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    Title: 剛果民主共和國難民與國際人道救援
    Authors: 陳道恩
    Contributors: 姜家雄
    陳道恩
    Keywords: 難民
    剛果民主共和國
    國際人道救援機構
    聯合國剛果民主共和國特派團
    人權觀察組織
    聯合國難民署
    refugee
    Democratic Republic of Congo
    International humanitarian aid agency
    MONUC
    Human Rights Watch
    UNHCR
    Date: 2006
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 17:50:23 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 國際社會目前面臨如何減少全世界難民數量的問題，同時也面臨許多難民帶來的問題。為了要使國際社會的難民問題得到緩解，越來越多的國際人道救援機構在難民問題相當嚴重的區域，進行著人道救援行動，期望能改善大多數難民的生活狀況，並在許多方面給予難民支援，最終目標希望能根本減少全世界的難民數目，或是讓難民也能正常生活。

    剛果民主共和國正是目前國際人道救援行動的主要目標之一，因為剛果民主共和國的鄰國多為長期內戰衝突的國家，因此有大量的難民逃至剛果民主共和國境內。再加上剛果民主共和國內部的種族衝突也在大國因為自身國家利益考量，未能及時阻止衝突蔓延的情況下，剛果民主共和國內戰也延續了十年，造成剛果民主共和國政府自身難保，而境內的難民問題亦日趨嚴重。

    為協助剛果民主共和國政府處理相關的難民問題，國際人道救援行動投入大量人力與物力安頓難民的生活，並協助逃往國外的難民回到剛果民主共和國境內。在聯合國安理會的維和部隊，以及國際人道救援機構，如聯合國難民署與人權觀察等組織的協助之下，受到剛果民主共和國內戰衝突的難民，皆逐漸在剛果民主共和國境內衝突趨緩之際，重新回到家園或原居住地生活。而藉著國際人道機構對於剛果民主共和國難民的救援行動，也發現國際人道救援救援網絡漸形完整，因而一方面讓許多原本隱而不顯的人道危機，得到更多外界的關心與幫助，使國際人道救援行動能更加順利，快速改善當地的難民處境，另外一方面則也顯現出國際人道救援機構在難民問題上的重要地位。
    International society now is facing the difficulties of how to reduce the number of refugees and also the problems that caused by refugees. To help the refugees, more and more international humanitarian aid agencies conducting the humanitarian aid operations in the conflict zones. Their operations are to ameliorate the conditions of refugee’s life and the most important thing is help them repatriated to their homeland.

    The bloody conflict in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) made the international humanitarian aid agencies aware that the government of DRC had no ability to manage the influx of the refugees from neighbors. So the humanitarian aid agencies spend lots of energy to help the refugees from DRC or in DRC to be repatriated or to help them integrate with locals.

    On the aid operations that international humanitarian aid agencies did to the refugees in DRC, we found that the network of international humanitarian aid becomes more and more complete. Those operations helped gather more attention from publics, so we can avoid the humanitarian crisis in the future or make the refugee’s situations better. And the importance of international humanitarian aid agencies is also evident in the case of refugee problem in DRC.
    Reference: 參考書目
    中文部分
    一、 專書
    王振軒。《非政府組織議題與發展》。臺北市：鼎茂，2005。
    劉海方。《安哥拉》。北京：社會科學出版社，2006。
    二、 期刊論文
    李小川。〈解讀CNN效應的神話〉。《四川外語學院教育技術中心》，第4期，2004，頁132-136。
    李少軍。〈論難民問題〉。《世界經濟與政治》，第6期，1997，頁20-23。
    李莉。〈試論難民及其國際保護問題〉。《西安建築科技大學學報》，第4期，2002，頁51-53。
    李榮。〈巴勒斯坦難民問題〉。《國際資料信息》，第7期，1994，頁31-33。
    李寶源。〈後冷戰時期的國際干預在非洲〉。《西亞非洲》，第5期，1994，頁13-17。
    吳慧。〈國際法中的難民問題〉。《國際關係學院學報》，第4期，1998，頁7-12。
    孫洁琬。〈冷戰後聯合國在非洲的維和行動〉。《西亞非洲》，第5期，2004，頁39-44。
    袁武。〈剛果（金）與美國關係發展初探〉。《西亞非洲》，第5期，2003，頁36-40。
    徐濟明。〈盧旺達內戰的由來與前景〉。《西亞月刊》，第5期，1994，頁43-47。
    徐濟明。〈蒙博托與卡比拉：時代的產兒〉。《西亞非洲》，第5期，1997，頁27-31。
    晨梅梅。〈論難民危機與國際社會〉。《江蘇社會科學》，第4期，1998，頁178-183。
    黃澤全。〈盧旺達、布隆迪部族衝突緣和不斷〉。《百科知識》，第11期，1996，頁8-9。
    潘蓓英。〈非洲難民問題難解之源〉。《亞非論壇》，第1期，2000，頁33-37。
    蕭復榮。〈盧旺達和布隆迪的部族衝突初析-兼涉黑非洲國家的部族問題〉。《西亞非洲》，第5期，1994，頁36-42。

