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    题名: 普丁時期俄羅斯菁英政治之研究
    A study of elite politics in Putin`s Russia
    作者: 林子恆
    Lin, Tzu Heng
    贡献者: 林永芳
    Lin, Yung Fang
    林子恆
    Lin, Tzu Heng
    关键词: 政治改革
    俄羅斯
    強力部門幹部
    普丁
    菁英
    Political reforms
    Russia
    Siloviki
    Putin
    Elite
    日期: 2008
    上传时间: 2010-04-09 09:31:21 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 蘇聯時期性質單一的「意識型菁英」在戈巴契夫的政經改革下開始分化成政治菁英與經濟菁英兩大類。到了葉爾欽時期，由於國家制度不彰、政府職能紊亂以及聯邦從屬關係被破壞，再加上總統本人執政後期健康情形不佳而導致大權旁落等緣故，造成各方菁英團體為了自身利益而彼此傾軋不已，也形成了以地方勢力、反對派政黨以及經濟寡頭為箭頭的「分散型菁英」。進入普丁時期，新執政者承繼了前朝唯一「正面」的遺緒 –「集權總統制」，再佐以個人的施政風格與高人氣支持，於第一任期內便大抵完成收編菁英的政治改革：於新設立的七大聯邦區派駐聯邦權力代理人 – 總統全權代表；改革聯邦委員會以削弱地方首長勢力；組建權力黨「統一俄羅斯黨」 並掌控國家杜馬。而在「共識型菁英」的氛圍下，作為普丁政權主要幹部甄補來源的「聖彼得堡幫」成員當中，又以所謂的「強力部門幹部」為大宗。其軍警情治背景與國家治理手法不僅為普丁治下的俄羅斯型塑了「軍事政體」的外觀，更讓後共俄羅斯或多或少出現了「蘇維埃化」的傾向。
    The single-natured “ideocratic elite” of the Soviet Union begins to differentiate into political and economic elite under the impact of Gorbachev’s reforms. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin’s elites jostled with each other for their interests and transformed into the “fragmented elite,” characterized by regional leaders, opposition parties and economic oligarchs. This occurred due to the malfunction of state institutions, disorder of government functions, destruction of central-peripheral relations and the regency by the President’s cronies during his illness in the second term. Later in Putin’s Russia, with the only “positive” legacy – “authoritarian presidential rule” that the new ruler inherits from his predecessor as well as his own personal ruling styles and high popularity, Putin achieves the approximate incorporation of Russian elites with the political reforms in his first term, including the delegation of Presidential Plenipotentiary Envoys as federal agents in the seven new federal districts, the weakening of regional elites by reforming the Federation Council, and the seizure of the State Duma with the party of power – “United Russia.” Under the atmosphere of the “consensual elite,” the “Petersburgers” – especially the so-called “siloviki” – constitute the main source of cadre recruitment in Putin’s Russia. The security-intelligence background and state governance tactics of these siloviki not only mold the façade of “militocracy” for Putin’s regime, but more or less contribute to the tendency of “sovietization” in post-communist Russia.
    參考文獻: 一、 中文部分
    (一)專書
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    (二)論文、期刊
    吳東野，〈「半總統制」政府體制之理論與實際〉，《問題與研究》，1996，卷35，期8。頁37-49。
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    李興耕，〈俄羅斯國家杜馬選舉制度改革及其影響〉，《當代世界與社會主義》，2003，期2。頁64-69。
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    二、 英文部分
    (一) 專書 (Books)
    Baker, Peter & Susan Glasser, Kremlin Rising: Vladimir Putin’s Russia and the End of Revolution, New York: Scribner, 2005.
    Fish, M. Steven, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution, Princeton University Press, 1995.
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    Lane, David & Cameron Ross, The Transition from Communism to Capitalism: Ruling Elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin, London: Macmillan, 1999.
    MacKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran, A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond, Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 4th ed., 1993.
    McAuley, Mary, Soviet Politics 1917-1991, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
    Michels, Robert, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, translated by Eden and Cedar Paul. Introd. by Seymour Martin Lipset, New York: Dover Pub, 1959.
