English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113648/144635 (79%)
Visitors : 51573869      Online Users : 949
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/35684


    Title: 歐美社會企業發展及其在台灣應用之研究
    Authors: 鄭勝分
    Cheng, Sheng-fen
    Contributors: 江明修
    Chiang,Min-Hsiu
    鄭勝分
    Cheng, Sheng-fen
    Keywords: 社會企業
    第三部門
    非營利組織
    社會經濟
    Social Enterprises
    Third Sector
    Nonprofit Organization
    Social Economy
    Date: 2004
    Issue Date: 2009-09-18 15:42:50 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本研究選擇公共行政研究的新興議題,即歐美非營利組織發展新趨勢-「社會企業」(social enterprises)作為研究主題。
    第一章緒論,首先闡述受到志願失靈的影響,促使社會企業的興起,然而,此種歐美非營利組織發展的新趨勢,則遭受到許多質疑與挑戰,包含:認同困境、認知困境、合法性困境,及實踐困境。首先,社會企業在型態上呈現兩種發展趨勢,既包含非營利組織師法企業,也包含企業師法非營利組織,應該採取何種趨勢,亦或兼採兩種趨勢,目前似乎尚無定論,這也造成社會企業研究的「認同困境」;其次,歐美各國社會企業的組織類型與法律地位差異性甚大,故研究議題遲未定調,造成社會企業內涵相當模糊,缺乏一致性概念,而造成社會企業研究的「認知困境」;第三,社會企業雖然可以挹注非營利組織財源,或解決高失業等社會問題,但社會企業所採取的商業行為,依然潛藏許多風險,而遭受到「合法性困境」的挑戰;第四,台灣社會企業發展尚屬萌芽階段,未來是否一定要師法此一趨勢,目前似乎仍有疑慮,而造成「實踐困境」。這四項困境,前三者受到學術研究領域的關注,而第四者則較受實務界的關心,而這四項困境,也促發本論文之研究動機。緣此,本研究之目的在於從歐美各國發展經驗,析探台灣社會企業的發展現況,並據以建構適合台灣社會企業的類型與研究建議。
    第二章文獻探討與分析架構,就學術界或實務界而言,「社會企業」一詞仍處於發展階段,故對其內涵尚未達成一致性的共識,類似的名詞屢見,而造成研究上的混淆,然對於新興議題的研究,文獻探討必須聚焦於核心概念,方得以觀其全貌,避免失焦。基此,本研究首先檢閱國內外以社會企業(social enterprise)為研究主題的代表性文獻;其次,則依據問題意識,檢視相關文獻的重要著作及研究焦點,最後,則檢視相關文獻的解釋力,並據以建構本研究之分析架構。
    對於歐美社會企業的發展,目前分析架構並無法充分解釋,且鑑於社會企業係屬非營利組織研究的新興課題,在缺乏堅實理論支持下,實難採取假設演繹法加以驗證,爰針對歐美社會企業所面臨的認同困境、認知困境,及合法性困境,依據文獻歸納出三大困境的共同特質,並據以建構分析架構,將最契合歐美社會企業發展的現況。緣此,本研究即採取歸納法方式,依據問題意識梳釐歐美社會企業的共同特質,據以建構社會企業的分析架構。
    社會企業的認同困境關注重點在於,歐美社會企業為何浮現?認知困境關注重點在於,歐美社會企業的組織特質為何?合法性困境關注重點在於,歐美社會企業有何貢獻與限制?而從Hansmann論點可以發現,認同困境與合法性困境,相當契合非營利組織角色理論的內涵,而認知困境則相當契合非營利組織行為理論的內涵。故本研究援引Hansmann的論點,並依據歐美社會企業三大困境的實際內涵,將探討歐美社會企業興起的認同困境,其分析架構面向定義為「環境」,而將研究歐美社會企業組織特質的認知困境其分析架構面向定義為「結構」,最後,則是將探討歐美社會企業有何貢獻與限制的合法性困境,其分析架構面向定義為「功能」,在此三個面向基礎下,依據「金字塔」概念建構本研究分析架構,以全面檢視歐美社會企業的發展現況,並驗證社會企業在台灣應用之可行性。
    第三章歐洲社會企業之發展,主要依據分析架構,從環境、結構,及功能三個面向加以分析。環境面向分析重點在於探討歐洲社會企業興起的背景及其解釋理論;結構面向分析重點在於歐洲各國社會企業的現況、比較各國發展的差異,並說明歐洲社會企業的組織特徵;功能面向分析重點在於歐洲社會企業所採取的發展策略及新趨勢,並析探這些策略所產生的貢獻與限制。
    第四章美國社會企業之發展,則同樣依據分析架構,從環境、結構,及功能三個面向加以分析。環境面向分析重點在於探討美國社會企業興起的背景及其解釋理論;結構面向分析重點在於美國社會企業的現況,並說明其組織特徵;功能面向分析重點在於美國社會企業所採取的發展策略及新趨勢,並析探這些策略所產生的貢獻與限制。
    第五章台灣社會企業之探究,本章首先提出研究設計,包含深度訪談法的過程與樣本選取,並據以提出本研究之編碼類別表;其次分別從從環境、結構,及功能三個面向,逐一檢索深度訪談法所選取四個樣本的發展經驗,並論述這些經驗與歐美社會企業發展的契合程度。
    由於本論文係屬探索性研究,故採取質化研究方法較為適當,是以,本研究採取深度訪談法,據以析探台灣社會企業的發展現況。質化研究樣本選取重點在於其代表性,而非數量多寡,故在樣本數方面,主要採取「立意取樣法」,選取具代表性個案作為訪談對象;至於樣本選取主要依據三個指標,包含:個案的知名度,是否有顯著的商業活動,及必須契合本研究之問題意識,並依此選取喜憨兒基金會、伊甸基金會、陽光基金會,及彭婉如基金會作為訪談樣本。
    在資料分析方面,本研究採取質的編碼方式及比較分析法,針對四個訪談個案的訪談資料,分別進行反覆及深入的分析,從環境、結構、及功能三個面向,析探台灣社會企業的發展現況與應用性。
    第六章結論與建議,本章首先比較歐美社會企業的發展經驗,以資台灣社會企業類型建構之依據,而從歐美社會企業發展經驗可以發現,對於社會企業所面臨之「認同困境」、「認知困境」,及「合法性困境」,至今仍舊缺乏完整性的分析架構,故本研究依據歐美社會企業三大發展困境,從環境、結構,及功能三個面向,建構分析歐美社會企業的分析架構,試圖釐清歐美社會企業的內涵。而對於社會企業在台灣應用所面臨的「實踐困境」,則可在此分析架構下,透過歐美發展經驗的比較,檢視社會企業在台灣應用的可行性。依據深度訪談資料顯示,本研究所選取以基金會為主體的社會企業,相當契合歐美社會企業的發展軌跡,且成效相當顯著。緣此,本研究擬依據深度訪談資料,提出台灣社會企業發展的學術與實務建議,學術建議部分在於透過深度訪談個案,建構契合台灣社會企業發展的類型,以資後續研究參考;實務建議部分則關注社會企業在台灣應用所可以面臨的風險提出建議,除引為殷鑑外,亦可達知識管理之效。在學術研究方面,本研究依據訪談資料,分別將之命名為「責任中心型」、「許可協議型」、「就業中心型」,及「政策倡議型」,並據以建構適合台灣社會企業的類型;其次,從非營利組織本身、政府協力關係,及企業協力關係三個角度,提出實務建議。對於非營利組織本身可能造成使命漂移、公益形象,與管理層面等三方面的風險,分別提出「案主權益優先原則」、「建構第三部門的社會資本」,及「應用組織發展技術」等三項建議;對於政府協力關係可能會產生自主性與政策倡議兩方面的風險,分別提出「自律為主,他律為輔」及「利益迴避原則」二項建議;對於企業協力關係可能會出現文化與價值衝突與不公平競爭兩方面的風險,分別提出「強化募款能力」及「建立聯盟」二項建議。
    Reference: 一、中文部分
    王溢嘉(1992),賽琪小姐體內的魔鬼-科學的人文思考,台北縣:野鵝出版社。
    丘昌泰(2000),公共管理-理論與實務手冊,台北:元照出版。
    江明修 主編(1999),第三部門:經營策略與社會參與,台北:智勝文化。
    江明修 主編(2002),非營利管理,台北:智勝文化。
    江明修 主編(2003),志工管理,台北:智勝文化。
    江明修 審訂(2003),非營利產業,Burton A. Weisbrod原著,台北:智勝文化。
    江明修 審訂(2004A),企業型非營利組織,J. Gregory Dees , Jed Emerson & Peter Economy原著,台北:智勝文化。
    江明修 審訂(2004B),非營利創新管理,Alvin H. Reiss原著,台北:智勝文化。
    江明修 審訂(2004C),非營利標竿管理,Peter C. Brinckerhoff原著,台北:智勝文化。
