “Hugo Chávez, del autoritarismo al totalitatsmo”, La Vanguardia, 2 de abril, 2007 http://www.lavanguardia.es/premium/publica/publica?COMPID=51305465835&ID_PAGINA=22781&ID_FORMATO=9&turbourl=false
¿Quién es Hugo Chávez?-Conoce el perfil oculto de este hombre que dirige el destino de venezuela, fuente consulta: Cuentos Chinos de Andrés Oppenheimer en http://www.portalplanetasedna.com.ar/chavez.htm
（二） 新聞資料：
中文
王南，「胡錦濤訪祕兩國完成自由貿易談判」，美國之音中文網，2008年11月20日。http://www.voafanti.com/gate/big5/www.voanews.com/chinese/archive/2008-11/w2008-11-20-voa32.cfm?CFID=207086691&CFTOKEN=26296755&jsessionid=66309b858f7cb35f669f60c5e2681127726e
新華社，「查維茲訪華：擺脫美石油控制 尋求能源新市場」，中國國際貿易促進委員會網站，2008年11月12日。http://www.ccpit.org/Contents/Channel_593/2006/0819/7369/content_7369.htm
唐雅陵，「北京要求巴西承認中國市場經濟地位」，中央社，2009年5月18日。http://www.cnanews.gov.tw/mnd/mndread.php?id=200905190031&Lev=3
「中海由對收購優尼科的方案仍有信心」，BBC中文網，2005年7月20日。http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4690000/newsid_4699100/4699125.stm
「中國與委內瑞拉合建2000萬噸煉油廠」，中國新聞網，2008年5月14日。http://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/cyzh/news/2008/05-14/1248821.shtml
「美國介入南美三國的爭端，布希表示支援哥倫比亞」，華夏經緯網，2008年3月5日。http://big5.huaxia.com/xw/gj/2008/00771015.html
「 哥國總統說台灣吝嗇，扁政府翻臉追討11億」，中國評論新聞網，2007年6月9日。http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1003/8/5/0/100385034.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100385034
「查維茲訪華：擺脫美石油控制 尋求能源新市場」，新華網，2006年8月18日。http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-08/18/content_4975838.htm
「委內瑞拉衛星在華發射，覆蓋大部分南美地區」，中國評論新聞網，2008年10月30日。http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100784762
「委內瑞拉向中國購買18艘油輪」，BBC 中文網，2006年5月12日。http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_4760000/newsid_4764200/4764241.stm
「綜述：委內瑞拉與阿根廷推進能源合作」，新華網，2007年8月8日。http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/08/content_6495733.htm
「實現零突破 中國步入戰略儲油時代」，中國評論新聞網，2006年10月12日。http://www.tourtw.net/doc/1002/2/7/8/100227802.html?coluid=0&kindid=0&docid=100227802
英文
AFP, “Venezuela and India Sign Joint Project in Orinoco Oil Belt,” Venezuelanalysis, April 10, 2008 http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/newsbrief/3338
APS Review Oil Market Trends, “Chavez For $80-100/B OPEC Price Band,” AllBusiness, December 1, 2008. http://www.allbusiness.com/international-relations/weapons-arms-military-weapons/11711014-1.html
Arams, Mayela, “ Parallel Budget skyrockets,” El Universal, June 21, 2006. http://english.eluniversal.com/2006/06/21/en_eco_art_21A727109.shtml
Associated Press, “Venez. Prez Foes To Pass The Hat,” CBS News, January 4, 2002, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/05/world/main535304.shtml
Associated Press, “Chavez: OPEC Should Be More Political,” CBS News, November 16, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/11/16/business/main3513108.shtml
Associated Press, “Venezuela, Russia begin offshore gas drilling, sign 15 coop deals,” NowPublic, November 7, 2008. http://www.nowpublic.com/world/venezuela-russia-begin-offshore-gas-drilling-sign-15-coop-deals
Baribeau, Simone, “Chávez: Venezuela to withdraw from Andean Community of Nations.” Venezuelanalysis, April 21, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1706
Barrionuevo, Alexei, “Latin America nations convene, without U.S. and E.U.,” The New York Times, December 17, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/world/americas/17iht-latam.1.18749378.html
Blum, Justin, “National oil firms take bigger role,” The Washington Post, August 3, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/02/AR2005080201978.html
Boadle, Anthony, “Chavez oil diplomacy gains ground in Caribbean,” Reuters, December 20, 2007. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN2015634720071220?sp=true
Borger, Julian, “Bush Feels Hands of God as Poll Ratings Slump,” Guardian, November 5, 2005. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/nov/05/usa.argentina
Bradley, Theresa, “Chavez Vows to Cut Venezuela Debt, Use Reserves in Social Fund,” Bloomberg, January 13, 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aPIZA0LsAbmM&refer=latin_america
Carroll, Rory, “Chávez paid for Bolivia gas nationalisation,” Guardian, March 23, 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/23/venezuela.bolivia
Carroll, Rory, “Cuba and Venezuela turn against ethanol,” Guardian, April 7, 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/apr/07/energy.cuba
Carroll, Rory, “Hugo Chávez wins referendum allowing indefinite re-election,” Guardian, Feburary 16, 2009 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/feb/16/hugo-chavez-indefinite-rule
Carlson, Chris, “Russian President Praises Investment Opportunities in Venezuela,” Venezuelanalysis, October 23, 2007. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2755
Dao, James, “U.S. Clarifies Stand on Venezuelan Vote,” The New York Times, December 17, 2002. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/17/world/us-clarifies-stand-on-venezuelan-vote.html
Diaz, Sara Carolina, “Venezuela increases oil royalties to 16.66 percent,” El Universal, October 11, 2004. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2004/10/11/en_pol_art_11A498695.shtml
Duarte, Joe, “Venezuela Buys Oil to Meet Contract,” Rigzone, May 2, 2006. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=31765
Farivar, Masood, “OPEC Output cut Seen as Key to Oil Prices in 2007,” Rigzone, January 2, 2007. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=39658
Forero, Juan, “Documents show C.I.A Knew of a Coup Plot in Venezuela,” The New York Times, December 3, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/03/international/americas/03venezuela.html
Fox, Michael, “Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina Move Ahead on Integration,” Venezuelanalysis, April 28, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1718
Fox, Michael, “Venezuela and Colombia Agree on Gas Pipeline,” Venezuelanalysis, June 20, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1795
Fox, Michael, “Venezuela and Brazil Agree To 1st Phase of Transcontiental Gas Pipeline,” Venezuelanalysis, January 22, 2007. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2186
Harman, Danna, "Chavez seeks influence with oil diplomacy,” The Christian Science Monitor, August 25, 2005. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0825/p01s04-woam.html
Hafezi, Parisa, “Iran, Venezuela in ‘axis of unity’ against U.S.,” Reuters, July 2, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSDAH23660020070702?feedType=RSS&rpc=22&sp=true
Janicke, Kiraz, “Oil minister calls on Exxon and Conoco to leave Venezuela,” Venezuelanalysis, August 30, 2007. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2576
Jones, Meirion, “Chavez rules out return to cheap oil,” BBC News, April 3, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4871938.stm
Kraul, Chris, “China to invest $5 Billion in Venezuela Oil Projects,” Los Angels Times, August 29, 2006. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/aug/29/business/fi-venez29
Mather, Steven, “Venezuela and Ecuador Sign Energy Agreements,” Venezuelanalysis, January 17. 2007. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2180
Morales, Evo, “Let Me Chew My Coca Leaves,” The New York Times, March 13, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/opinion/14morales.html
Mouawad, Jad, “OPEC Agree to Another Cut in Production,” The New York Times, December 17, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/business/worldbusiness/18opec.html
News behind the News, “Venezuelan President’s visit: Six pacts signed,” Indiamart, March 7, 2005. http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/venezuelan-president-9004.html
Parma, Alessandro, “Argentina and Venezuela Strengthen Links,” Venezuelanalysis, November 22, 2005. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1484
Parma, Alessandro, “Venezuela`s Chavez and Bolivia`s Morales Sign 8 Agreements,” Venezuelanalysis, January 25, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1582
Parraga, Marianna, “Government raises tax burden on oil production,” El Universal, May 09, 2006. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2006/05/09/en_eco_art_09A704993.shtml
Parma, Alessandro, “Venezuela Faces Coexistence withe Ethanol,” El Universal, April 19, 2007. http://english.eluniversal.com/2007/04/19/en_eco_art_venezuela-faces-coex_19A857479.shtml
Pearson, Natalie Obiko, “Venezuela, Brazil at Odds over Ethanol,” RedOrbit, April 15, 2007. http://www.redorbit.com/news/business/902692/venezuela_brazil_at_odds_over_ethanol/index.html
Pierri, Raúl, “SOUTH AMERICA: Region’s Two Major Blocs Sign Free Trade Agreement,” IPS, October 19, 2004. http://www.ipsnews.net/login.asp?redir=news.asp?idnews=25925
Press Tv, “Chavez: Russians drilling for gas,” NowPublic, October 30, 2008. http://www.nowpublic.com/world/chavez-russians-drilling-gas
Press Trust of India (PTI), “Venezuela to invest in Indian oil refinery, petrochem projects,” Livemint, April 9, 2008. http://www.livemint.com/2008/04/09130632/Venezuela-to-invest-in-Indian.html
Prosser, David, “Major oil reserve find in Brazil boosts BG,” The Independent, November 10, 2007. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/major-oil-reserve-find-in-brazil-boosts-bg-399799.html
Quiroga, Carlos, “Bolivia’s Morales Bars ‘Spying’ U.S. DEA Agents,” Reuters, November 1, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSTRE4A01IW20081102?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0
Ranjan, Amitav, “Venezuela offers cheap oil, but conditions apply,” Indian Express, December 5, 2005. http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/83367/
Reel, Monte, “Chávez Educates Masses at a University in His Image, The Washington Post, May 25, 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/24/AR2006052402444.html
Reuters, “Venezuela to import ethanol from Brazil,” The China Post,” May 2, 2007. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/news/archives/business/200752/108628.htm
Rohter, Larry, “Venezuela Calls Tune In OPEC’s Price Tactics,” The New York Times, April 7, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/07/world/venezuelan-calls-tune-in-opec-s-price-tactics.html?pagewanted=1
Romero, Simon, “ A Former Guerilla Reinvents Himself as a Candidate,” The New York Times, July 1 2005. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/01/world/americas/01petkoff.html?ex=1309406400&en=e5051bcb397adf43&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
Romero, Simon, “Colombia Ends Venezuela’s Hostages Mediation Effors,” The New York Times, November 23, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/23/world/americas/23chavez.html
Romero, Simon, “Bolivian Is an Uneasy Ally as U.S. Presses Drug War,” The New York Times, August 28, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/29/world/americas/29bolivia.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&fta=y
Rogers, Tim, “Chávez plays oil card in Nicaragua,” The Christian Science Monitor, May 05, 2006. http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0505/p01s04-woam.html
Russia Today, “Energy and arms dominate Russia-Venezuela talks,” Global Research, July 27, 2008. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=9680
Sequera, Vivian, “Venezuela Aids Bolivia Gas Nationalization,” San Fracisco Chronicle, May 26, 2006. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/26/financial/f125923D97.DTL
Suggett, James, “Venezuela Signs Energy Pacts with Portugal, Ecuador, and China for Orinoco Oil,” Venezuelanalysis, May 16, 2008. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/3444
Suggett, James, “Japan and Venezuela Initiate Joint Orinoco Oil Projects and Expand Economic Ties,” Venezuelanalysis, April 6, 2009. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/4352
Suggett, James, “Russia and Venezuela Sign Nuclear Energy Accord During Historic Presidential Visit,” Venezuelanalysis, November 27, 2008. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/3993
