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    Title: 歐美社會企業發展及其在台灣應用之研究
    Authors: 鄭勝分
    Cheng, Sheng-fen
    Contributors: 江明修
    Chiang,Min-Hsiu
    鄭勝分
    Cheng, Sheng-fen
    Keywords: 社會企業
    第三部門
    非營利組織
    社會經濟
    Social Enterprises
    Third Sector
    Nonprofit Organization
    Social Economy
    Date: 2004
    Issue Date: 2009-09-18 15:42:50 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本研究選擇公共行政研究的新興議題,即歐美非營利組織發展新趨勢-「社會企業」(social enterprises)作為研究主題。
    第一章緒論,首先闡述受到志願失靈的影響,促使社會企業的興起,然而,此種歐美非營利組織發展的新趨勢,則遭受到許多質疑與挑戰,包含:認同困境、認知困境、合法性困境,及實踐困境。首先,社會企業在型態上呈現兩種發展趨勢,既包含非營利組織師法企業,也包含企業師法非營利組織,應該採取何種趨勢,亦或兼採兩種趨勢,目前似乎尚無定論,這也造成社會企業研究的「認同困境」;其次,歐美各國社會企業的組織類型與法律地位差異性甚大,故研究議題遲未定調,造成社會企業內涵相當模糊,缺乏一致性概念,而造成社會企業研究的「認知困境」;第三,社會企業雖然可以挹注非營利組織財源,或解決高失業等社會問題,但社會企業所採取的商業行為,依然潛藏許多風險,而遭受到「合法性困境」的挑戰;第四,台灣社會企業發展尚屬萌芽階段,未來是否一定要師法此一趨勢,目前似乎仍有疑慮,而造成「實踐困境」。這四項困境,前三者受到學術研究領域的關注,而第四者則較受實務界的關心,而這四項困境,也促發本論文之研究動機。緣此,本研究之目的在於從歐美各國發展經驗,析探台灣社會企業的發展現況,並據以建構適合台灣社會企業的類型與研究建議。
    第二章文獻探討與分析架構,就學術界或實務界而言,「社會企業」一詞仍處於發展階段,故對其內涵尚未達成一致性的共識,類似的名詞屢見,而造成研究上的混淆,然對於新興議題的研究,文獻探討必須聚焦於核心概念,方得以觀其全貌,避免失焦。基此,本研究首先檢閱國內外以社會企業(social enterprise)為研究主題的代表性文獻;其次,則依據問題意識,檢視相關文獻的重要著作及研究焦點,最後,則檢視相關文獻的解釋力,並據以建構本研究之分析架構。
    對於歐美社會企業的發展,目前分析架構並無法充分解釋,且鑑於社會企業係屬非營利組織研究的新興課題,在缺乏堅實理論支持下,實難採取假設演繹法加以驗證,爰針對歐美社會企業所面臨的認同困境、認知困境,及合法性困境,依據文獻歸納出三大困境的共同特質,並據以建構分析架構,將最契合歐美社會企業發展的現況。緣此,本研究即採取歸納法方式,依據問題意識梳釐歐美社會企業的共同特質,據以建構社會企業的分析架構。
    社會企業的認同困境關注重點在於,歐美社會企業為何浮現?認知困境關注重點在於,歐美社會企業的組織特質為何?合法性困境關注重點在於,歐美社會企業有何貢獻與限制?而從Hansmann論點可以發現,認同困境與合法性困境,相當契合非營利組織角色理論的內涵,而認知困境則相當契合非營利組織行為理論的內涵。故本研究援引Hansmann的論點,並依據歐美社會企業三大困境的實際內涵,將探討歐美社會企業興起的認同困境,其分析架構面向定義為「環境」,而將研究歐美社會企業組織特質的認知困境其分析架構面向定義為「結構」,最後,則是將探討歐美社會企業有何貢獻與限制的合法性困境,其分析架構面向定義為「功能」,在此三個面向基礎下,依據「金字塔」概念建構本研究分析架構,以全面檢視歐美社會企業的發展現況,並驗證社會企業在台灣應用之可行性。
    第三章歐洲社會企業之發展,主要依據分析架構,從環境、結構,及功能三個面向加以分析。環境面向分析重點在於探討歐洲社會企業興起的背景及其解釋理論;結構面向分析重點在於歐洲各國社會企業的現況、比較各國發展的差異,並說明歐洲社會企業的組織特徵;功能面向分析重點在於歐洲社會企業所採取的發展策略及新趨勢,並析探這些策略所產生的貢獻與限制。
    第四章美國社會企業之發展,則同樣依據分析架構,從環境、結構,及功能三個面向加以分析。環境面向分析重點在於探討美國社會企業興起的背景及其解釋理論;結構面向分析重點在於美國社會企業的現況,並說明其組織特徵;功能面向分析重點在於美國社會企業所採取的發展策略及新趨勢,並析探這些策略所產生的貢獻與限制。
    第五章台灣社會企業之探究,本章首先提出研究設計,包含深度訪談法的過程與樣本選取,並據以提出本研究之編碼類別表;其次分別從從環境、結構,及功能三個面向,逐一檢索深度訪談法所選取四個樣本的發展經驗,並論述這些經驗與歐美社會企業發展的契合程度。
    由於本論文係屬探索性研究,故採取質化研究方法較為適當,是以,本研究採取深度訪談法,據以析探台灣社會企業的發展現況。質化研究樣本選取重點在於其代表性,而非數量多寡,故在樣本數方面,主要採取「立意取樣法」,選取具代表性個案作為訪談對象;至於樣本選取主要依據三個指標,包含:個案的知名度,是否有顯著的商業活動,及必須契合本研究之問題意識,並依此選取喜憨兒基金會、伊甸基金會、陽光基金會,及彭婉如基金會作為訪談樣本。
    在資料分析方面,本研究採取質的編碼方式及比較分析法,針對四個訪談個案的訪談資料,分別進行反覆及深入的分析,從環境、結構、及功能三個面向,析探台灣社會企業的發展現況與應用性。
    第六章結論與建議,本章首先比較歐美社會企業的發展經驗,以資台灣社會企業類型建構之依據,而從歐美社會企業發展經驗可以發現,對於社會企業所面臨之「認同困境」、「認知困境」,及「合法性困境」,至今仍舊缺乏完整性的分析架構,故本研究依據歐美社會企業三大發展困境,從環境、結構,及功能三個面向,建構分析歐美社會企業的分析架構,試圖釐清歐美社會企業的內涵。而對於社會企業在台灣應用所面臨的「實踐困境」,則可在此分析架構下,透過歐美發展經驗的比較,檢視社會企業在台灣應用的可行性。依據深度訪談資料顯示,本研究所選取以基金會為主體的社會企業,相當契合歐美社會企業的發展軌跡,且成效相當顯著。緣此,本研究擬依據深度訪談資料,提出台灣社會企業發展的學術與實務建議,學術建議部分在於透過深度訪談個案,建構契合台灣社會企業發展的類型,以資後續研究參考;實務建議部分則關注社會企業在台灣應用所可以面臨的風險提出建議,除引為殷鑑外,亦可達知識管理之效。在學術研究方面,本研究依據訪談資料,分別將之命名為「責任中心型」、「許可協議型」、「就業中心型」,及「政策倡議型」,並據以建構適合台灣社會企業的類型;其次,從非營利組織本身、政府協力關係,及企業協力關係三個角度,提出實務建議。對於非營利組織本身可能造成使命漂移、公益形象,與管理層面等三方面的風險,分別提出「案主權益優先原則」、「建構第三部門的社會資本」,及「應用組織發展技術」等三項建議;對於政府協力關係可能會產生自主性與政策倡議兩方面的風險,分別提出「自律為主,他律為輔」及「利益迴避原則」二項建議;對於企業協力關係可能會出現文化與價值衝突與不公平競爭兩方面的風險,分別提出「強化募款能力」及「建立聯盟」二項建議。
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