    江明修、梅高文(2003),「自律乎?他律乎?財團法人監督機制之省思」,中國行政評論,第12卷第2期,頁137-160。
    江明修、陳欽春(2004),充實社會資本之研究,台北市:行政院經濟建設委員會。
    江明修、曾冠球(2002),「非營利管理之理論基礎」,收錄於江明修主編,非營利管理,台北:智勝文化,頁1-17。
    江明修、鄭勝分(2003),「全球治理與非營利組織」,中國行政,第73期,頁71-96。
    江明修、鄭勝分(2004),「從政府與第三部門互動內涵的觀點析探台灣社會資本之內涵及其發展策略」,理論與政策,第17卷,第3期,頁37-57。
    吳定、鄭勝分、李盈盈(2005),組織發展應用技術,台北:智勝文化。
    金玉琦(2003),非營利組織資源開發新途徑-公益創投與社會企業之可行性研究,南華大學非營利事業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版。
    林淑馨(2001),「日本第三部門的研究:概念、現況及問題的分析」,中國行政,第70期,頁1-16。
    林碧炤(2001),「全球治理與國際安全」,國際關係學報(政治大學),第16期,頁157-171。
    李宗勳(2002),「社會資本與社區安全之初探」,中國行政評論,第11卷,第3期,頁1-44。
    官有垣(2000),「民間社會福利契約的董事會在購買服務契約的影響力之探討」,收錄於官有垣主編,非營利組織與社會福利:台灣本土的個案分析,台北:亞太圖書,頁200-230。
    官有垣(2001),「第三部門與公民社會的建構:部門互動的理論探討」,台大社工學刊,第4期,頁163-201。
    官有垣、王仕圖(2000),「非營利組織的相關理論」,收錄於蕭新煌主編,非營利部門:組織與運作,台北:巨流出版,頁43-74。
    官有垣、陸宛蘋(2004),「政府暨準政府機構創設的非政府組織之治理分析:以台灣的農業財團法人為例」,第三部門學刊,第1期,頁127-168。
    洪久雅(2003),我國非營利組織產業化之研究,國立政治大學公共行政學系碩士論文,未出版。
    洪久雅(2004),「產業化對非營利組織之影響:以我國社福類基金為例」,研考雙月刊,第28卷,第2期,頁88-99。
    孫本初 審訂(2000),政府未來的治理模式,B. Guy Peters原著,台北:智勝文化。
    孫煒(2004),「非營利管理的責任問題」,政治科學論叢,第20期,頁141-166。
    許世雨(1999),「非營利組織與公共行政」,收錄於江明修主編,第三部門:經營策略與社會參與,台北:智勝文化,頁155-189。
    許俊傑(2004),非營利組織產業化-社會企業機制綜合架構規劃之研究,南華大學非營利事業管理研究所碩士論文,未出版。
    許瑞妤、鍾佳怡、雷宇翔、李依璇 譯(2004),非營利組織行銷:以使命為導向,Peter C. Brinckerhoff原著,台北:揚智文化。
    徐聯恩 譯(1989),「向非營利組織學管理」,Peter F. Drucker原著,世界經理文摘,第40期,頁6-19。
    秦修明、湯新楣、李宜培 譯(2000),民主在美國,Alexis de Tocqueville原著,台北:貓頭鷹出版。
    陳金貴(2002),「非營利組織社會企業化經營探討」,新世紀智庫論壇,第19期,頁39-51。
    陳欽春(2004),民主治理與社會資本:台灣地區公民信任實證研究,國立台北大學公共行政暨政策學系博士論文,未出版。
    陳俊良(2002),「非營利組織的產業化-伊甸經驗分享」,伊甸基金會,未發表。
    陳俊宏(2000),「人權保障與全球治理:聯合國與非政府組織的角色」,思與言,第38卷,第4期,頁1-40。
    陳恆鈞(2002),治理互賴與政策執行,台北:商鼎文化。
    張美惠 譯(2000),跨越斷層:人性與社會秩序重建,F. Fukuyama 原著,台北:時報。
    馮燕(2000),「導論:非營利組織之定義、功能與發展」,收錄於蕭新煌主編,非營利部門:組織與運作,台北:巨流圖書,頁1-42。
    馮燕(2004),「台灣非營利組織公益自律機制之建立」,第三部門學刊,第1期,頁97-125。
    曾梓峰(2001),「社會經濟概念與第三部門的關係-歐盟經驗」,社會經濟與第三部門之關係-永續與合作座談會手冊,行政院青年輔導委員會、行政院勞工委員會、歐洲聯盟研究社團主辦。
    曾敏傑(2003),永續就業工程計畫執行成效評估計畫,行政院勞工委員會職業訓練局委託研究計畫,未出版。
    喜瑪拉雅研究發展基金會(2002),台灣300家主要基金會名錄,台北:喜瑪拉雅研究發展基金會。
    張亞中(2001),「全球治理:主體與權力的解析」,問題與研究,第40卷,第4期,頁1-24。
    張茂芸 譯(2000),非營利組織,R. E. Herzlmger原著,台北:天下遠見出版公司。
    張譽騰、桂雅文、李港生、戚偉恆、鄭純宜、高映梅、鄭惠玲、周怡君、黃于俊、陳麗如等譯(2001),世紀曙光-非營利事業管理,Dr. James P. Gelatt原著,台北:五觀藝術管理有限公司。
    傅篤誠(2002),非營利事業管理-議題導向與管理策略,台北縣:新文京開發。
    劉坤億(2002),「全球治理趨勢下的國家定位與城市發展:治理網絡的解構與重組」,行政暨政策學報,第34期,頁57-83。
    劉寶娟(2003),非營利組織產業化之研究-以社會福利組織為例,暨南國際大學社會政策與社會工作學系碩士論文,未出版。
    顧忠華(2000),「二十一世紀非營利與非政府組織的全球化」,新世紀智庫論壇,第11期,頁17-24。
    顧忠華(2001),「社會信任、社會資本與非營利組織」,發表於非營利組織管理與發展系列研討會,國家展望文教基金會等主辦。
    蕭盈潔(2002),非營利組織事業化-以社會福利機構為例,國立台北大學社會工作學系碩士論文,未出版。
    二、英文部分
    Abratt, Russell, Brian C. Clayton & Oeyland F. Pitt(1987), “Corporate Objectives in Sports Sponsorship, ”International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp.299-311.
    Adler, P. S. (2001), “Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism,” Organization Science, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 215-234.
    Akerlof, G. A.(1982), “Labour Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange,”Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 97, No. 4, pp.543-569.
    Alexander, Jennifer(1999), “The Impact of Devolution on Nonprofits: A Multiphase Study of Social Service Organizations,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol.10, No.1, pp.57-70.
    Alexander, Jennifer , Renee Nank & Camilla Stivers(1999), “Implications of Welfare Reform: Do Nonprofit Survival Strategies Threaten Civil Society?” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 452-475.
    Andreasen, Alan(1996), “Profits for Nonprofits-Find a Corporate Partner, ”Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec, pp.47-59.
    Anheier, Helmut K.(2003), “Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector: Comparative Perspectives on Structure and change,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.247-275.