    Mills, C. Wright, The Power Elite, New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.
    Mosca, Gaetano, The Ruling Class, translated by Hannah D. Kahn; ed. and rev., with an introduction by Arthur Livingston, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1939.
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    Sakwa, Richard, Putin: Russia’s Choice, New York: Routledge, 2004.
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    (二) 論文、期刊 (Articles)
    Babayeva, Liliya, “Elite Conceptions of Russia’s Present and Future,” in Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe, ch. 4, ed. by John Higley, Jan Pakulski & Włodzimierz Wesołowski, Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]: Macmillan Press ; New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1998, pp.97-106.
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    Higley, John & György Lengyel, “Introduction: Elite Configurations after State Socialism,” in Elites after State Socialism: Theories and Analysis, ch. 1, ed. by John Higley & György Lengyel, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, pp.1- 21.
    Higley, John, Jan Pakulski & Włodzimierz Wesołowski, “Introduction: Elite Change and Democratic Regimes in Eastern Europe,” in Postcommunist Elites and Democracy in Eastern Europe, ch. 1, ed. by John Higley, Jan Pakulski & Włodzimierz Wesołowski, Basingstoke, Hampshire [England]: Macmillan Press ; New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1998, pp.1- 33.
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    Hyde, Matthew, “Putin’s Federal Reforms and their Implications for Presidential Power in Russia, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2001, pp.719-743.
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    Michael McFaul, “The Electoral System,” in Developments in Russian politics 6, ch. 2, ed. by Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa, Durham: Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 61-79.
    McFaul, Michael & Nikolai Petrov, “The Changing Function of Elections in Russian Politics,” in Russia after communism, ch. 2, ed. by Anders Åslund & Martha Brill Olcott, Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999, pp.27-60.
    Petrov, Nikolay, “Siloviki in Russian Regions: New Dogs, Old Tricks,” The Journal of Power Institution in Post-Soviet Societies, Issue 2, 2005, pp.1-17.
    Petrov, Nikolai & Darrell Slider, “Putin and the Regions,” in Putin’s Russia: past imperfect, future uncertain, ch. 12, ed. by Dale R. Herspring, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, pp.237-258.
    Remington, Thomas, “Putin, the Duma, and Political Parties,” in Putin’s Russia: past imperfect, future uncertain, ch. 3, ed. by Dale R. Herspring, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, pp.31-54.
    Renz, Bettina, “Putin’s Militocracy? An Alternative Interpretation of Siloviki in Contemporary Russian Politics,” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 58, No. 6, September 2006, pp.903-924.
    Rivera, Sharon Werning, “Elites in Post-communist Russia: A Changing of the Guard?,” Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 3, 2000, pp.413-432.
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    Schmitter, Philippe, “Still the Century of Corporatism,” Review of Politics, Vol. 36, 1974, pp.85-131.
    Shevtsova, Lilia, “Putin’s Legacy: How the Russian Elite Is Coping with Russia’s Challenges,” Briefing Paper of program: Russian Domestic Politics and Political Institutions, Moscow center of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Vol.8, Issue 4, June 2006, pp.1-8
    Slider, Darrell, “Politics in the Region,” in Developments in Russian politics 6, ch. 10, ed. by Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa, Durham: Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 168-185.
    Staun, Jørgen, “Siloviki versus liberal-technocrats: The fight for Russia and its foreign policy,” Danish Institute for International Studies Report, 2007:9, pp.1-70.
    Stengel, Richard, “Choosing Order Before Freedom,” Time, Vol. 170, No. 26/27, 2007, pp.22-23.
    Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn, “Central Weakness and Provincial Autonomy: Observations on the Devolution Process in Russia,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1999, pp.87-106.
    Szelény, Ivan & Szonja Szelényi, “Circulation or Reproduction of Elites during the Postcommunist Transformation of Eastern Europe,” Theory and Society, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1995, pp.615-638.
    White, Stephen, “The Political Parties,” in Developments in Russian politics 6, ch. 5, ed. by Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa, Durham: Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 80-95.
