| Reference: | 李美枝、李怡青（2003）。我群與他群的分化：從生物層次到人的層次。本土心理學研究,20，3-38。
林宗鴻、劉兆明（1994）。組織中領導者內團體之形成。應用心理學報,3，121-139。
高泉豐（1994）。認知需求的概念與測量。中華心理學刊,36，1-20。
鄭伯壎（1995）。差序格局與華人組織行為。本土心理研究,3，142-219。
Adams-Webber, J.R.（2001）. Cognitive complexity and role relationships. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 14, 43-50.
Aiken , L.S., West, S.G., & Reno, R.R. （1990）. Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, Calif. : Sage.
Ajzen, I.（1985）. From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann（Eds）. Action-control: From cognition to behavior（pp. 11-39）. Heidelberg: Springer.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M.（1980）. Understanding attitude and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A.（1986）. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistic consideration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Bauer, T.N., & Green, S.G.（1996）. The development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1538-1567.
Becker, G. A., & Villanova, P.（1995）. Effects of rating procedure and temporal delay on the magnitude of contrast effects in performance ratings. The Journal of Psychology, 129, 157-166.
Wicker, A.W.（1969）. Attitude versus actions: The relationship of verbal and overt behavioral responses to attitude objects. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 41-78.
Wilder, D. A.（1981）. Perceiving person as a group: Categorization and intergroup relations. In D. L. Hamilton（Ed.）. Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavio（pp.213-258）. Hillsdale, N.J. Lawrence.
Wilder, D. A. & Thompson, J. E.（1988）. Assimilation and contrast effects in the judgements of groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 62-73.
Yukl, G.（2002）.Leadership in organizations（4th ed.）. N.J. : Prentice Hall.
Zanna, M. P., Olson, J. M., & Fazio, R. H.（1980）. Attitude-behavior consistency: An individual difference perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 432-440.
Zanna, M. P., & Rempel, J. K.（1988）. Attitudes: A new look at an old concept. In D. Bar-Tal and A. W. Kruglanski（Eds.）, The social psychology of knowledge（pp. 315-334）. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ben-Ari, R., Kedem, P., & Levy-Weiner, N.（1992）. Cognitive complexity and intergroup perception and evaluation. Personality and individual differences, 13, 1291-1298.
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. （ 1987）. Practical issues in structural modeling.
Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 78-117.
Bieri, J. （1955）. Cognitive complexity-simplicity and predictive behavior. Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, 51, 263-268.
Bieri, J., Atkins, A. L., Briar, S., Leaman, R. L., Miller, H., & Tripodi, T. （1966）. Clinical and social judgment: The discrimination of behavioral information. New York: Wiley.
Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K., & Theno, S.（1996）. Violating American values: A “value congruence ” approach to understanding outgroup attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 387-410.
Bourhis, R. Y., Sachdev, I., & Gagnon, A. （1994）. Intergroup research with the Tajfel matrices: Methodological notes. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson （Eds.）, The psychology of prejudice: The Outario symposium （pp. 209-232）. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Breckler, S.J.（1984）. Empirical validation of affect, behavior, and cognition as distinct components of attitude. Journal of personality and social psychology, 47, 1191-1250.
Breckler, S. J., & Wiggins, E. C.（1989）. Affect versus evaluation in the structure of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 253-271.
Brewer, M. B.（1979）. In-group bias in minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
Brewer, M. B.（1999）. The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-444.
Cacioppo, J.T., Petty, R.E., & Kao, C.F.（1984）. The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of personality assessment, 48, 306-307.
Cattell, R. B., & Cattell, H. E.（1995）. Personality structure and the new fifth edition of the 16PF. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 926-937.
Chen, F., Bollen, K. A., Paxton, P. , Curran, P., & Kirby, J. K.（2001）. Improper solutions in structural equation models: Causes, consequences, and strategies. Sociological Methods & Research, 29, 468-508.
Colquitt, J. A.（2001）. On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 386-400.
Coliquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y.（2001）. Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425-445.
Costa, P.T., Jr., & McCrae, R.R.（1992）. Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-Factor Inventory: Professional Manual. FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Crites, S. L., Fabrigar, L. R., & Petty, R. E.（1994）. Measuring the affective and cognitive properties of attitudes: Conceptual and methodological issues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 619-634.
Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J.（1997）. Progress in organizational justice: Tunneling through the maze. In C. L. Cooper, & I. T. Robertson（Eds.）. International review of industrial and organizational psychology（pp.317-372）. NY: Wiley.
Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J.（1975）. A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance,13,46-78.
Day, D.V., & Crain, E.C. (1992）. The role of affect and ability in initial exchange quality perception. Group and Organizational Management, 17, 380-397.
Delia, J. G.（1987）. Interpersonal cognition, message goals, and organization of communication: Recent constructivist research. In D. L. Kincaid（Ed.）, Communication theory: Eastern and western perspectives （pp. 255-273）. San Diego, CA: Academic press.
Deluga, R. J., & Perry, T.J.（1994）. The role of subordinate performance and ingratiation in leader-member exchange. Group and Organization Management, 19, 67-86.
Dockery, T.M., & Steiner, D.D.（1990）. The role of the initial interaction in leader-member exchange. Group an Organization Studies, 15, 395-413.
Doise, W., Dechamps, J. C., & Meyer, G.（1978）. The accentuation of intra-category similarities. In H. Tajfel（Ed.）. Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology intergroup relations （pp.159-168）. London: Academic Press.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., and Howard, A.（1997）. The nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 510-540.
Fazio, R. H.（1990）.Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE models as an integrative framework. In M.P. Zana（Ed.）, Advances in experimental social psychology（Vol.23, pp.75-109）。San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Fazio, R. H., & Towles-Schwen, T.（1999）. The MODE model of attitude-behavior processes. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope（Eds.）. Dual-process theories in social psychology. Lodon, NY: The Guilford Press.
Fleishman, E. A. & Harris, E. F. （1962）. Patters of leadership behavior related to employee grievances and turnover. Personnel Psychology, 15, 43-56.
Graen, G.（1976）. Role-making process within complex organizations. In M.D. Dunnette（Ed.）. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology（pp.1201-1245）. Chicago: Rand Mcnally.
Graen, G., & Cashman, J. F.（1975）. A role making model of leadership in formal organizations: A developmental approach. In J.G. Hunt and L.L. Larson（Eds.）, Leadership frontiers. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
Graen, G. B., Liden, R., & Hoel,, W.（1982）. Role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 868-872.
Graen, G. B., Novak, M., & Sommerkamp, P.（1982）. The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 109-131.
Graen, G. B., & Schiemann, W.（1978）. Leader-member agreement: A vertical dyad linkage approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 206-212.
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. （1995）. Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange（LMX） theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219-247.
Green, S.G., Anderson, S.E., & Shivers, S.L.（1996）. Demographic and organizational influences on leader-member exchange and related work attitudes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 66, 203-214.
Greenwald, A. G. （1989）. Why are attitudes important? In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald （Eds.）, Attitude structure and function （pp. 1-10）. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.
Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P.（1998）. On the use of open-ended measures to assess attitudinal components. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 129-149.
Halverson, C. F.（1970）. Interpersonal perception: Cognitive complexity and trait implication. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34, 86-90.
Hensley, V., & Duval, S.（1976）. Some perceptual determinants of perceived similarity, liking, and correctness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 159-168.
Hering, E.（1878）. Outlines of a theory of the light sense. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press.
Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H.（2002）. Intergroup bias. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 575-604.
Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. J.（2000）. Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of Management Review, 25, 121-140.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M.（1999）. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives, Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Jackson, D. N.（1984）. Personality Research From Manual. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.
Jamieson, D. W., & Zanna, M. P.（1989）. Need for structure in attitude formation and expression. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald （Eds.）. Attitude structure and function （pp.383-406）. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Postmes, T.（2004）. Intergroup distinctiveness and differentiation: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 862-879.
Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D.（1993）. LISREL 8 : structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language（2nd ed.）. N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kelly, G. A.（1955）. A theory of personality: The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton.
Kinicki, A.J., & Vecchio, R.P.（1994）. Influences on the quality of supervisor-subordinate relations: The role of time-pressure, organizational commitment, and locus of control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 75-82.
Kruglanski, A. W.（1989）. Lay epistemics and human knowledge : cognitive and motivational bases. N.Y. : Plenum Press.
Kruglanski, A. W., & Freud, T.（1983）. The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448-468.
Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R.T., & Wayne, S. J.（1997）. Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 15, 47-119.
Liden, R.C., Wyne, S.J., & Stilwell, D.（1993）. A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 662-674.
Lerner, M. J.（1980）. The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. NY: Plemu,.
Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R.（1998）. Intergroup relations: Insights from a theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105, 499-529.
Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & McCoy, S. K.（2002）. Antecedents and consequences of attributions to discrimination: Theoretical and empirical advances. In M. P. Zanna（Ed.）. Advances in experimental social psychology, 34（pp.251-330）.CA: Academic Press.
McClane, W.E.（1991）. The interaction of leader and member characteristics in the leader-member exchange（LMX）model of leadership. Small Group Research, 22, 283-300.
McGuire, W. J.（1989）. The structure of individual attitudes and attitude systems. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald（Eds.）, Attitude structure and function （pp. 37-69）. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Mirels, H., & Garrett, J. B.（1971）. The Protestant ethic as a personality variable. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 40-44.
Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C.（1992）. Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 102-122.
Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L.（1980）. Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
O’Keefe, D. J., & Brady, R. M.（1980）. Cognitive complexity and the effects of thought on attitude change. Social Behavior and Personality, 8, 49-56.
Operario, D., & Fiske, S. T.（2001）. Ethic identity moderates perceptions of prejudice: Judgments of personal versus group discrimination and subtle versus blatant. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 550-561.
Otten, S., and Wentura, D.（1999）. About the impact of automaticity in the minimal group paradigm: Evidence from the affective priming tasks. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1049-1071.
Paglis, L. L., & Green, S. G.（2002）. Both sides now: Supervisor and subordinate perspectives on relationship quality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 250-276.
Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., and Tyler, R. B. （1990）. Us and them: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 475-486.
Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R.（1995）. Subtle and blatant prejudice in western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57-76.
Philips, A.S., & Bedeian, A.C.（1994）.Leader-follower exchange quality: The role of personal and interpersonal attributes. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 990-1001.
Rholes, W. S., & Bailey, S.（1983）. The effects of level of moral reasoning on consistency between moral attitudes and related behaviors. Social Cognition, 2, 32-48.
Rowe, P. M.（1967）. Order effects in assessment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology. 51. 170-173.
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., & Fazio, R. H.（1990）. The role of attitudes in memory-based decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 614-622.
Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., & Kappen, D. M.（2003）. Attitudes toward group-based inequality: Social dominance or social identity? British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 161-186.
Schuette, R. A., & Fazio, R. H.（1995）. Attitude accessibility and motivation as determinants of biased processing: A test of MODE model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 704-710.
Schriesheim, C. A., Castro, S. L, & Cogliser, C. C.（1999）. Leader-member exchange（LMX） research: A comprehensive review of theory, measurement, and data-analytic practices. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 63-113.
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F.（1999）. Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Michael, M.（1994）. In-group identification, social dominance orientation, and differential intergroup social allocation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 151-167.
Sigall, H., & Johnson, M. B.（1998）. The relationship between political preference and judgments of President Cliton’s integrity depends on cognitive complexity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1465-1476.
Simpson, D. D., & Ostrom, M.（1976）. Contrast effects in impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 625-629.
Spengler, P. M., & Strohmer, D. C.（1994）. Clinical judgmental biases: The moderating roles of counselor cognitive complexity and counselor client preferences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 8-17.
Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E.（1991）. Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380.
Tajfel, H.（1970）. Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102.
Tajfel, H.（1982）. Social psychology of intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 1-30.
Tajfel, H., Billig, K., Bundy, R., & Flament, C.（1971）. Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1, 149-175.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C.（1979）. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel（Eds.）, The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Turner, J. C.（1987）. A self-categorization theory. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher, & M. S. Wetherell（Eds.）, Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory（pp. 42-67）. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell.
Wayne, S.J., & Ferris, G.R.（1990）. Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 487-499.
Wayne, S. J., Shore, L. M., & Lidden, R. C.（1997）. Perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange: A social exchange perspective. Academy of management Journal, 40, 82-111.
Wexley, K. N., Yukl, G. A., Kovacs, S. Z., & Sanders, R. E.（1972）. Importance of contrast effects in employment interviews. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56, 5-48. |