Walter, Matthew, “Venezuela, Cuba Preparing to Bring Cienfuegos Refinery Online,” Bloomberg, November 18, 2007. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=aIFAcfl8P5KE&refer=news
Williams, Howard, “Venezuela oil – life blood of Cuba….and the United States,” Havana Journal, April 15, 2006. http://havanajournal.com/business/entry/venezuela-oil-life-blood-of-cuba-and-the-united-states/
Wilpert, Gregory, “Venezuela’s state oil co migrates foreign oil companies to joint ventures,” Venezuelanalysis, December 20, 2005. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1535
, “Venezuela Increases Proven Oil Reserves by 30%,” Venezuelanalysis, May 10 2008, http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/3426
Wilson, Peter, “A Pipe Dream for Chavez?,” Business Week, August 21, 2007. http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/aug2007/gb20070820_418387.htm
“Analyst warns of oil at $200 a barrel,” Financial Times, May 6, 2008, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/70b4ef0a-1b91-11dd-9e58-0000779fd2ac,dwp_uuid=f2b40164-cfea-11dc-9309-0000779fd2ac.html
“Anti-Morales protests hit Bolivia,” BBC News, September 10, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7607158.stm
“Argentina Joins the Orinoco Heavey Oil Industry,” MercoPress, February 21, 2007. http://en.mercopress.com/2007/02/21/argentina-joins-the-orinoco-heavy-oil-industry
“Bolivia tells US envoy to leave,” BBC News, September 11, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7609487.stm
“Brazil Demands More From Russia In Medvedev Visit,” Javno, November 24, 2008. http://www.javno.com/en-world/brazil-demands-more-from-russia-in-medvedev-visit_207190
“Brazil’s Dedini sells four ethanol plants to PDVSA,” Reuters, July 2, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKN0241104820080702
“Chavez, Ahmadinejad offer mutual support,” People’s Daily, May 24, 2006. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200605/24/eng20060524_268253.html
“Chavez claims partners have “frozen” his huge gas pipeline project,” MercoPress, July 28, 2007. http://en.mercopress.com/2007/07/28/chavez-claims-partners-have-frozen-his-huge-gas-pipeline-project
“Chávez: Russia and Venezuela unite as oil & gas giants,” Russia Today, July 24, 2008. http://russiatoday.ru/Top_News/2008-07-24/Chavez_Russia_and_Venezuela_unite_as_oil__and__gas_giants.html
“Chávez says U.S., Colombia plot to kill him,” Reuters, January 16, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1654619420080117
“Chávez pays Libya unexpected visit,” The Washington Times, October 16, 2001. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/oct/16/20011016-030020-3770r/print/
“ Coca quandary for hard-up Bolivia,” BBC News, April 14, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4902192.stm
”Cuba claims massive oil reserves,” BBC News, October 17, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7675234.stm
“Defiant Chávez arrives in Iraq,” BBC News, August 10, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/872471.stm
”FARC rebel link files ‘genuine’,” BBC News, May 16, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7403685.stm
“India and Venezuela sign oil deal,” BBC News, April 9, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7338383.stm ,
“Iranian president visits Venezuela, signs numerous economic agreements,” Venezuelanalysis, Sptember 16, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1949
“Jamaica , Venezuela Sign Historic Oil Deal,” Jamaica Information Service, January 3, 2006. http://www.jis.gov.jm/officepm/html/20060103t100000-0500_7696_jis_jamaica__venezuela_sign_historic_oil_deal.asp
“Kirchner-Chavez strengthen Bilateral Cooperation,“ MercoPress, February 2, 2005. http://en.mercopress.com/2005/02/02/kirchner-chavez-strengthen-bilateral-cooperation
“ Manager: Luis Giusti,” Business Week (International Edition), October 26, 1998, http://www.businessweek.com/1998/43/b3601030.htm