    Anheier, Helmut K.(2005), Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy, London & New York: Routledge.
    Anheier, Helmun K.& Avner Ben-Ner(eds.)(2003), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers.
    Austin, J.(2000), “Strategic Collaboration Between Nonprofits and Business,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.69-97.
    Auteri, Monica(2003), “The Entrepreneurial Establishment of a Nonprofit Organization,” Public Organization Review: A Global Journal, No. 3, pp. 171-189.
    Bacchiega, Alberto & Carlo Borzaga (2001), “Social Enterprises as Incentive Structure: An Economic Analysis,” in Carol Borzaga & Jacques Defourny(eds.), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London & New York: Routledge, pp.273-295.
    Bacchiega, Alberto & Carlo Borzaga (2003), “The Economics of the Third Sector: Toward a More Comprehensive Approach,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.27-48.
    Badelt, Christoph(1998), “Entrepreneurship in Nonprofit Organizations: Its Role in Theory and in the Real World Nonprofit Sector,: in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.)(2003), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.139-159.
    Bendell, Jem & David Murphy(1997), “Strange Bedfellows: Business and Environmental Groups,” Business and Society Review, Issue 98, pp.40-44.
    Ben-Ner, Avner(1986), “Non-profit Organizations: Why do they Exist in market Economics?” in Rose-Ackerman(ed.), The Economics of Non-profit Institutions, New York: Oxford University Press, pp.94-113.
    Ben-Ner, Avner & Benedetto Gui(1993), The Nonprofit Sector in the Mixed Economy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
    Ben-Ner, Avner & Benedetto Gui(2003), “The Theory of Nonprofit Organizations Revisted,: in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.3-26.
    Berlinger, Lisa R.(1997), “Assessing the Effectiveness of Cross-Sector Programs in an Age of Development: A Call for Cross-Discipline Research and Action, ”Proceeding of 1997 Annual Conference of the Association for research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action.
    Berger, Peter L. & Richard J. Neuhaus(1977), To Empower people: The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy, Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
    Berry, Jeffrey M. & David F. Arons(2003), A Voice for Nonprofits. Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press.
    Billimoria, Jeroo(2003), “Social Entrepreneur,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Vol.1, No.3, pp.15-17.
    Bitter, B. J. & K. R. George(1976), “The Exemption of Nonprofit Organizations from Federal Income Taxation,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 299-358.
    Blair, A.(1997), “Welfare to Work,” First Policy Speech as Prime Minister, London June.
    Borzaga, Carol & Alceste Santuari( 2003), “New Trends in the Non-profit in Europe: The Emergence of Social Entrepreneurship,” in OECD(ed.), The Non-profit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD, pp.31-59.
    Borzaga, Carol & Jacques Defourny( 2001), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London & New York: Routledge.
    Borzaga, Carol & Jacques Defourny( 2001), “Conclusions: Social enterprises in Europe: a diversity of initatives and propospects,” in Carol Borzaga & Jacques Defourny(eds.), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London & New York: Routledge, pp.350-369.
    Borzaga, Carol & Luca Solari( 2001), “Management challenges for social enterprises,” in Carol Borzaga & Jacques Defourny(eds.), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London & New York: Routledge, pp.333-349.
    Boschee, Jerr(2001A), “Eight Basic Principles for Nonprofit Entrepreneurs,” Nonprofit World, Vol.19, No.4, pp.15-18.