    英文部分
    一、 專書
    Bennett, Jon. Meeting Needs: NGO Coordination in Practice. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd., 1995.
    Cahill, Kevin, eds. Basics of International Humanitarian Missions. New York: Fordham University press, 2003.
    Church, Cheyanne, and Mari Fitzduff, eds. NGOs at the Table: Strategies for Influencing Policies in Areas of Conflict. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004.
    Dowdle, Michael W., eds. Public Accountability: Designs, Dilemmas and Experiences. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
    Feller, Erika, Volker Türk and Frances Nicholson. Refugee Protection in International Law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
    Ferris, Elizabeth. Refugees and World Politics. New York: Praeger, 1985.
    Gorman, Robert. Refugee Aid and Development: Theory and Practice. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.
    Hulme, David, and Michael Edwards, eds. Beyond the Magic Bullet: NGO Performance and Accountability in the Post-Cold War World. West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press, 1996.
    John, Boli, and Thomas George M, eds. Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999.
    Loescher, Gil. Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
    Minear, Larry, and Thomas George Weiss, eds. Humanitarianism Across Borders: Sustaining Civilians in Times of War. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993.
    Minear, Larry, and Thomas George Weiss, eds. Mercy Under Fire: War and the Global Humanitarian Community. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1995.
    Monahan, Laila, and Gil Loescher, eds. Refugees and International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
    Nachmias, Nitza, and Eric A. Belgrad. The Politics of International Humanitarian Aid Operations. Westport: Praeger, 1997.
    Nicholson, Frances, and Patrick Twomey. Refugee Rights and Realities: Evolving International Concepts and Regimes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
    Rotberg, Robert, and Thomas George W., eds. From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1996.
    Scherrer, Christian. Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Violence: Conflict Management, Human Rights, and Multilateral Regimes. Aldershot, Hants, Ashgate, 2003.
    Scherrer, Christian. Structural Prevention of Ethnic Violence. New York: Palgrave, 2002.
    Weiss, Thomas G. Military-Civilian Interactions: Iintervening in Humanitarian Crises. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999.
    Weiss, Thomas G., and Cindy Collins. Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention : World Politics and the Dilemmas of Help. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1996.
    Weiss, Thomas G., and Leon Gordenker. NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance. Boulder, Colo. : Lynne Rienner, 1996.
    West, Katarina. Agents of Altruism: The Expansion of Humanitarian NGOs in Rwanda and Afghanista. Aldershot, Hants, Ashgate, 2001.
    二、 期刊論文
    Barnett, Michael. “Humanitarianism with a Sovereign Face: UNHCR in the Global Undertow.” International Migration Review 35 (Spring 2001): 244-277.
    Barnett, Michael. “Humanitarian Transformed.” Perspective on Politics 3 (Dececember 2005): 723-740.
    Black, Richard. “Fifty Years of Refugee Studies: From Theory to Policy.” International Migration Review 35 (Spring 2001): 57-78.
    Chambers, Robert. “Hidden Losers? The Impact of Rural Refugees and Refugee Programs on Poorer Hosts.” International Migration Review 20 (Summer 1986): 245-263.
    Constance, Anthony. “Africa`s Refugee Crisis: State Building in Historical Perspective.” International Migration Review 25 (Autumn 1991): 574-591.
    Crisp, Jeffrey. “Mind the Gap! UNHCR, Humanitarian Assistance and the Development Process.” International Migration Review 35 (Spring 2001): 168-191.
    DeMars, William. “War and Mercy in Africa.” World Policy Journal 17 (Summer 2000): 1-10.