“Montesions: Humala is a political ‘pawn’ of Chavez and Castro,” El Universal, May 30, 2006. http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/05/30/en_pol_art_30A714409.shtml
“Nicaragua, Venezuela sign 17 aid agreeements,” People’s Daily, January 17, 2007. http://english1.people.com.cn/200701/17/eng20070117_342026.html
“No trade deal at Americas summit,” BBC News, November 6, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4410190.stm
“Petroandina JV Plans to Spend $1.17B in Bolivia,” Rigzone, January 17, 2007. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=40150
“Petrobras to go ahead with $4.5 billion Pernambuco Refinery without PDVSA,” Petroleumworld, January 22, 2009. http://www.petroleumworld.com/story09012205.htm
“ President fires army chief accused of graft,” Los Angeles Times, December 23, 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/2001/dec/23/news/mn-17558
“Russia to build 2 Kalashinikov factories in Venezuela by 2010,” RIA Novosti, August 6, 2007. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070806/70445720.html
“Russia needs bombers in Cuba due to NATO expansion –ex-commander,” RIA Novosti, July 21, 2008. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080721/114527149.html
“Russia, Venezuela ink nuclear cooperation deal,” RIA Novosti, November 27, 2008. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20081127/118575001.html
“Russian Fleet on its Way to Venezuela,” El Universal, September 12, 2008. http://english.eluniversal.com/2008/09/12/en_ing_esp_russian-fleet-on-its_12A1984323.shtml
“Transcript: Hugo Chavez Interview,” ABC News, September 16, 2005. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/International/story?id=1134098&page=1
“US rejects Chávez call to remove FARC terror group label,” AFP, January 14, 2008. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gdAfVH-dVQGBAElrWf58bXZeDv_g
“Venezuela, Ecuador accused of FARC ties,” The Washington Times, March 4, 2008. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/mar/04/venezuela-ecuador-accused-of-farc-ties/print/
“Venezuela in Talks to Buy Russian Tanks,” Javno, October 17, 2008. http://www.javno.com/en-world/venezuela-in-talks-to-buy-russian-tanks---interfax_193400
“Venezuela, Iran to Invest $4 billion in Joint Oil Project in Orinoco Belt,” Global Research, July 12, 2007. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=6302
“Venezuela recounts how coup failed”, The New York Times, 6 February, 1992, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D71E3BF935A35751C0A964958260
“Venezuela Threatens to Sell F-16 Fleet to Iran ,” FoxNews, May 16, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,195672,00.html
“Venezuela’s PDVSA, China’s CNPC JV to develop Sumano oil field,” Forbes, November 13, 2007. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/11/13/afx4331095.html
“Venezuela and Panama Sign Energy Agreements,” Venezuelanalysis, June 23, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1800
“Venezuela-Uruguay sign 25 year oil deal,” Mercopress, August 11, 2005. http://en.mercopress.com/2005/08/11/venezuela-uruguay-sign-25-year-oil-deal
“Venzuela and Cuba agree oil ink,” BBC News, April 11, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4901466.stm
“Venezuela, Cuba Sign Oil-Exploration Agreements,” Rigzone, January 25, 2007. http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=40467
“Venezuela signs Jamaica oil deal,” BBC News, August 24, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4181528.stm
“Venezuela and Nicaragua sign three new cooperation accords,” ABN, March 11, 2007. http://www.abn.info.ve/noticia.php?articulo=85571&lee=17
“Venezuela Reevaluates Funding for 2 Refineries,” ABC News, November 28, 2008. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=6354314
“Venezuela, Brazil, and Argentina Plan 8,000 Kilometer Gas Pipeline,” Venezuelanalysis, January 21, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1579
“Venezuela and Panama Sign Energy Agreements,” Venezuelaanalysis, June 23, 2006. http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/1800