    Boschee, Jerr(2001B), The Social Enterprise Sourcebook: Profiles of Social Purpose Business Operated by Nonprofit Organizations, Minnesota: Northland Institute.
    Bourdieu, P.(1986), “The Form of Capital,” in J. G. Richardson(ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, New York: Greenwood.
    Brainard, Lori A. & Patricia D. Siplon(2004), “Toward Nonprofit Organization reform in the Voluntary Spirit: Lessons from the Internet ,”Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 435-457.
    Brehm, John & Wendy Rahn(1997) “Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital,” American Journal of Political Science, Vol41, No.3, pp.999-1023.
    Brewer, Gene A. (2003), “Building Social Capital: Civic Attitude and Behavior of Public Servants,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Vol.13, No.1, pp.5-26.
    Brinckerhoff, Peter C.(2000), Social Entrepreneurship: The Art of Mission-Based Venture Development, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Brock, Kathy L.(2003), Delicate Dances: Public Policy and the Nonprofit Sector, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
    Brock, Kathy L. & Keith G. Banting(2001), The Nonprofit Sector and Government in a New Century, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
    Brody, Evelyn(2003), “Are Nonprofit Organizations Different?” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.239-244.
    Brown, Howard H. & Donald L. Ruhl(2003), Breakthrough Management for Non-for-Profit Organizations: Beyond Survival in the 21st Century, Westport: Praeger.
    Brown, Laura & Elizabeth Troutt(2004), “Funding Relations Between Nonprofits and Government: A Positive Example,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 5-27.
    Bryant , Lynwood(1992), “Engineering as a Social Enterprise,” Technology and Culture, Vol. 33, Iss. 4, pp.846-848.
    Burt, R. S. (1992), Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
    Burt, R. S. (1997), ”The Contingent Value of Social Capital,” Administrative, Science Quarterly, Vol. 42, pp. 339-365.
    Burton, Thomas M.(1996), “Heart Transplant Team is Torn by Allegations of Unwise Procedures,” Wall Street Journal, Dec. 12, pp. A1, A6.
    Chesters, Graemw(2004), “Global Complexity and Global Civil Society,” Voluntas, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 323-342.
    CIRIEC(2000), The Enterprise and Organizations of the Third System: A Strategic Challenge for Employment, Liege: University of Liege.
    Ciulla, Joanne B. (2002), “The Ethical Challenges of Nonprofit Leaders,” in Ronald E Riggio & Sarah Smith Orr(eds.), Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations, Jossey-Bass, pp.63-75.
    Crimmins, James C. & Mary Keil(1983), Enterprise in the Nonprofit Sector, Washington D. C.: Partners for Livable Places.
    Coleman, J. S. (1988),”Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94 (supplement), pp. 95-120.
    Coleman, J. S.(1990), Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Cornforth, Chris(ed.)(2003), The Governance of Public and Non-Profit Organizations: What do Boards do? London & New York: Routledge.
    Cornwell, T. Bettina & Isabelle Maignan(1998), “An International Review of Sponsorship Research,” Journal of Advertising, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp.1-22.
    Dart, Raymond(2004A), “The Legitimacy of Social Enterprise,” Nonprofit Management & leadership, Vol.14, No.4, pp.411-424.
    Dart, Raymond(2004B), “Being Business-Like in a Nonprofit organization: A Grounded and Inductive Typology,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Quarterly, Vol. 33. No. 2, pp.290-310.
    Dees, J. Gregory(1996), The Social Enterprise Spectrum: Philanthropy to Commerce, Case No. 9-396-343, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
    Dees, J. Gregory(1998) “Enterprising Nonprofits,”Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb. pp.55-67.
    Dees, J. Gregory(1999), “Enterprising Nonprofits,” in Harvard Business Review on Nonprofits, Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, pp. 135-166.
    Dees, J. Gregory & Elaine Backman(1994), Social Enterprise: Private Intiatives for the Common Good, Harvard Business School Note 9-395-116, Boston: Harvard Business School Case Services.
    Dees, J. Gregory & Jann Elias(1998), “The Challenges of Combing Social and Commercial Enterprise,” Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 8, Iss. 1, pp.165-178.
    Dees, J. Gregory, Jed Emerson & Peter Economy(2001), Enterprising Nonprofits: A Toolkit for Social Entrepreneurs, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Defourny, Jacques(2001), “Introduction: From Third Sector to Social Enterprise,” in Carol Borzaga & Jacques Defourny(eds.), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London & New York: Routledge, pp.1-28.
    Denhardt, R. B.(1991), Public Administration: An Action Orientation, Belmont, California: Wadsworth, Inc.
    DiMaggio, Paul(2003), “An Ecological Perspective on Nonprofit Research,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.311-320.
    Douglas, J.(1983), Why Charity? The Case for a Third Sector, Beverly Hills & London: Sage.
    Douglas(1987), “Political Theories of Nonprofit Organization,” in W.W. Powell(ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, New Heaven: Yale University Press.
    Drucker, Peter F.(1984), “The New Meaning of Corporate Social Responsibility,” California Management Review, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, pp.53-63.
    Drucker, Peter F.(1989), “What Business Can Learn from Nonprofits,” Harvard Business Review, No. 4, pp.88-93.
    Drucker, Peter F.(1999), Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Oxford: Burrerworth-Heinemann.
    Ebrahim , Alnoor(2005), “Accountability Myopia: Losing Sight of Organizational Learning,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 56-87.
    Eikenberry, Angela M. & Jodie Drapal Kluver(2004), “The Marketization of the Nonprofit Sector: Civil Society at Risk?” Public Administration Review, Vol.64, No.2, pp.132-140.
    Etzioni, A.(1973), “The Third Sector and Domestic Missions,” Public Administration Review, No. 33, pp. 314-323.
    Emerson, J. & F. Twersky(1996), New Social Entrepreneurs: The Success, Challenge and Lessons of Non-profit Enterprise Creation, San Francisco: The Roberts Foundation.
    European Commission(1999), “Third System and Employment Pilot Action and Article Six ESF. Capitalisation Committee,” Mimeo : Directorate General for Employment and Social Affairs, Brussels.
    Evers, A.(2003), “The Significance of Social Capital in the Multiple Goal and Resource Structure of Social Enterprises,” in Carol Borzaga & Jacques Defourny(eds.), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London & New York: Routledge, pp.296-311.
    Fairclough, Gordon(1997), “On the Bench: A Stadium Brawl at Princeton Winds Up in Court,” Wall Street Journal, April 16, p. B1.