    Emizet, Kisangani N. F.“The Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 38 (July 2000): 163-202.
    Gallagher, Dennis. “The Evolution of the International Refugee System.” International Migration Review 23 (1989): 579-598.
    Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. “Refugees: Challenges to Protection.” International Migration Review (Spring 2001): 130-142.
    Gourevitch, Philip, and Paul Kagame. “After Genocide.” Transition 72 (1996): 162-194.
    Hein, Jeremy. “Refugees, Immigrants, and the State.” Annual Review of Sociology 19 (2003): 43-59.
    Loescher, Gil. “The UNHCR and World Politics: State Interests vs. Institutional Autonomy.” International Migration Review 35 (Spring 2001): 33-56.
    Mills, Kurt. “Neo-Humanitarianism: The Role of International Humanitarian Norms and Organization in Contemporary Conflict.” Global Governance 11 (April-June 2005): 161-182.
    Pottier, Johan. “Relief and Repatriation: Views by Rwandan Refugees; Lessons for Humanitarian Aid Workers.” African Affairs 95 (July 1996): 403-429.
    Riddell, Roger C. “The End of Foreign Aid to Africa? Concerns about Donor Policies.” African Affairs 98 (July 1999): 309-335.
    Rigby, Andrew. “Review: Humanitarian Assistance and Conflict Management: The View from the Non-Governmental Sector.” International Affairs 77 (October 2001): 957-966.
    Rogers, Rosemarie. “The Future of Refugee Flows and Policies.” International Migration Review 26 (Winter 1992): 1112-1143.
    Rubin, Neville. “Africa and Refugees.” African Affairs 73 (July 1974): 290-311.
    Schultheis, Michael J. “Refugees in Africa: The Geopolitics of Forced Displacement.” African Studies Review (April 1989): 3-29.
    Streeten, Paul. “Nongovernmental Organizations and Development.” The Annals of the American Academy 32 (November 1997): 193-210.
    Vayrynen, Raimo. “Funding Dilemmas in Refugee Assistance: Political Interests and Institutional Reforms in UNHCR.” International Migration Review 35 (Spring 2001): 147-163.
    Weil, Carola. “The Protection – Neutrality Dilemma in Humanitarian Emergencies: Why the Need for Military Intervention?” International Migration Review 35 (Spring 2001): 79-116.
    Weiss, Thomas G. “Whither International Efforts for Internally Displaced Persons?” Journal of Peace Research 36 (May 1999): 363-373.
    Wood, William B. “Forced Migration: Local Conflicts and International Dilemmas.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 4 (December 1994): 607-634.
    Wood, William B. “Geographic Aspects of Genocide: A Comparison of Bosnia and Rwanda.” Office of the Geographer and Global Issue, US Department of State 26 (August 2000): 57-75.
    三、 網際網路資源
    國際組織
    聯合國難民高級總署http://www.unhcr.org/admin.html
    聯合國人權委員會http://www.ohchr.org/english/index.htm
    人權觀察組織http://www.hrw.org/
    國際難民http://www.refintl.org/
    全球安全http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/congo.htm
    國際救援委員會http://www.theirc.org/
    無國界醫生組織（MSF） http://www.msf.org/
    國際紅十字會（ICRC）http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList2/Home?OpenDocument
    政府機關
    美國難民及移民委員會http://www.refugees.org/home.aspx
    中華民國外交部 http://www.mofa.gov.tw
    新聞媒體
    BBC
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese
    CNN
    http://www.cnn.com/
    國際組織出版品
    Human Rights Watch. What Future? Street Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2006.
    Human Rights Watch. The Curse of Gold. 2005.
    Human Rights Watch. Ituri: Coverd in Blood. 2003.
    Human Rights Watch Global Report 2000~2006
    UNHCR. The State of the World`s Refugees 2006: Human displacement in the new millennium. 2006.
    UNHCR Global Report 1999~2006
    UNHCR Statistical Yearbook 1994~2005
    USCRI World Refugee Survey 2003~2006
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    外交研究所
    93253021
    95
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0093253021
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Diplomacy] Theses

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