政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/36128

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/36128

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題名:	當代基督教的人權觀 Contemporary Christian Perspective on Human Rights
作者:	黃聖堯 Sheng-yao Huang
貢獻者:	江炳倫 Jiang, Pin Lun 黃聖堯 Sheng-yao Huang
關鍵詞:	權利上帝形象基督教自然法義務人類尊嚴普遍性 right imago Dei Christianity natural law duty;obligation human dignity universalism
日期:	2000
上傳時間:	2009-09-18 17:10:39 (UTC+8)
摘要:	當代基督教的人權觀人權是當代人類地球村最為關切的議題之一，由於有關人權概念及其真義的徹底探討，早晚必會處理到人生與人類終極意義與價值等問題，因此引發宗教神學的討論，必然勢所難免。本論文試圖從基督教的面向來探究人權的立論基礎、人權的體系內容，及其對當前人權爭議的因應。在人權的立論基礎部分，本論文認為，由於人類所致力規畫、促進及保護的人權，難免因參與者自身的侷限與偏見，而蒙受損害，甚至會使人權運動被認為只不過是權力鬥爭或意識形態戰爭的方便口號，各是其是。因此，將人權分析侷限在單純的社會內在的非超越性考量，似乎有所不足，進而指出「超越性」基礎的必要性。而當代基督教人權觀的立論基礎則以聖經神學、人類的上帝形象、自然法及整全的人類觀為論述重點。在人權的體系與內容特色方面，則指出：人權內涵的歷史，反應了發展的認知，並顯示某種價值在不同的時代特別需要鼓勵和保護。而人權的完整，可視為如同福音之不可分割体。若有衝突時，優先原則必須用來恢復那些被忽視或壓制的人權上，並強調「窮人、被宰制者、邊際團體」等弱勢族群的人權優先於「富人、有權勢者」的人權。此外，也指明一切人權均連帶著特殊義務，權利與義務不可分割，權利未縱容特權之發生，義務亦不允許無知的要求。因此，個人與群體之間、個別群體與全人類之間、這代與來代之間、全人類與大自然之間，均有其相互的權利義務關連。而在因應當代人權爭議方面，則嘗試發展出一套介於西方與非西方之間的「人類觀」來解決其衝突。基督教的「人類觀」認為人既是自由的超越歷史與文化的抽象物（abstract），但也是生存於其歷史及文化環境之中（cultural），因此，從「抽象─普世」與「歷史─文化」這兩者兼具的角度來定義人及人權，可以為「人權普遍性原則與文化相對主義」之間的衝突找到交會共通的出路；再者，基督教的「人類觀」同時認為，人既有善性仁慈（benevolent），也有墮落罪惡（sinful），由人所建構的國家政府在行使公權力時同樣具有這種雙面性，據此，一方面冀望以道德法律作為國際規範，而另一方面則認知權力和自保才是國家行為最根本的決定因素，從而為「普遍性人權與國家的主權」之間的爭議，尋覓一條中庸的出路。當代基督教的人權觀目錄第一章緒論……………………………………………………………………1 第一節研究動機及目的………………………………………………………1 第二節概念界定與說明………………………………………………………3 第三節研究途徑與研究架構…………………………………………………5 第四節相關文獻評析…………………………………………………………7 第二章基督教人權觀的立論基礎………………………………………11 第一節人權的「超越性」基礎……………………………………………11 一、「超越性」之基礎的必要性…………………………………………11 二、質疑論者的觀點………………………………………………………15 三、對質疑論者的答辯……………………………………………………19 第二節人權之聖經立論依據………………………………………………23 一、聖經與人權……………………………………………………………23 二、聖經可靠性之探討……………………………………………………33 三、上帝形象作為人權之基礎……………………………………………40 第三節自然法作為人權立論依據…………………………………………45 一、自然法與上帝的形象…………………………………………………45 二、肯定自然法作為人權根基……………………………………………48 三、自然法作為人權基礎的斟酌…………………………………………52 第三章基督教人權觀的體系……………………………………………58 第一節完整不可分割之人權觀…………………………………………58 一、三階段之人權觀………………………………………………………58 二、人權如福音之不可分割………………………………………………65 第二節人權與其優先順序………………………………………………74 一、基督教人權觀之優先順序……………………………………………74 二、人權優先順序之辨與調和……………………………………………81 第三節權利與其相對之義務……………………………………………86 一、個人與群體之權利義務的辨明………………………………………86 二、來代的權利與這代的義務……………………………………………91 三、自然的權利與人類的義務……………………………………………98 第四章當代人權爭議與基督教人權觀…………………………………109 第一節人權普遍性原則與文化相對主義…………………………………110 一、爭議雙方的論點………………………………………………………110 二、基督教的觀點…………………………………………………………114 第二節普遍性人權與國家的主權…………………………………………121 一、爭議的緣起與論點……………………………………………………121 二、基督教的觀點…………………………………………………………124 第五章結論…………………………………………………………………136 第一節人權的立論基礎……………………………………………………136 第二節人權的體系與內容…………………………………………………140 第三節「解決當代人權爭議」芻議………………………………………143 第四節綜合結語與省思……………………………………………………146 【參考書目】………………………………………………………………151
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