“Venezuela to sell off US refineries,” Taipei Times, May 1, 2007. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/worldbiz/archives/2007/05/01/2003359053
“Venezuela Pushing for Higher Oil Prices,” MercoPress, August 14, 2004. http://en.mercopress.com/2004/08/19/venezuela-pushing-for-higher-oil-prices
“Venezuela calls for $70-$90 OPEC oil price band,” Reuters, October 24, 2008. http://www.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUSN2446089620081024 a
“Venezuela’s Chavez slams Bush ethanol plan,” Reuters, April 10, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1044778420070411
“Venezuela and IADB Clash over $200 billion biofuels plan,” Mongabay, March 21, 2007. http://news.mongabay.com/bioenergy/2007/03/venezuela-and-iadb-clash-over-200.html
“Venezuela y Cuba constituirán 11 plantas de etanol en el país,” ABN, 1 de Marzo, 2007. http://www.abn.info.ve/go_news5.php?articulo=84489&lee=18
西班牙文
Armas H, Mayela., “ 215.000 viviendas ejecutadas en 8 años,” El Universal, 15 de enero, 2007. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2007/01/15/eco_art_142150.shtml
Matheus, Maria Elena, “Diplomático denuncia plan Chávez-Gaddafi,” El Universal, 21 de febrero, 2003. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2003/02/21/int_art_21158CC.shtml
Méndez, Gustavo, “ AN inverstigará irreguraridades en misiones educativas,” El Universal, 22 de marzo, 2007. http://deportes.eluniversal.com/2007/03/22/pol_art_an--investigara-irre_220748.shtml
Subero, Carlos, “ Arranque del gorbierno obtuvo 90.3% de evalución positiva,” El Universal, 30 de Marzo, 1999. http://www.eluniversal.com/1999/03/20/pol_art_20110AA.shtml
“ Alta deserción de graduadores de Ribas angustia a Chávez,” El Universal, 22 de marzo, 2007, http://economia.eluniversal.com/2007/03/22/pol_art_alta-desercion-de-gr_221700.shtml
“ Anulan validación de “planas”, ” El Universal, 24 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/24/pol_art_24102A.shtml
“Caracas y Moscú firman acuerdo para desarrollar energía nuclear,” El Universal, 27 de noviembre, 2008. http://politica.eluniversal.com/2008/11/27/pol_art_caracas-y-moscu-firm_1166596.shtml
“Chavez y Kirchner acuerdan crear la multinacional Petrosuraméricam” Terra, 7 de agosto, 2007. http://www.terra.com/finanzas/articulo/html/fin27489.htm
“Dos Visiones, Una Sola Declarción,” El Universal, 6 de Noviembre, 2005. http://politica.eluniversal.com/2005/11/06/int_art_06118AA.shtml
“Hugo Chávez de visita en Irán hasta el lunes,” El Universal, 18 de mayo, 2001. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2001/05/18/eco_art_18202GG.shtml
”Hugo Chávez : ‘Vamos a enterrar el ALCA aquí’ en Mar del Plata,” El Correo, 4 de Noviembre, 2005. http://www.elcorreo.eu.org/esp/article.php3?id_article=5997
“ Industria petrolera estará normalizada en febrero.” El Universal, 02 de enero, 2003. http://www.eluniversal.com/2003/01/02/pol_art_02111CC.shtml
“ Ministros a granel,” El Universal, 26 de agosto, 2004. http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2004/08/26/pol_fot_26A486961.shtml
“ Revocatorio es extemporáneo,” El Universal, 11 de septiempre, 2003. http://www.eluniversal.com/2003/09/11/pol_art_11102A.shtml
“ CNE apelará decisión ante la sala constitucional,” El Universal, 16 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/16/pol_art_16102C.shtml
“ CNE sólo validó 1.832.493 firmas para el referendo revocatorio presidencial,” El Universal, 02 de marzo, 2004. http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/02/pol_ava_02A436939.shtml
（三）參考網站
台灣
外交部，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/
經濟部國際貿易局，http://www.trade.gov.tw/
國際合作發展基金會，http://www.icdf.org.tw/
台灣中油股份有限公司，http://www.cpc.com.tw/
中國
中華人民共和國商務部，http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn/
中華人民共和國外交部，http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/
中國石油集團網站，http://www.cnpc.com.cn/
委內瑞拉
委內瑞拉政府線上資訊網（Gobierno en Línea）， http://www.gobiernoenlinea.gob.ve/
委內瑞拉農業與土地部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura y Tierras），http://www.mat.gob.ve/