    White, Stephen & Ol’ga Kryshtanovskaya, “Russia: Elite Continuity and Change,” in Elites, Crises, and the Origins of Regimes, ch. 6, ed. by Mattei Dogan & John Higley, Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998, pp.125-146.
    Willerton, John P., “Post-Soviet Clientelist Norms at the Russian Federal Level,” Elites and leadership in Russian politics: selected papers from the fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies, Warsaw, 1995, ch. 4, ed. by Graeme Gill, New York: St. Martin`s Press, 1998, pp.52-80.
    Willerton, John P., “Putin and the Hegemonic Presidency,” in Developments in Russian politics 6, ch. 2, ed. by Stephen White, Zvi Gitelman & Richard Sakwa, Durham: Duke University Press, 2005, pp. 18-39.
    三、 俄文部分
    (一) 專書 (Книги)
    Делягин Михаил, Россия после Путина. Неизбежна ли в России «оранжево-зелёная» революция? , Москва: Вече, 2005.
    Зенькович Николай, Путинская энциклопедия. Семья. Команда. Оппоненты. Преемники. , Москва: Олма-Медиа Групп, 2008.
    Конституция Российской Федерации (с гимном России), Москва: Проспект, 2006.
    Крыштановская Ольга, Анатомия Российской Элиты, Москва: Захаров, 2005.
    Медведев Рой, Владимир Путин: второй срок, Москва: Время, 2006.
    Медведев Рой, Владимир Путин: четыре года в Кремле, Москва: Время, 2005.
    Мухин Алексей, Кто есть мистер Путин и кто с ним пришёл?, Москва: Гном и Д, 2002.
    (二) 論文、期刊 (Статьи)
    Зубаревич Наталья, Николай Петров, Алексей Титков, «Федеральные округа - 2000», Регионы России в 1999г.: Ежегодное Приложение к ”Политическому Альманаху России,” Москва: Центр Карнеги, 2001, сс.176-196.
    Крыштановская Ольга, «От милитократии к меритократии?», Русский Журнал, выпуск 1, май 2008, сс.59-69.
    Пляйс Я. А., «Новое законодательство о выборах и партийное строительство в России», PRO NUNC: Современные политические процессы. Выпуск 8. Политические элиты в условиях электорального формата трансформации власти, Тамбов, 2008, сс.101-118.
    四、 電子文獻部份
    Anatoly Medetsky, “Siloviki’s Pyramid of Power Revealed,” The St. Petersburg Times, 20 January 2004.
    〈http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=100&story_id=12039〉(3 January 2009)
    Brian Whitmore, “Inside The Corporation: Russia’s Power Elite,” Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, 15 October 2007.
    〈http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078958.html〉(8 October 2008)
    Kim Murphy, “Russia’s New Elite Draws From Old KGB,” Los Angeles Times, November 10, 2007.
    〈http://articles.latimes.com/2003/nov/10/world/fg-spies10〉（20 December 2008）
    Neil Buckley & Arkady Ostrovsky, “Back in business – how Putin’s allies are turning Russia into a corporate state,” The Financial Times, 19 June 2006.
    〈http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d776a916-ff2f-11da-84f3-0000779e2340.html〉(12 April 2009)
    William Safire, “Siloviki Versus Oligarchy,” The New York Times, 5 November 2003.
    〈http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/05/opinion/05SAFI.html〉(17 December 2008)
    “Capital flight resumes in Russia after Yukos affair,” The Epoch Times, 13 November 2003.
    〈http://en.epochtimes.com/news/3-11-14/14644.html〉(16 July 2009)
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    「尤里．列瓦達」分析中心」：〈http://www.levada.ru/〉
    「俄羅斯聯邦總統」：〈http://www.kremlin.ru/mainpage.shtml〉
    「俄羅斯聯邦中央選舉委員會」：〈http://www.cikrf.ru/〉
    「俄羅斯聯邦安全會議」：〈http://www.scrf.gov.ru/〉
    「維基百科」：〈http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Заглавная_страница〉
    「Яндекс」：〈http://www.yandex.ru/〉
    描述: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    俄羅斯研究所
    93263001
    97
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