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Title:	米蘭‧昆德拉對抒情態度的分析：《生活在他方》 Milan Kundera`s analysis of the Lyric attitude: life is elsewhere
Authors:	廖高成 Liao, Kao-Chen
Contributors:	阮若缺 Juan, Rachel 廖高成 Liao, Kao-Chen
Date:	2002
Issue Date:	2009-09-18 16:40:20 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	米蘭．昆德拉認為《生活在他方》是對於抒情態度(the lyric attitude)的分析。本論文的研究目的是釐清昆德拉的分析對象、方法與結果。「抒情態度」是昆德拉獨創的詞彙，意指在感情主義和自我中心的引導下，人類對於完美情境的想望。抒情態度是「每一個人潛在的態勢」。為了分析這個概念，昆德拉以小說為媒介，將他對抒情態度的想法與發現寄託於具體的情節和人物之上。昆德拉藉此在個人身上探索普遍性的概念，以具體的藝術形式說明抽象的思想。由於昆德拉的「抒情態度」有其獨特性，本文分析的策略訴諸於昆德拉本人的小說與評論。於此筆者發現，抒情態度在昆德拉的著作中展露出不同的面向。為求更徹底的掌握抒情態度的意涵，筆者參考的文獻包含有關抒情態度的昆德拉主要作品。本文的第一章將說明昆德拉對於現代世界及小說藝術的觀點。當現代世界的複雜性使人們遺忘他們的具體存在，小說的反抒情態度探索了世界的複雜，提醒讀者他們存在上的抒情面。為闡明抒情態度的意義，筆者在第二章回歸昆德拉的生命史及其關於抒情態度的言論。他認為抒情態度來自自我中心與感情主義，是一種想要與完美相融合的慾望。由於親身經歷捷克的共產革命，昆德拉發現抒情態度的危險。第三章討論《生活在他方》所做的抒情態度分析。在不同角色的存在編碼(existential code)中，抒情態度表現為個人主觀認知與外在現實的距離。在第四章中，筆者藉由昆德拉的小說技巧討論其分析方法。一如米海爾．巴赫汀所相信的小說特徵，《生活在他方》在內容上是「對話的」(dialogic)與「複調的」(polyphome)。藉由第三人敘事者所主導的敘事模式，《生活在他方》得以將焦點放在對抒情態度的探討。為避免這種敘事方式陷於作者一廂情願的抒情態度，小說家以不同的複調技巧(polyphonic cdevice)來幫助讀者由不同的角度理解抒情態度。在第五章筆者結論到，《生活在他方》的主要貢獻在於把抒情態度與詩人相連結。即使這種連結並不總是恰當，但昆德拉在小說中所發現詩人抒情態度的可能性，仍然對詩歌的神聖價值發揮了去神秘化(demystify)的功效。經由一個詩人的故事，《生活在他方》提醒讀者潛在於他們內裡的抒情態度。 Milan Kundera once called Life Is Elsewhere an analysis of "the lyric attitude," and this thesis aims to clarify his analytical object, methods, and results. According to Kundera`s own term, the lyric attitude refers to a basic human urge for a perfect state, which is based upon emotionalism and egocentrism. It is "a potential stance of every human being." To analyze this idea, Kundera takes a novel as his medium, and bases his thoughts and finding of the lyric attitude on the concrete plots and characters. By the imagined characters and plots, Kundera finds a way to explore the general idea through individuals. The analysis of an abstract idea is illustrated in a concrete, artistic form. In view of the uniqueness of Kundera`s own term "the lyric attitude," the analytical strategy in this thesis appeals to Kundera`s theoretical and literary works. Thoroughly examining the novelist`s works, I find the idea of the lyric attitude shows different dimensions. To grasp Kundera`s idea of the lyric attitude more extensively, I intend to consider Life Is Elsewhere and the other novels from Kundera and base my analysis upon his theoretical works. Chapter One illustrates Kundera`s idea of the modern world and his art of the novel. As the complexity of the modem world leads to people`s forgetting of their concrete existence, the novel`s antilyrical stance explores the complexity of the world, reminding the readers of their existence, especially their lyric attitude. To clarify the idea of the lyric attitude. Chapter Two traces Kundera`s personal history and his relative remarks in different works. The terror of Czech communist revolution taught Kundera the danger of the lyric attitude, which resulted from people`s urge to merge with the perfection. It is dangerous because people, urged by their egocentrism and emotionalism, would oppress the dissidents to pursue the perfect future proclaimed by the communists. In Chapter Three Kundera`s idea of the lyric attitude would be examined in the analysis of Life Is Elsewhere. With the "existential codes" of different characters, Kundera substantiates the lyric attitude in human lives as a distance between one`s subjective cognition and the objective reality. In Chapter Four Kundera`s analytical method would be discussed through his novelistic skills. According to Mikhail Bakhtin`s theory of the novel. Life Is Elsewhere is "dialogic" and "polyphonic" in its content. Through a dominant third-person narrator, this novel focuses on the exploration of the lyric attitude. To prevent such narratology from falling into the author`s subjective lyric attitude, the novelist enriches his work by different polyphonic devices, which help the readers consider the lyric attitude from different angles. In Chapter Five I conclude that Kundera`s contribution in Life Is Elsewhere is its relation of the lyric attitude to the poet. Although this linkage is not always valid, the novel still demystifies the sacred value of the poetry by its possible intimacy with the lyric attitude. It reminds its readers of their lyric attitude through a poet`s story.
Description:	碩士國立政治大學英國語文學研究所 91
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G91NCCU0602012
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[Department of English] Theses

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