委內瑞拉能源與石油部（Minsterio del Poder Popular para la Energía y Petróleo），http://www.mem.gob.ve/
委內瑞拉發展與計畫部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Planificaión y Desarrollo），http://www.mpd.gob.ve/
委內瑞拉國家選舉委員會（Consejo Nacional Electoral），http://www.cne.gov.ve/
委內瑞拉國家統計局（Instituto Nacional de Estadística），http://www.ine.gov.ve/
委內瑞拉外交部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores），http://www.mre.gob.ve/
委內瑞拉通訊與資訊部（Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Communicación y la Información），http://www.minci.gob.ve/
委內瑞拉中央銀行（Banco Central de Venezuela），http://www.bcv.org.ve/
委內瑞拉國營石油公司（Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A.），http://www.pdvsa.com/
深入街坊任務（Misión Barrio Adentro），http://www.barrioadentro.gov.ve/
羅賓遜任務（Misión Robinson），http://www.misionrobinson.me.gob.ve/
美爾卡任務（Misión Mercal），http://www.mercal.gob.ve/
蘇克雷任務（Misión Sucre），http://www.misionsucre.gov.ve/
李巴斯任務（Misión Ribas），http://www.misionribas.gov.ve/
美國
國家民主基金會（National Endowment for Democracy），http://www.ned.org/
美國國務院（U.S. Department of State），http://www.state.gov/
美國環境保護署（U.S. Environment Protection Angecy），http://www.epa.gov/
美國審計辦公室（U.S. Government Accountability Office），http://www.gao.gov/
美國能源資訊局（Energy Information Angency），http://www.eia.doe.gov/
美國參議院（U.S. Senate），http://www.senate.gov/
美國眾議院（U.S. House of Representatives），http://www.house.gov/
美國國會圖書館（Library of Congress），http://www.loc.gov/index.html
拉丁美洲區域組織
美洲開發銀行網站（Inter-American Developement Bank），http://www.iadb.org/
美洲國家組織網站（Organización de los Estados Americanos）：http://www.oas.org/
南美洲國家聯盟（Unasur），http://www.integracionsur.com/
南方共同市場（Mercosur），http://www.mercosur.int/
玻利瓦替代方案（ALBA），http://www.alternativabolivariana.org/
安地諾共同體（CAN），http://www.comunidadandina.org/
美洲自由貿易區網站（ALCA），http://www.ftaa-alca.org/
加勒比石油計畫（Petrocaribe），http://www.petrocaribe.org/
美洲高峰會資訊網（Summit of Americas），http://www.summit-americas.org/
國際組織
國際能源總署（IEA），http://www.iea.org/
石油輸出國家組織（OPEC），http://www.opec.org/
聯合國（United Nation），http://www.un.org
中文媒體
台灣
中央社，http://www.cna.com.tw/
中國時報，http://news.chinatimes.com/
自由時報，http://www.libertytimes.com.tw
聯合報，http://udn.com/NEWS/main.html
中國大陸
中國評論新聞網，http://www.chinareviewnews.com/
新華網，http://www.xinhuanet.com/
華夏經緯網，http://www.huaxia.com/
國際媒體
法新社（AFP），http://www.afp.com/
路透社（Reuters），http://www.reuters.com/
國際新聞社（IPS），http://www.ips.org/
彭博社（Bloomberg），http://www.bloomberg.com/
俄羅斯新聞社（Ria Novosti），http://en.rian.ru/
烏拉圭新聞社（Mercopress），http://en.mercopress.com/
紐約時報（The New York Times），http://global.nytimes.com/
華盛頓郵報（The Washington Post），http://www.washingtonpost.com/
洛杉磯時報（The Los Angeles Times），http://www.latimes.com/
基督教科學箴言報（The Christian Science Monitor），http://www.csmonitor.com/
英國國家廣播公司新聞網（BBC News），http://news.bbc.co.uk/
哥倫比亞廣播公司新聞網（CBS News），http://www.cbsnews.com/
美國廣播公司新聞網（ABC News），http://abcnews.go.com/
福斯電視新聞網（Fox News），http://www.foxnews.com/
經濟學人（The Economist），http://www.economist.com/
衛報（The Guardian），http://www.guardian.co.uk/
委內瑞拉環球報（El Universal），http://www.eluniversal.com
委內瑞拉國家報（El Nación），http://www.el-nacion.com/
人民日報（People Daily），http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/
中國郵報（China Post），http://www.chinapost.com.tw/
台北時報（Taipei Times），http://www.taipeitimes.com
學術、評論網站：
Analítica，http://www.analitica.com/
Aporrea，http://www.aporrea.org/
Cato Instittue，http://www.cato.org/
Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR)，http://www.cepr.org/
Council on Hemispgheric Affairs (COHA)，http://www.coha.org/
Global Research，http://www.globalresearch.ca/
Inter-American Dialogue，http://www.thedialogue.org/
OpenDemocracy，http://www.opendemocracy.net/
Venezuelanalysis，http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/ |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
外交研究所
95253013
98 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095253013 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [外交學系] 學位論文
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
