政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/36804
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113318/144297 (79%)
Visitors : 51025832      Online Users : 935
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/36804


    Title: 「合作/非合作」語用原則─論記者與消息來源之語言互動策略
    The cooperative/non-cooperative verbal interaction between news reporters and news sources
    Authors: 林金池
    Lin, Chin Chih
    Contributors: 臧國仁
    林金池
    Lin, Chin Chih
    Keywords: 合作性語言互動
    非合作性語言互動
    威嚇語言
    記者與消息來源互動策略
    非禮貌原則
    coperative verbal interaction
    non-cooperative verbal interaction
    threatening languages
    reporters-source interactions
    principle of impoliteness
    Date: 2008
    Issue Date: 2009-09-18 19:45:14 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本研究從作者實務工作曾經遭遇的兩個「威嚇語言」互動策略為起點,發現過去相關研究多屬探討記者與消息來源互動社會結構層面之「靜態論述」,鮮少觸及「語言互動」策略與內涵。本研究改以語用學之言說行動、語境概念、禮貌原則以及社會心理學之面子、面子威脅等概念為基礎,歸納出人際溝通由核心到外圍的語言互動脈絡,並依合作程度高低推演出記者與消息來源間之「合作性語言互動」(cooperative verbal interaction)與「非合作性語言互動」(non-cooperative verbal interaction)兩種不同語言互動策略。

    根據訪談與個案研究資料所示,記者與消息來源語言互動過程使用之各種不同手法(如婉言相勸、閃躲、打哈哈、口頭威嚇、直接修理等),均可歸納於「合作/非合作」語言互動策略範疇。整體而言,「合作語言策略」最常出現,「非合作語言策略」在互動過程只是施壓手段,但兩種策略若像「胡蘿蔔與棍子」般地交叉運用,則常有較佳效果。

    本研究亦發現,消息來源並非記者隨意擺布的「掌中棋」,亦即記者若不當使用「非合作語言策略」而將消息來源逼至瀕臨壓力邊緣之際,消息來源亦會使用「非合作語言策略」嚴厲反擊而造成反效果。因此,語言策略的尺度拿捏與技巧等語境因素,常是互動雙方能否達成目標之微妙關鍵所在。
    As previous studies in this area have long emphasized more on the social levels of reporter-source interactions, this study, based on the literature of pragmatics, facework, and impoliteness, examined how the news reporters interact with their sources on a linguistic level trying to distinguish varied verbal strategies used by these two interactants in news reporting, such as exhorting, evasiveness, verbal threatening, and verbal attacking.

    Research result reveals that both cooperative/non-cooperative verbal interactive strategies are common and easily observable in news reporters’ routine meetings with their sources. In principle, the non-cooperative verbal interaction can be further divided into four sublevels according to the degrees of cooperation between the two interactants.

    In conclusion, it is confirmed that the cooperative/non-cooperative verbal interaction model developed in this study can be used not only as a research framework to examine the reporter-source interactions in a qualitative way, but also as a practical strategy which would show that both the reporters and sources may use the model to detect and challenge, and in the meantime to counterattack, the other side in their daily encounters.
    Reference: 【中文部分】
    方怡文、周慶祥(1997)。《新聞採訪理論與實務》。台北:正中。
    王品琦(2006 年2月8日)。〈AC尼爾森2005年第4季調查公佈 蘋果日報閱讀率第一〉,《銘報即時新聞》。網址:http://mol.mcu.edu.tw/search_show.php?enid
    =60471
    王建平(1992)。〈語境與邏輯基本規律〉西槙光正(編)。《語境研究論文集》。北京:北京語言學院出版社。
    王洪鈞(2000)。《新聞報導學》。台北:正中。
    王珍瑜(2005)。〈記者如何與消息來源建立關係?此關係又如何維持與修補?:以報紙黨政記者與消息來源之互動為例〉。台北:政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    冉永平(2006)。《語用學:現象與分析》。北京:北京大學。
    田弘茂(1989)。《大轉型:中華民國的政治和社會變遷》,台北,時報出版社。
    江文瑜(1997)。(口述史法),《質性研究─理論,方法與本土女性研究實例》。台北:巨流。
    江睿智、唐玉麟 (2008年5月28日)。〈學孫運璿一次漲足〉,《中國時報》,A2版。
    朱瑞玲(1988)。〈中國人的社會互動:論面子問題〉。楊國樞(主編)。《中國人的心理》。台北:桂冠。
    何兆熊(1992)。〈語用,意義和語境〉西槙光正(編)。《語境研究論文集》。北京:北京語言學院出版社。頁298-307。
    何自然(1994)。《語用學概論》。中國:湖南教育出版社。頁8-17。
    余德慧策畫(1987)。《中國人的面具性格:人情與面子》。台北︰張老師出版社。
    李利國、黃淑敏譯(1995)。《當代新聞採訪與寫作》。台北 : 周知文化。[原書:Brook, B. S. et al. [1998]. News Reporting & Writing (3rd. ed.). NY: St. Martin’s Press]。台。
    李美華等譯(2005)。《社會科學研究方法上,下冊》。台北:時英。(原書:Earl Babbie [2001]. The Practice of Social Research, 9E . Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.)