    Falconer, Peter K. & Kathleen McLaughlin (2000), “Public-private partnerships and the New Labour Government in Britain,” in Stephen P. Osborne(ed.), Public-Private Partnerships: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. London and New York: Routledge, pp.120-133.
    Finkelstein, Lawrence D. (1995), “What is global governance?”Global Governance, Vol.1, No.3, pp.367-372.
    Frederickson, Patti(1999), “Restoring Civic Confidence by Enhancing Nonprofit Capacity,” PA Times, Vol. 22, No. 11, p.3.
    French, Wendell L. & Cecil H. Bell, Jr. (1999), Organization Development: Behavioral Science Interventions for Organization Improvement(6th), Prentice-Hall, Inc.
    Frumkin, Peter(2002), On Being Nonprofit: A Conceptual and Policy Primer, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
    Frumkin, Peter & A. Andre-Clark(2000), “When Mission, Markets and politics Collide: Values and Strategy in the Nonprofit Human Services,”Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.141-163.
    Fukuyama, Francis.(1995), Trust:The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, New York: Free Press.
    Fukuyama, Francis.(1999), The Great Disruption:Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order, New York: Simon & Schuster.
    Fukuyama, Francis. (2001), “Social Capital, Civil Society and Development,” Third World Quarterly, Vol.22, No.1, pp.7-20.
    Galaskiewicz, Joseph & Wolfgang Bielefeld(2003), “The Behavior of Organizations,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.205-237.
    Gassler, Robert Scott(1986), The Economics of Nonprofit Enterprises: A Study in applied Economic Theory, Lanham, New York, London: University Press of America.
    Gelatt, James P.(1992), Managing Nonprofit Organizations in the 21st Century, Phoenix: The Oryx press.
    Gibelman, Margaret & Sgeldon R. Gelman(2004), “A Loss of Credibility: Patterns of Wrongdoing Among Nongovernmental Organizations,” Voluntas, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp.355-381.
    Gilbert, Neil(1983), Capitalism and the Welfare State: Dilemmas of Social Benevolence, New Haven: Yale University Press.
    Gidron, Benjamin, Ralph M. Kramer & Lester M. Salamon(1992), “Government and the Third Sector in Comparative Perspective: Allies or Adversaries?” in Benjamin Gidron , Ralph M. Kramer & Lester M. Salamon(eds.), Government and The Third Sector: Emerging Relationships in Welfare States, San Francisco: Josser-Bass Publishers, pp.1-30.
    Glaeser, Edward L.(2003)(ed.), The Governance of Not-for-Profit Organizations, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
    Glaeser, Edward L. & A. Shlefier(2001), “Not-for-profit Entrepreneurs,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 81, No. 1, pp.99-115.
    Granovetter, M. (1973), “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78, pp. 1360-1380.
    Greer, Douglas F. (1993), Business, Government, and Society(3th), New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
    Gregory, R. J. (1999), “Social Capital Theory and Administrative Reform: Maintaining Ethical Probity in Public Service,” Public Administration Review, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 63-75.
    Goldsmith, Arthur A.(1996), Business, Government, Society: The Global Political Economy, Chicago: Irwin.
    Gunn, Christopher(2004), Third-Sector Development: Making up for the Market, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
    Hall, Michael & Keith G. Banting(2000), “The Nonprofit Sector in Canada: An Introduction,” in Keith G. Banting(ed.), The Nonprofit Sector in Canada: Roles and Relationships, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, pp. 1-28.
    Handy, F. & E. Katz(1998), “The Wage Differential between Nonprofit Institutions and Corporations: Getting More by Paying Less?” Journal of Comparative Economics, No.26, pp.246-261.
    Hansmann, Henry B.(1980), “The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise,” Yale Law Journal,Vol.89, No.5, pp.835-901.
    Hansmann, Henry B.(1981), “Consumer Perceptions of Nonprofit Enterprise: Reply,” Yale Law Journal,Vol.90, pp.1633-1638.
    Hansmann, Henry B.(1986), “The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise ,”in Rose-Ackerman, Susan(1986)(ed.), The Economics of Nonprofit Institutions: Studies in Structure and Policy, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.57-84.
    Hansmann, Henry B.(1987), “Economics Theories of Nonprofit Organization,” in Walter W. Powell(ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp.27-42.
    Hansmann, Henry B.(1996), The Ownership of Enterprise, Cambridge: Harvard University.
    Hansmann, Henry B.(2003), ‘”The Role of Trust in Nonprofit Enterprise,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.115-122.
    Harlan, S. L. & J. R. Saidel(1994), “Board Members’ Influence in the Government-Nonprofit Relationship, ”Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol.5, No. 2, pp.173-196.
    Hartman, Cathy & Edwin R. Stafford(1997), “Green Alliances: Building New Business with Environmental Groups,” Long Range Planning, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp.184-196.
    Helmig, Bernd, Marc Jegers & Irvine Lapsley(2004), “Challenges in Managing Nonprofit Organizations: A research Overview,” Voluntas, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 101-116.
    Herman, R. D. & D. O. Renz(1998), “Nonprofit Organizational Effectiveness: Contrasts between Especially Effective and Less Effective Organizations,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.23-38.
    Himmelstein, Jerome L.(1997), Looking Good and Doing Good: Corporate Philanthropy and Corporate Power, Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
    Hodgkin, C.(1993), “Policy and Paper Clips: Rejecting the Lure of the Corporate Model,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 415-428.
    Hodgkinson, Virginia Ann & Murray S. Weitzman(2001), “Overview: The State of the Independent Sector,” in J. Steven Ott(ed.), The Nature of Nonprofit Sector, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 9-22.
    Hudock, Ann C.(1999), NGOs and Civil Society: Democracy by Proxy?, Oxford: Polity Press.
    Irvin, Renee A.(2005), “State Regulation of Nonprofit Organizations: Accountability Regardless of Outcome,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp.161-178.
    James, E.(1989), The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: Studies in Comparative Culture and Policy, New York: Oxford University Press.
    James, Estelle & Susan Rose-Ackerman(1986), The Nonprofit Enterprise in Market Economics, Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers.
    Jones, G. R.(1995), Organization Theory: Text and Case, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    Kearns, K.(2000), Private Sector Strategies for Social Sector Success, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Kendall, J. & M. Knapp(1995), “A Loose and Baggy Monster,” in J. Davis Smith , C. Rochester & R. Hedley(eds.), Introduction to the Voluntary Sector, London: Routledge, pp. 66-95.
