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    Title: 由安地瓜控告美國禁止線上博奕案—探討服務貿易之部門分類標準
    Authors: 洪佳琳
    Contributors: 楊光華
    洪佳琳
    Keywords: 服務貿易
    服務部門分類
    Trade in Service
    Service Sectoral classfication
    W/120
    CPC
    Date: 2003
    Issue Date: 2009-09-18 18:55:41 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: WTO爭端解決小組於二００四年三月底針對「美國控告安地瓜禁止線上賭博案」（WT/285）乙案提出保密的期中報告。蕞爾小國安地瓜巴布達擊敗美國獲得勝訴的判決。期中報告指出，美國對於安地瓜線上博奕服務業者所提供之跨境線上博奕服務，在「市場進入」及「國民待遇」未予開放，違反了其於「服務貿易貿易總協定」所為之承諾。
    此期中報告對於服務貿易有特殊之意義。不只因為本案為WTO爭端解決程序中第一個涉及網際網路的案子，本案更是第一個關於服務貿易分類之案例。本案爭點在於安地瓜之線上博奕業者是否得對美國境內之消費者提供線上博奕服務。
    安地瓜認為，根據「聯合國中央產品暫行分類標準」（CPC pro.）及「服務部門分類表」（W/120），美國在其承諾表10.D確承諾跨境線上博奕服務之開放，然美國之國內規章對境外所提供之線上博奕服務卻造成全面禁止之效果，故已違反其所為之承諾。然而美國則認為秘書處所提出之W/120文件並不具有法律拘束力，因此美國承諾表並不受CPC分類之限制。
    W/120文件在解釋承諾表時的法律地位究竟為何，為本案最重要的爭點，本論文將深入探討之。
    Late March in 2004, WTO panel released a confidential report of the WTO dispute” United States– Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting”（WT/285）.The finding is that the tiny nation of Antigua and Barbuda beat the United States that the United States violates its commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Service(GATS) by not providing market access and/or national treatment under GATS to on-line cross-border gambling service providers licensed by Antigua and Barbuda.
    The panel report has significant ramification for trade in service. The reason is that this panel decision is not only the first one on Internet-related dispute, but also the first one concerning the general service issues- service classification.
    Antigua asserted that United States has made a GATS commitment for gambling and betting service within Sector 10.D of U.S schedule corresponding Provisional United Nations Central Production Classification (CPC) and the Service Sectoral Classification List(MTN.GNS/W/120). At issue in this case is the provision of internet gambling service to customers in the United States from operators located in Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua and Barbuda argued that the domestic regulation of United States has made total prohibition on the supply of gambling and betting service from outside the United States. However, United States responded that the document W/120 provided by the GATT Secretariat is not legally binding so it’s schedule is not bound by the category of CPC. It means that the United States has no responsibility to allow on-line cress-border gambling service. This thesis has a deeply discussion on the legal status and value of W/120 in interpreting GATS schedules which is the most important issue in this case.
    Reference: 中文部分
    1、張新平，「世界貿易組織下的服務貿易」，月旦，一九九六年。
    2、羅昌發，「國際貿易法」，元照，二○○○年九月，頁499-632。
    英文部分
    1、CROOME, J, RESHAPING THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM- A HISTORY OF THE URUGUAY ROUND, WTO, 1995
    2、HOEKMAN, B. M. AND KOSTECKI, M. M., THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM- THE WTO AND BEYOND, Oxford, 2001
    3、MANUAL ON STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES, UN Doc. No.ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/86, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/manual.asp
    4、HAL S S AND PHILIP A. W, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, TRANSACTION, POLICY, AND REGULATION, Foundation Press (2003)
    5、RICHARD S., BEVERLEY E. AND FILIBERTO A., INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS LAW AND ITS ENVIRONMENT, International Thomason Publishing
    6、Nayyar Deepak, Some Reflections on the Uruguay Round and Trade in Services,
    Vol.22 Issue5 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE 35-47 (1988).
    7、Nicolaides Phedon, Economic Aspects of Services: Implications for a GATT
    Agreement, Vol.28 Issue5 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE125-136 (1994).
    8、Sauve Pierre, Assessing the General Agreement on Trade in Services—Half Full
    or Half-Empty? Vol.33 Issue4 JOURNAL OF WORLD TRADE125-145(1995).
    9、Thornberg , Christopher F. and Frances L. Edwards, Determinants of Service
    Trade Liberalization: A Study of the GATS Negotiation, available from
    http://www.worldservicescongress.com/papers.cfm.
    10、Bhagwati, B., Trade in Service and the Multilateral Trade Neotiation, Vol.1WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW (1987)
    11、Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada, Classification, the Measurement of Production and International Trade in Service and GATS
    12、Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaty, 23 May 1969, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331.
    13、General Agreement on Trade in Service.
    14、Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes
    15、WTO Doc. WT/DS285/1-5
    16、_________ WT/DS285,U.S. Request for Preliminary Rulings(Oct. 17, 2003)
    17、___________________ First Written Submission of the United States (Nov. 7, 2003)
    18、___________________ Opening Statement of the United States at the First Panel Meeting (Dec. 10, 2003)
    19、___________________ Closing Statement of the United States at the First Panel Meeting (Dec.1, 2003)
    20、___________________ Executive Summary of the U.S. Oral Statements at the First Panel Meeting (Dec.18, 2003)
    21、___________________U.S. Answers to the First Set of Panel Questions( Jan.9, 2004)
    22、___________________Second Written Submission of the United States ( Jan.9, 2004)
    23、__________________ Opening Statement of the United States at the Second Panel Meeting (Jan. 26, 2004)
    24、___________________Closing Statement of the United States at the Second Panel Meeting (Jan. 27, 2004)
    25、___________________U.S. Answers to the Second Set of Panel Questions (Feb. 2, 2004)
    26、___________________U.S. Comments on the Answers of Antigua and Barbuda to the Second Set of Panel Questions (Feb. 11, 2004)
    27、___________________ First Written Submission of Antigua and Barbuda(Oct. 1,2003)
    28、___________________Comments on the United States’s Request for Preliminary ruling by Antigua and Barbuda(Oct. 22, 2003)
    29、___________________Opening Statement at the First Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Dec. 10, 2003)
    30、___________________Closing Statement at the First Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Dec. 15, 2003)
    31、___________________Opening Statement at the Second Panel Meeting by Antigua and Barbuda (Jun. 26, 2004)
    32、U.S. To Appeal Ruling Against Internet Gambling Prohibition, INSIDE U.S. TRADE（Apr. 2, 2004）
    33、United State International Trade Commission, U.S Schedule of Commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Service-With explanatory materials prepared by the U.S. International Trade Commission.（May 1997）
    34、European Communities-Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc.WT/DS27/AB/R（Sep. 9, 1997）
    35、Canada - Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry , WTO Doc.WT/DS139/R（Feb. 11, 2000）
    36、European Communities-Customs Classification of Certain Computer Equipment, WTO Doc.WT/DS62/AB/R（Jun. 5, 1998）
    37、Developments in International Service Classification Systems and Implications For Negotiations Under the General Agreement on Service In Trade, WTO Doc. S/CSC/W/2（Sep. 13, 1996）
    38、Systemization of the Connections between CPC rev.1 and Provisional CPC, Annex, WTO Doc. S/CSC/W/16.（May. 12, 1998）
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    國際經營與貿易研究所
    91351039
    92
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0091351039
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of International Business] Theses

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