    李青芬、李雅婷、趙慕芬譯(2006)。《組織行為學》。台北:華泰。(原書:S. P. Robbins
    [2001]. Organizational Behavior 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.)
    林山田(2004)。《刑事程序法》。台北:五南。
    金耀基(1989)。〈「面」,「恥」與中國人行為之分析〉,楊國樞(編),《中國人的心理》,頁 319-345 。台北︰桂冠。
    姜望琪(2003)。《當代語用學》。北京:北京大學。
    紀淑芬(2006年7月10日)。〈林榮三怒戰黎智英內幕 閱報率王座驚爆大決鬥〉。《財訊》,第284期。台北:財訊文化。
    胡幼慧(2008)。(焦點團體法),《質性研究─理論,方法與本土女性研究實例》。台北:巨流。
    徐烈炯(1996)。《語意學》。台北:五南。
    張宇樑、吳樎椒譯 (2007)。《研究設計:質化,量化,與混合方法取向》。台北:學富。(原書Creswell, John W. [2004]. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage)
    陳玉箴譯(2005)。《媒介與傳播研究法指南》,台北:韋伯文化。(原書Jensen, K. B. (Ed.). [2002]. A handbook of media and communication research: Qualitative and quantitative methodologies. London: Routledge.)
    陳致宏(2000)。《語用學與左傳外交辭令》。台北:萬卷樓。
    陳順孝(2003)。《新聞控制與反控制:「記實避禍」的報導策略》。台北:五南。
    陳萬淇(1995)。《個案研究法》。臺北:華泰。
    陳懷萱(2004)。〈漢語反問句的形式與意義分析〉。國立台灣師範大學華語文教學研究所碩士論文。
    喻靖媛(1994)。〈記者與消息來源互動關係與新聞處理方式之關聯性研究〉。國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    黃光國(1984)。〈人情與面子︰中國人的權力遊戲〉,李亦園等(編),《現代化與中國化論集》,頁 125-154 。台北︰桂冠。
    黃光國(1995)。〈符號互動與社會交換︰《人情與面子》理論模式的建構〉,《知識與行動──中華文化傳統的社會心理詮釋》,頁 177-220 。台北︰心理出版社有限公司。
    黃光國(2005)。〈華人世界的臉面觀〉。楊國樞、黃光國、楊中芳(主編):《華人本土心理學(上)》。台北:遠流(頁 365-406)。
    黃彥翔(2008)。〈搞關係,完面子:記者與消息來源衝突化解策略〉,《傳播與
    社會學刊》。香港:香港中文大學。
    楊國樞(1995)。《中國人的臉面觀》。台北︰桂冠。
    葉方珣(2007)。〈新聞訪談之『語用技巧』分析以「前提」概念為例〉。國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    熊學亮(1999)。《認知語用學概論》。上海:上海外語教育出版社。
    臧國仁、鍾蔚文(1994)。〈記者如何問問題〉,《新聞學與術的對話》,頁45-72,台北:政大新聞研究所。
    臧國仁(1998a)。「消息來源組織與媒介真實之建構:組織文化與組織框架的觀點」,《廣告學研究》,第十一期,頁69-116。
    臧國仁(1998b)。〈新聞報導與真實建構:新聞框架理論的觀點〉,《傳播研究集刊》,第三集。
    臧國仁(1999)。《新聞媒體與消息來源─媒介框架與真實建構之論述》。台北:三民。
    臧國仁、鍾蔚文、楊怡珊(2001)。〈新聞工作者的社會智能:再論記者與消息來源之互動〉,《新聞學研究》,第六十九期,頁82-87。
    臧國仁、蔡琰(2007)。《新聞訪問:理論與個案》。台北:五南。
    劉福增(1992)。《奧斯丁》。台北:五南。
    劉蕙苓(1989)。〈報紙消息來源人之背景與被處理方式之分析〉。國立政治大學新聞學研究所碩士論文。
    蔡文輝(1986)。〈社會學理論〉。台北:三民。
    鄭貞銘(1992)。《新聞採訪的理論與實際》。台北:台灣商務。
    鄭瑞城(1991)。〈從消息來源途徑詮釋近用媒介權:台灣的經驗〉,《新聞學研究》,第四十五集,頁39-56。
    鍾蔚文、臧國仁、陳百齡、陳順孝。(1997)。〈探討記者工作的知識基礎──分析架構的建立〉。中華傳播學會1997年度學術研討會宣讀論文(台北縣深坑鄉:世新會館)。
    鍾蔚文、臧國仁、陳百齡(1998)。《探討記者查證,訪問,與寫作的知識基礎:    
      專家能力的特質》。行政院國科會專題研究提案報告。
    羅文輝(1995)。〈新聞記者選擇消息來源的偏向〉。《新聞學研究》。第五十集,頁 1-14。
    嚴祥鸞(2008)。〈參與觀察法〉,《質性研究-理論,方法及本土女性研究實例》。
    頁(163-184)。台北:巨流。
    蘇惠君(2004)。〈施惠語言在新聞訪談中的運用─再論記者與消息來源之互動〉。國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    【英文部分】
    Adams, S., & Hicks, W. (2001). Interview for journalists. New York: Routledge.
    Atwater, T., & Fico, F (1986). Source reliance and use in reporting state government: A study of print and broadcast practices. Newspaper Research Journal, 8(1): 53-62.
    Austin, J.L. (1962) . How to do things with words. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Berg, B. L. (2001). Qualitatve research methods for the social sciences (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
    Berkowitz, D. & Adams, D. B (1990). Information subsidy and agenda-building in local television news. Journalism Quarterly, 67(4) : 723-731.
    Benard, J. (1975). Research on Sex Difference: An Overview of the Art. in Women, Wives, and Mothers. New York: Aldine.
    Benoit, P. T. (1983). The use of threats in children’s discourse. Language and
    Speech, 26: 305-29.
    Best, J. W. & Kahn, J. V. (1993). Research in education (7th ed.). Needham Heights,
    MA: Allyn and Bacon.
    Bogdewic, S. P. (1992). Participant observation. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.) , Doing Qualitative Research (pp. 45-69). Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
    Bousfield, Derek. (2006). The grand debate: Where next for politeness research? Culture, Language and Representation, 3: 9-17.
    Bousfield, Derek. (2008). Impoliteness in Interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
    Brown, J. D., Bybee, C. R., Wearden, S. T., & Straughan, D. M. (1987). Invisible power: Newspaper news sources and the limits of diversity. Journalism Quarterly, 64(1): 45-54.
    Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage.
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
    Carnap, R. (1959). Introduction to semantics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Chang, H., & Holt, R. (1994). A Chinese perspective on face as inter-relational
    concern. In S. Ting-Toomey (Ed.), The Challenge of facework (pp. 95-132).
    Albany : State University of New York Press.
    Cheng, C. (1986). The concept of face and its Confucian roots. Journal of Chinese
    Philosophy, 13: 329-348.
    Culpeper, Jonathan.(1996). Toward an anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of
    Pragmatics, 25: 349-367.
    Culpeper, Jonathan, Derek Bousfield, & Anne Wichmann. (2003). Impoliteness
    revisited: With special reference to dynamic and prosodic aspects. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(10/11), 1545-1579.
    Davison, W. P. (1975). Diplomatic reporting: Rules of the game. Journal of Communication, 25(4): 138-146
    Eelen, Gino. (2001). A critique of politeness theories. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
    Fraser, B. (1975). Warning and threatening. Centrum, 3 (2): 169-180.
    Fraser, B. (1998). Threatening revisited. Forensic Linguistics, 5: 161-166.
    Gandy, O.H., Jr. (1982). Beyond agenda setting: Information subsidies and public
    policy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Company.
    Gieber, W., and Johnson, W. (1961). The city hall beat: A study of reporters and sources roles. Journalism Quarterly, 38: 289-297.
    Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
    Goffman, Erving. (1967). Interaction ritual: Essays in face-to-face behavior . New York: Pantheon Books.
    Goffman, E. (1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds). Syntax
    & Semantics, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press.