    Keohane, Robert O. & Joseph S. Nye Jr.(2000)(eds.), Governance in Globalizing World, Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    Kettl, Donald F.(2000), “The Transformation of Governance: Globalization, Devolution, and the Role of Government,” Public Administration Review, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp.488-497.
    Kingma, Bruce R.(1997), “Public Good Theories of the Nonprofit Sector: Weisbrod Revisited,”Voluntas, Vol. 8. No. 1, pp.135-148.
    Kingma, Bruce R.(1998), “Public Good Theories of the Nonprofit Sector: Weisbrod Revisited,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.)(2003), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.53-65.
    Kingston, John & Margaret Bolton(2004), “ New Approaches to Funding Not-for-profit Organizations,” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 112-121.
    Kramer, Ralph M. & Bart Grossamn(1987), “Contracting for Social Services: Process Management and Resource Dependencies,” Social Service Review, March, pp. 32-55.
    Krashinsky, Michael(1998), “Stakeholder Theories of the Nonprofit Sector: One Cut at the Economic Literature,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.)(2003), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.125-136.
    Lambert, Wade(1997), “Business Bulletin,” Wall Street Journal, Aug. 14, p.1.
    Lasprogata, Gail A. & Marya N. Cotton(2003), “Contemplating Enterprise: The Business and Legal Challenges of Social Entrepreneurship,” American Business Law Journal, Vol.41, No.1, pp.67-113.
    Laville, J. L. & M. Nyssens(2001), “The Social Enterprise: Toward a Theotetical Socio-Economic Approach,” in Carol Borzaga & Jacques Defourny(eds.), The Emergence of Social Enterprise, London & New York: Routledge, pp.312-332.
    Levitt, T.(1973), The Third Sector: New Tactics for a Responsive Society, New York: Amacom.
    Leana, C. R. and Van Buren III, H. J. (1999), ”Organizational Social Capital And Employment Practices,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 538-555.
    Leadbeater, C. (1997), The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, London: Demos.
    Leadbeater, C. & S. Goss(1998), Civic Entrepreneurship, London: Demos.
    Lin, Nan. (2000), Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Lindsay, Graeme & Les Hems(2004), “Sociétés Coopératives d`Intérêt Collectif: The Arrival of Social Enterprise Within the French Social Economy,” Voluntas, Vol. 15, No. 3. pp.265-286.
    Logan, David(2002)(ed.), Employees in the Community: A Global Force for Good, New York: The Center for the Study of Philanthropy.
    Lowndes, V. and Wilson, U. (2001),”Social Capital and Local Governance: Exploring the Institutional Design Variable,” Political Studies, Vol. 49, pp. 629-647.
    Lyons, Mark(2001), Third Sector: The Contribution of Nonprofit and Cooperative Enterprise in Australia, Allen & Unwin.
    Maiello, M.(1997), Presentation to the International Conference on the Professionalisation of Female-dominated Occupation in the Service Sector, OECD, Paris, pp. 11-12 December.
    Malani, Anup, Tomas Philipson & Guy David(2003), “Theories of Firm Behavior in the Nonprofit Sector: A Synthesis and Empirical Evalution,” in Edward L. Glaeser(ed.). The Governance of Not-for-Profit Organizations, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp.181-215.
    Marx, Jerry D.(1999), “Corporate Philanthrpoy: What is the Strategy?” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol.28, No.2, pp.185-198.
    Marwell, Nicole P. & Paul-Brain McInerney(2005), “The Nonprofit/For-profit Continuum: Theorizing the Dynamics of Mixed-Form Markets,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 7-28.
    McCully, George(2000), “Is This a Paradigm Shift?” Foundation News and Commentary, March/April, pp.20-22.
    McLaughlin, Thomas A.(1995), Streetsmart Financial Basics for Nonprofit Managers, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Mcclenaghan, Pauline(2000) “Social Capital: Exploring the Theoretical Foundations of Commumity Development Education,” British Educational Research Journal, Vol.26, No.5, pp.555-582.
    Milward, H. Brinton & Keith G. Provan(2000), “Governing the Hollow State,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 359-379.
    Morgan, Stephen L. (2001), “Social Capital, Capital Goods, and the Production of Learning,” Journal of Socio-Economics, No.29, pp.591-595.
    Moore, M.(2000), “Managing for Value: Organizational Strategy in For-profit Nonprofit, and Governmental Organizations,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp.183-204.
    Moulton, Lynne and Anheier ,Helmut K. (2000), “Public-private Partnerships in the United States”, in Stephen P. Osborne(ed.), Public-Private Partnerships: Theory and Practice in International Perspective. London and New York: Routledge, pp.105-119.
    Mulgan, G. & L. Landry(1995), The Other Invisible Hand: Remarking Charity for the 21st Century, London: Demos/Comedia.
    Nahapiet, J. and Ghoshal, S. (1998), “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, And The Organizational Advantage,” Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 242-266.
    Najam, Adil(2000), “The Four-C’s of Third-Government Relations,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol.10, No.4, Summer, Jossey-Bass, pp.375-396.
    National Public Radio(PNR)(1997), “College Price Competition,” Morning Edition, April 22, 7:45 A.M. CDT, as Broadcast on WBEZ-FM, Chicago.
    Nielsen, W. A.(1979), The Endangered Sector, New York: Columbia University Press.
    Nisbet, Robert(1953), The Quest for Community: A Study in the Ethics of Order and Freedom, New York: Oxford University Press.
    OECD(1999), Social Enterprises, OECD.
    OECD(2001), Corporate Social Responsibility: Partners for Progress, OECD.
    OECD( 2003), The Non-profit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD.
    O’ Neill , Michael(2002), Nonprofit Nation: A New Look at the Third American, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Osborne, Stephen P.(2003), “Book Review: Managing and Measuring Social Enterprises,”The International Journal of Public Sector Management, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 333-334.
    Oster, Aharon M.(1995), Strategic Management for Nonprofit Organizations: Theory and Cases, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Ott, J. S.(2001), The Nature of the Nonprofit Sector, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
    Ortmann, Anderas & Mark Schlesinger(1998), “Trust, Repute, and the Role of Nonprofit Enterprise,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.)(2003), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.77-114.
    Parker, Barbara & John W. Selsky(2004), “Interface Dynamics in Cause-Based Partnerships: An Exploration of Emergent Culture,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.458-488.
    Paton, Rob(2003), Managing and Measuring Social Enterprises, London: Sage Publications.
    Permut, Steven E.(1981), “Consumer Perspectives of Nonprofit Enterprise: A Comment on Hansmann,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 90, pp.1623-1632.
    Pestoff, Victor A.(1998), Beyond the Market and State: Social Enterprise and Civil Democracy in a Welfare Society, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Company.
    Pfeffer, J.(1981), Power in Organizations, Pitman, Marshfield, MA.
    Pfeffer, J. & G. Salancik(1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, New York: Harper and Row.
    Prabhu, G. N.(1999), “Social Entrepreneurship Leadership,” Career Development International, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.140-145.
    Preston, A. E.(1989A), “The Nonprofit Firm: A Potential Solution to Inherent Market Failures,” Economic Inquiry, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 493-506.
    Preston, A. E.(1989B), “The Nonprofit Worker in a Eor-profit World,” Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp.438-463.
    Putnam, R. C. (1993), Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, New Jersey : Princeton University Press.
    Putnam, R. D. (2000), Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon and Schuster.
    Quarter, Jack(1992), Canada’s Social Economy: Co-operatives, Non-profits, and Other community Enterprises, Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, Publishers.
    Raymond, Susan U.(2004), The Future of Philanthropy: Economics, Ethics, and Management, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Reiss, Alvin H. (2000), CPR for Nonprofits: Creative Strategies for Successful Fundraising, Marketing, Communications, and Management, New York: Jossey-Bass Inc.
    Ronge, V.(1988), “Theorie und Empirie des Dritten Sektors,” in Th. Ellwein et al.(eds.), Jahrbuch zur Staatsund Verwaltungswissenschaft 2, , Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp.113-148.
    Rosenau J. N. and E. Czempeil (1992), Governance Without Government: Order and change in world politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Rosenau J. N. (1995), ”Governance in the twenty-first century,” Global Governance, Vol.1, winter, pp.13-14.
    Ryan ,Neal , Rachel Parker & Katherine Hutchings(1999), Government, Business’s and Society, Sydney: Prentice Hall.
    Sagawa, Shirley & Eli Segal(2000), Common Interest, Common Good: Creating Value Through Business and Social Sector Partnerships, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
    Salamon, Lester M.(1990), “The Nonprofit Sector and Government: The American Experience in Theory and Practice,” in H. K. Anheier & W. Seibel(eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
    Salamon, Lester M.(1993), “The Marketization of Welfare: Changing Nonprofit and For-profit Roles in the American Welfare State,” Social Service Review, Vol.67, No.1, pp.16-39.
    Salamon, Lester M.(1995), Partners in Public Service: Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State, Baltimore & London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
    Salamon, Lester M.(1997), Holding the Center: American’s Nonprofit Sector at a Crossroads, New York: Nathan Cummings Foundation.
    Salamon, Lester M.(1999), American’s Nonprofit Sector, new York: Foundation Center.
    Salamon, Lester M.(2003A), The Resilient Sector: The State of Nonprofit America, Washington D. C.: Brookings Institution Press.
    Salamon, Lester M.(2003B), “Voluntary Failure Theory Correctly Viewed,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.183-186.
    Salamon, Lester M. & Helmut K. Anheier(1996), The Emerging Nonprofit Sector: An Overview, The Johns Hopkins Nonprofit Sector Series 1, Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press.
    Salamon, Lester M. & Helmut K. Anheier(1997), “Introduction: In Search of the Nonprofit Sector,” in Lester M. Salamon & Helmut K. Anheier(eds.), Defining the Nonprofit Sector: A Cross-National Analysis, Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press, pp.1-8.
    Schwindt, Richard(1990), Business, Government and Society: Business Administration Reading Lists and Course Outlines(Vol. 10), NC: Eno River Press, Inc.
    Scott, Duncan W.(2004), “Reviews: Managing and Measuring Social Enterprises,”Public Administration, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 532-534.
    Seibel, Wolfgang & Helmut K. Anheier(1990), “Sociological and Political Science Approaches to the Third Sector,” in Helmut K. Anheier & Wolfgang Seibel(eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 7-20.
    Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L. and Liden, R. C. (2001), “A Social Capital Theory of Career Success,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp.219-237.
    Sexton, Ruth(1998), “Q & A on Corporate Philanthropy and CRM Today,” Causes & Effects, December, p.4.
    Shaw, Eleanor(2004), “Marketing in the Social Enterprise Context: Is it Entrepreneurial?” Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp.194-205.
    Shaw, Eleanor, J Shaw & M. Wilson(2002), Unsung Entrepreneurs: Entrepreneurship for Social Gain, Durham, UK: University of Durham Business School.
    Shepherd, G. E. (1992), “Perks, Privileges, and Power in a Nonprofit World,” Washington Post, February 16, p.1.
    Shore, B. (1995), Revolution of the Heart, New York: Riverhead.
    Sladovich , Hedy E.(1991)(ed.), Engineering as a Social Enterprise, Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
    Slivinski, Al(2003), “The Public Goods Theory Revisited: Comments on ta,"Kingma’s Revisitation of Weisbrod,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.67-74.
    Skloot, E.(1987), “Enterprise and Commerce in Nonprofit Organizations,” in W. Powell(ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook, New Heaven, CT: Yale University Press, pp.380-393.
    Skloot, E.(1988), The Nonprofit Entrepreneur, New York: Foundation Cenetr.
    Smith, C.(1996), “Desperately Seeking Data,” in D. F. Burlingame & D. R. Young(eds.), Corporate Philanthropy at the Crossroads, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    Smouts, Marie-Claude (1998), “The proper use of governance in international relations,” International Social Science Journal, No.155, pp.81-89.
    Social Enterprise London(2001A), Introducing Social Enterprise, London.
    Social Enterprise London(2001B), Understanding Social Enterprise, London.
    Social Enterprise London(2002), Social Enterprise Guide to Health & Social Care for the Elderly, London: Social Enterprise London.
    Social Enterprise London(2003), Social Enterprise London: Annual Review 2003, London: Social Enterprise London.
    Staveren, Irene van. (2003), “Beyond Social Capital Poverty Research,” Journal of Economic Issues,. Vol.37, No.2, pp.415-423.
    Steinberg, Richard(1998), “ Overall Analysis of Economic Theories,” Voluntas, No. 8, pp.179-204.
    Steinberg, Richard(2003), “Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organizations: An Evaluation,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.277-309.
    Steinberg, R. & B. H.Gray (1993), “ The Role of Nonprofit Enterprise,” in 1992: Hansmann revisted. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, No.22, pp.297-316.
    Steiner, George A. & John F. Steiner(2003), Business, Government, and Society: A Managerial Perspective(10th), Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
    Steinmo, S. and Tolbert, C. J. (1998), “Do Institutions Really Matter?: Taxation in Industrialized Democracies,” Comparative Political Studies. Vol.31, No.2, pp.165-187.
    Stone, Wendy. (2001), Measuring Social Capital: Towards a Theoretically Informed Measurement Framework for Researching Social capital in Family and Community Life, Research Paper, No.24, Feb. Australian Institute of Family Studies.
    Suchman, M.(1995), “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approached,” Academy of Managing Review, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp.571-610.
    Taylor, Marilyn & Andrea Bassi(1998), “Unpacking the State: The Implications for the Third sector of Changing Relationahips Between National and local Government,” Voluntas, vol. 9, No. 2, pp.113-136.
    Thomas, Antonio(2004), “The Rise of Social Cooperatives in Italy,” Voluntas, vol. 15, No. 3, pp.243-263.
    Tindale, Joseph A. and Erin MacLachlan (2001), “VON doing commercial: The Experience of Executive Directors with Related Business Development,” in Brock and Banting(eds.), The Nonprofit Sector and Government in a New Century, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp.189-213.
    The Alliance Analyst(1996), “Peter Drucker: Nonprofit Prophet,” Nov. 11, available online at http://www.allianceanalyst.com/Drucker.html.
    Thompson, J., G. Alvy, & A. Lees(2000), “Social Entrepreneurship: A New Look at People and the Potential,” Management Decision, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp.328-338.
    United Nations(2003), Handbook on Non-profit Institutions in the System of National Accounts, New York: United Nations.
    Van Til, Jon (2000), Growing Civil Society: From Nonprofit Sector to Third Space, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
    Varadarajan, P. Rajan & Anil Menon(1998), “Cause-Related Marketing: A Coalignment of Marketing Strategy and Corporate Philanthropy,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 52, July, pp.58-74.
    Warner, Amos G.(1894), American Charities: A Study in Philanthropy and Economics, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
    Weisbrod, Burton A.(1975), “Toward a Theory of the Voluntary Nonprofit Sector in a Three-Sector Economy,” in E. S. Phelps(ed.), Altruism, Morality, and Economy Theory, New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    Weisbrod, Burton A.(1988), The Nonprofit Economy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
    Weisbrod, Burton A.(1998), To Profit or not to Profit: The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Weisinger, Judith Y. & Paul F. Salipante(2005), “A Grounded Theory for Building Ethically Bridging Social Capital in Voluntary Organizations,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 29-55.
    Weitzman, M. S. , N. T. Jalandoni, L. M. Lampkin, & T. H. Pollak(2002), The New Nonprofit Almanac and Desk Reference: The Essential Facts and Figures for Managers, Researchers, and Volunteers, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    Wencour, Stanley & Michael Reisch(1989), From Charity to Enterprise: The Development of American Social Work in a Market Economy, Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
    Werther Jr., William B. & Evan M. Berman(2001), Third Sector Management: The Art of Managing Nonprofit Organizations, Washington D. C.: Geogetown University Press.
    Whitehead, John S.(1973), The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Yale, 1776-1876, New Haven: Yale University Press.
    Wilbur, Robert H.(ed.)(2000), The Complete Guide to Nonprofit Management, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Winslow, Ron(1997), “Hope and Hype Follow Heart-Surgery Method that’s Easy on Patients,” Wall Street Journal, April 22, pp. A1, 10.
    Wolch, Jennifer(2003), “State, Subject, Space: Silences in Institutionalist Theories of Nonprofit-Government Relations,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.187-201.
    Wolpert, Julian(2003), “Voluntary Failure Theory and Nonprofit-Government Partnership,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.171-182.
    Wollebaek, Dag & Per Selle. (2002), “Does Participation in Voluntary Associations Contribute to Social Capital? The Impact of Intensity, Scope, and Type,” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol.31, No.1, pp.32-61.
    World Bank. (2000), www.worldbank.org/poverty/scapital.
    Woolcock, Michael. (1998), “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework,” Theory and Society, No. 27, pp.151-208.
    Wymer Jr., Walter W. & Sridhar Samu(2003), “Dimensions of Business and Nonprofit Collaborative Relationships,” in Walter W. Wymer Jr. & Sridhar Samu(eds.), Nonprofit and Business Sector Collaboration: Social Enterprises, Caused-Related marketing, Sponsorships, and Other Corporate-Nonprofit Dealings, Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, Vol. 11, No. 1., pp.3-22.
    Young, Dennis R.(1986), ”Entrepreneurship and the Behavior of Nonprofit Organizations: Elements of a Theory,” n Rose-Ackerman, Susan(1986)(ed.), The Economics of Nonprofit Institutions: Studies in Structure and Policy, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.161-184.
    Young, Dennis R.(2001), “Organizational Identity in Nonprofit Organizations: Strategic and Structural Implications,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.139-157.
    Young, Dennis R.(2003A), “ New Trends in the US Non-profit Sector: Towards Market Integration?” in Antonella Noya & Corinne Nativel(eds.), The Non-profit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD, pp.61-77.
    Young, Dennis R.(2003B),”Nonprofit Management in Europe and Asia,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp.227-232.
    Young, Dennis R.(2003C), ”Entrepreneurs, Managers, and the Nonprofit Enterprise,” in Helmun K. Anheier & Avner Ben-Ner(eds.), The Study of the Nonprofit Enterprise: Theories and Approach, New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, pp.161-168.
    Description: 博士
    國立政治大學
    公共行政研究所
    89256505
    93
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0892565051
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[公共行政學系] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    56505101.pdf42KbAdobe PDF21998View/Open
    56505102.pdf43KbAdobe PDF21688View/Open
    56505103.pdf139KbAdobe PDF22321View/Open
    56505104.pdf120KbAdobe PDF21779View/Open
    56505105.pdf302KbAdobe PDF23791View/Open
    56505106.pdf254KbAdobe PDF27338View/Open
    56505107.pdf314KbAdobe PDF28854View/Open
    56505108.pdf338KbAdobe PDF26841View/Open
    56505109.pdf545KbAdobe PDF28270View/Open
    56505110.pdf216KbAdobe PDF22944View/Open
    56505111.pdf170KbAdobe PDF22701View/Open
    56505112.pdf467KbAdobe PDF25962View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback