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    Title: 九一一事件後美國中亞外交政策之轉變：由地緣政治角度分析
    Authors: 呂筱雲
    Lu Hsiao-Yun
    Contributors: 賴岳謙
    黃奎博
    李明



    呂筱雲
    Lu Hsiao-Yun
    Keywords: 地緣政治
    美國外交政策
    中亞
    九一一事件
    美國國家安全戰略
    國家利益
    geopolitics
    American Foreign Policy
    Central Asia
    September 11, 2001
    The National Security Strategy of the United States of America
    National Interest
    Date: 2005
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 17:52:24 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 論及影響美國外交政策產出的因素，地緣政治一向扮演著重要角色。無論是馬漢的海權論、肯楠的圍堵理論，乃至後冷戰時期布里辛斯基的歐亞大棋盤、杭亭頓的文明衝突論，都是地緣政治學門裡獨到的見解。而地緣政治基本要素—空間、邊界、權力—的交互作用也已然內化於外交政策制訂中，深刻影響美國對外政策走向。冷戰後在缺乏明顯單一的敵對目標、本身又成為超級大國的情況下，美國面對的是更為複雜難測的國際局勢：區域衝突、文化糾葛、全球化進程與波折、世界經濟體系萎縮等等問題，外交政策維護國家利益的功能也隨之彰顯。

    本研究以911事件為轉捩點，觀察美國對中亞五國外交政策的調整，分析導致政策轉變的地緣因素與動機。本研究指出，中亞地區在蘇聯解體之後，政治局勢長期呈現真空狀態，基於能源安全的考量，中亞豐富的油氣資源是吸引美國聚焦於此區的關鍵。輸油管道計畫提供政治框架讓美國影響力得以介入，而反恐作戰則正式讓美國勢力進駐此一政治真空帶。中亞五國位處具有重大地緣政治意義的心臟地帶，但獨立時間尚短，國內民主建制、經濟發展未臻完備，伊斯蘭基本教義派與分離主義是導致此區紛擾不斷的主因。美國藉由反恐合作，對此區提撥大量經濟挹注與軍事協助，中亞五國的重要性在911事件之後陡升，美國也成為此區優勢領導者。簡言之，美國在911事件後更加強對區域穩定的關注，全面揚棄冷戰時代的圍堵思維，採取主動的先發制人戰略，企圖在中亞掌握政治、經濟主控權，鞏固國家安全與保障美國在此區的國家利益。
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    Ross, Dennis, “The Middle East Predicament,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, Issue 1 (Jan/Feb 2005), pp. 61-74.
    Rutkevich, Mikhail, “On the Fate of Russian Ethnic Group,” Russian Politics and Low, Vol. 43, Issue 2 (March/April 2005), pp. 70-82.
    Schriek, Daan van der, “The IMU: Fish in Search of a Sea,” Transitions Online (Mar 14, 2005), pN. PAG.
    Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth, “U.S. Policy and the Caucasus,” Contemporary Caucasus Newsletter, Berkley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Vol. 5 (Spring 1998).
    Starr, Fredrick, “Making Eurasia Stable,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, Issue 1 (January/February 1996), pp. 80-92.
    Stephanson, Anders, “The X-files,” Nation, Vol. 280, Issue 16 (April 25, 2005), pp. 32-36.
    Taylor, Peter J., “God Invented War to Teach Americans Geography,” Political Geography, Vol. 23, Issue 4 (May 2004), pp. 487-492.
    Tennenbaum, Jonathan, “The New Eurasian Land-Bridge Infrastructure Takes Shape,” Executive Intelligence Review, Vol. 28, Issue 42 (November 2001).
    Tolipov, Farkhad, and Roger N. McDermott, “Uzbekistan and the U.S.: Partners Against Terrorism,” Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2, Issue 4 (Summer 2003), pp. 1-18.
    Wyatt, Oscar S. Jr., “Geopolitics of Oil in the Twenty First Century,” Vital Speeches of the Day, Vol. 62, Issue 7 (January 15, 1996), pp. 125-127.
    四、 研討會論文和雜誌專文
    （一） 研討會論文
    吳志中。〈地緣政治理論與兩岸關係〉，國際關係理論與實踐學術研討會。國立政治大學外交系主辦，民國92年7月5日。
    傅仁坤。〈當前中亞五國政經現狀與展望〉，中亞市場研討會。清雲技術學院歐亞中心主辦，民國91年。
    （二） 英文雜誌專文
    .“Uzbekistan Opening Minerals Exploration and Development to Increased Foreign Investment,” Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 197, Issue 8 (August 1996).
    “America’s World,” Economist, October 23, 1999, pp. 15-16.
    “Suppression, China, Oil,” Economist, Vol. 376, Issue 8434 (July 9, 2004), pp. 35-36.
    “The Battle for Uzbekistan,” Economist, Vol. 323, Issue 7753 (April 4, 1992), pp. 48-49.
    “Uzbek President Says No Treat of Militant Incursion This Year,” Uzbek Television First Channel, Tashkent, FBIS-0229 (April 4, 2002).
    “Wars and Shadows of Wars,” Economist, Vol. 364, Issue 8283 (July 27, 2002), pp.38-39.
    Bukkvoll, Tor, “Astana’s Privatized Independence: Private and National Interests in the Foreign Policy of Nursultan Nazarbyev,” Nationalities Papers, Vol. 32, Issue 3 (September 2003), pp. 631-650.
    Elliott, Michael, and Eleanor Clift, “How Would Harry Handle This? The President: Clinton Tries Truman Model,” Newsweek, Vol. 122, Issue 12 (September 20, 1993), p. 26.
    Judt, Tony, “Its Own Worst Enemy,” New York Review of Books, Vol. 49, Issue 13 (August 15, 2002), p. 12.
    Kennedy, Paul, “The Eagle has Landed,” Financial Times (February 2, 2002 ).
    Stem, David, “US Pressure On Kazakhs Over Oil Pipeline Propasal,” Financial Times (October 5, 2000), p. 15.
    Wagstyl, Stefan, “Armenia Conflict at Centre Stage Oil’s Potential Plays A Significant Role in the Country’s Relationship with the EU and US In Particular,” Financial Times (November 22, 2000), p. 3.
    五、 報刊
    （一） 中文報紙
    〈不只追緝元兇還要斬草除根：美籌組聯盟，北約諸國同意〉《聯合報》，民國90年9月14日，版2。
    （二） 英文報紙
    “New President Is Inaugurated In Kyrgyzstan,” New York Times, Vol. 154, Issue 53307 (August 15, 2005), p. A9.
    Baker, James A. Ⅲ, ‘America’s Vital Interest in the “New Silk Road,”’New York Times, Vol.146, Issue 50860 (July 21, 1997), p. A17.
    Bush, George W., “Free People Will Keep the Peace of the World,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 52407 (February 27, 2003), p. A10.
    Frantz, Douglas, “Backers of Caspian Pipeline Say Project Will Move Ahead,” New York Times, Vol. 150, Issue 51757 (May 18, 2001), p. W1.
    Frantz, Douglas, “Bush Team Getting Initiation on Turkey’s Ailing,” New York Times, Vol. 150, Issue 51696 (March 18, 2001), p. 4.
    Greene, Richard Allen, “Work Begins on Oil Pipeline Bypassing Russia and Iran,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 53346 (September 19, 2002), p. W1.
    Kinzer, Stephen, “Caspian Lands Back a Pipeline Pushed by West,” New York Times, Vol. 149, Issue 51711 (November 19, 1999), p. A1.
    Ricks, Thomas E., and Vernon Leob, “Bush Developing Military Policy of Striking First: New Doctrine Address Terrorism,” Washington Post (June 10, 2002), p. A01.
    Sanger, David E., and Thom Shanker, “Bush Says Regime in Iraq is No More,” New York Times, Vol. 152, Issue 53455 (April 16, 2003), p. A1.
    Slevin, Peter, “U.S. May Set Up Bases in Former Soviet Republics,” The Washington Post (January 28, 2004), p. A16.
    Tavernise, Sabrina, “As the War Shifts Alliances, Oil Deals Follow,” New York Times, Vol. 151, Issue 51968 (December 15, 2001), p. C.1.
    Thompson, Loren B., “The Bush Doctrine,” Walt Street Journal, Vol. 239, Issue 115 (June 13, 2002), p. A16.
    六、 網路資源
    （一） 中文網頁
    〈BP及其合作夥伴計畫建設連接□海和土耳其的石油管線〉，中國能源網，2002年8月13日， http://www.china5e.com/news/oil/200208/200208130060.html。
    〈中哈輸油管道：中國替代進口俄石油的路線？〉，中國能源網，http://www.china5e.com/news/oil/200406/200406130109.html。
    〈中國加強反疆獨宣傳攻勢〉，BBC中文網頁，2001年11月18日，http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_1660000/newsid_1663100/1663162.stm。
    〈美國承諾幫助維護哈薩克油田安全〉，新華網，2004年2月26日，http://www3.xinhuanet.com/world/20040226_htm。
    大英百科全書線上繁體版，http://www.worldpedia.eb.com。
    田弘茂，〈布希新政府亞太政策對兩岸關係之意涵〉，國防大學演講，2001年3月15日，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/newmofa/index.htm。
    （二） 英文網頁
    “Russia Opens Air Base to Guard Southern Flank,” The International Institution for Strategic Study, http://www.iiss.org/news-more.php?itemID=479&PHPSESSID=3cf29d99e5cb1b2e745b5ddec0ed55c2.
    “Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document,” http://www.nato.int//pfp/sig-cntr.htm.
    Annan, Kofi , “Address to the General Assembly,” http://www.nu.org/News/Press/docs/2003/sgsm8891.doc.htm.
    Blank, Stephan, “India and Central Asia,” Central Asia and Caucasus Analyst, (September 11, 2002), http://www.cacianalyst..org/2002-09-11/20020911_INDIA_CENTRAL_ASIA.htm.
    Blank, Stephen, “Central Asia`s Great Base Race”, Asia Times, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/EL19Ag01.html.
    Bush, George W., “President Bush Outlines Iraqi Threat,” http://www.whitehose.gov/news/releases/2002/10/print/20021007-8.html.
    Butler, Kenley, “U.S. Military Cooperation with the Central Asia States,” Research Associate NIS Nonproliferation Program (September 17, 2001), http://www.miis.edu/research/wtc01/uscamil.htm.
    Carlson, Charles, “Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organization Makes Military Debut,” Radio Free Europe Radio Library, (August 5, 2003), http://www.rferl.org/features/2003/08/05082003154708.asp.
    Central Intelligence Agency, “CIA: The World Fact Book: Kazakhstan,” CIA World Fact Book (2005), http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/.
    Churchill, Winston, “The Sinews of Peace,” http://www.historyguide.org/europe/churchill.html.
    Cohen, Ariel, “The “New Great Game”: Oil Politics in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” Backgrounder, # 1065, the Heritage Foundation, http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/BG1065.cfm.
    Escobar, Peter, “Pipelineistan’s Biggest Game Begins,” Asia Times (May 26, 2005), http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/GE26Ag01.html.
    Gaddis, John Lewis, “The War Behind Closed Doors,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline.
    Gallup International, 2003, “Iraq Poll 2003,” http://www.gallup-international.com.
    Peimani, Hooman, “Turkey Plots Its Own Course on Iran,” Asia Times, (June 25, 2002), http://www.asiatimes.com/c-asia/DF25Ag01.html.
    Radyuhin, V., “Russia Flexes Its Muscles,” The Hindu, http://www.hindunnet.com/thehindu/2003/11/04/stories/2003110400991000.htm.
    Remarks by President at 2002 Graduation Exercise of United States Military Academy (June 1, 2002), http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html.
    Shields, Acacia, “The Meaning of Concern: Washington Indulges Uzbekistan’s Atrocities,” Eurasianet (March 27, 2003), http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articales/eavo32703_pr.shtml.
    Starr, S. Frederick, “The United States ,Afghanistan, and Central Asia,” Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Newsletter (December 1, 2002), http://www.e-ariana.com/ariana/eariana.nsf/0/D1620AE6F66B008787256C8A00698EF3?OpenDocument/.
    Talbott, Strobe, “A Farewell to Flashman: American Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia,” U.S. Department of State Dispatch (July 1997), http://www.treemedia.com/cfrlibrary/library/policy/talbott.html.
    Tolipov, Farkhad, “Are the Heartland and Rimland Changing in the Wake of the Operation in Afghanistan?” Central Asia and the Caucasus, Vol. 5, Issue 23 (2003), http://www.ca-c.org/journal/eng-05-2003/00.conteng.shtml.
    哈薩克國防部，http://www.mod.kz。
    美國能源情報署（Energy Information Administration, EIA），（2005），http://www.eia.doe.gov/。
    美國國務院會計年度國際事務預算表（2002-2004）， http://www.state.gov/m/rm/rls/iab。
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    90253029
    94
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0902530291
    Data Type: thesis
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