    Hall, Stuart (1977). Culture, the media and the ideological effect. In James Curran, Michael Gurevitch & Janet Woollacott (Eds.). Mass Communication and Society. London: Edward Arnold.
    Halliday, M.A.K & Hasan, R.(1990). Language, Context and Test: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspectives. Cambridge: Oxford University Press .
    Ho, D. Y. (1994). Face dynamics: From conceptualization to measurement. In S.
    Ting-Toomey (Ed.), The Challenge of facework (pp. 269-286). Albany : State
    University of New York Press.
    Hummert, M. L. (1990). Multiple stereotypes of the elderly and young adults: Comparison of structure and evaluations. Psychology and Aging, 5: 182-193.
    Hwang, K. K. (1997-8). Guanxi and mientze: Conflict resolution in Chinese society.
    Intercultural Communication Studies, 7: 17-42.
    Jia, W. (1997-8). Facework as a Chinese conflict-preventive mechanism: A
    cultural/discourse analysis. Intercultural Communication Studies, 7: 43-61.
    Jorgensen, D . L. (1989). Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human
    Studies. Newbury Park CA: Sage.
    Jucker, A. (1986). News interviews: A pragmalinguistic analysis. Amsterdam: Benjamins Press.
    King, A. Y., & Myers, J. T. (1977). Shame as an incomplete conception of Chinese culture: A study of face. Hong Kong: Social Research Center, the Chinese University of Hong Kong .
    Lachenicht, L.G. (1980), Aggravating language: A study of abusive and insulting language. International Journal of Human Communication, 13 (4) : 607-688.
    Lakoff, Robin (1973). The logic of politeness; or minding your p’s and q’s. In Papers
    from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, (pp 292-305). Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
    Leech, G. T. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
    Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. London: Cambridge University Press.
    Mao, LuMing Robert. (1994). Beyond politeness theory : “Face” revisited and
      renewed. Journal of Pragmatics, 21: 451-486.
    Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Rivers, W. L. (1970). Adversaries: Politics and the press. Boston : Beacon.
    Rorty, R. (ed.) (1967). The Linguistic Turn . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
    Searle, John R. (1979). Expression and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts. London: Cambridge University Press.
    Stocking, S.H. & Gross, P. H. (1989). How do journalists think?: A proposal for the study of cognitive bias in newsmaking. Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
    The Oxford English Dictionary, 1989. 2nd edition, vol.17. Oxford: Oxford University
    Press. From http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50251648?query_type=word &queryword=threaten&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&search_id=QPTy-BQQic7-3743&result_place=2)
    Ting-Toomey, Stella. (1994). The Challenge of Facework: Cross-Cultural and
    Interpersonal Issues. New York: State University of New York-Albany Press.
    van Dijk, T. A. (1988). News as discourse. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    van Turk, J. (1986). Information subsidies and media content: A study of public relations influences on the news. Journalism Monographs, 100: 1-29.
    Voakes, P. S., Kapfer, J., Kurpius, D., & Chern, D. S.-Y (1996). Diversity in the news: A conceptual and methodological framework. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(3): 582-593.
    Werner, O., & Schoepfle, G. M. (1987). Systematic Fieldwork , Vol. 1. Newbury
    Park, CA: Sage.
    William, F. Swindler (1955). Problems of law in journalism. New York : Macmillan.
    Wittgenstein, L. (1953) Philosophical Investigations . London: Macmillan.
    Wolfsfeld, G. (1984). Symbiosis of press and protest: An exchange analysis. Journalism Quarterly, 61(3), 550-556, 742.
    Wright, Charles R. (1986). Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective, 3rd Ed., New York: Random House.
    Yin, R. K. (1989). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA:
    Sage.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    傳播學院碩士在職專班
    95941023
    97
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0095941023
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[EMA Program in Communication] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    102301.pdf93KbAdobe PDF21474View/Open
    102302.pdf156KbAdobe PDF21566View/Open
    102303.pdf120KbAdobe PDF21500View/Open
    102304.pdf111KbAdobe PDF21562View/Open
    102305.pdf274KbAdobe PDF22459View/Open
    102306.pdf371KbAdobe PDF213650View/Open
    102307.pdf301KbAdobe PDF22549View/Open
    102308.pdf411KbAdobe PDF21797View/Open
    102309.pdf283KbAdobe PDF21811View/Open
    102310.pdf228KbAdobe PDF23208View/Open
    102311.pdf286KbAdobe PDF21843View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback