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    Title: 德．顧拜旦（1863-1937）與奧運復興運動
    Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) and the Olympic Movement
    Authors: 陳复嘉
    Contributors: 林美香
    陳复嘉
    Keywords: 德．顧拜旦
    奧林匹克主義
    奧運復興運動
    現代奧運
    現代體育
    展示文化
    復古風潮
    Date: 2006
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 17:12:15 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 奧林匹克運動會經過1,500年的蟄伏，終在1896年的雅典重獲新生，而幕後的推手，就是被喻為「現代奧運之父」的皮耶．德．顧拜旦（Pierre de Coubertin, 1863-1937）。從1890年代起超過40年的時間，德．顧拜旦一面以具體行動組織奧運復興運動，一面以論述的方式替現代奧運描繪藍圖、進行辯護，此即奧林匹克主義（Olympism）。本文以德．顧拜旦的奧林匹克主義與其相關行動為研究核心，並從以下三條線索：一、德．顧拜旦個人的生命經驗；二、十九、二十世紀的社會脈動；三、現代奧運早期的發展歷程，闡明德．顧拜旦的奧運理念、思想資源，以及他在奧運復興運動中的歷史位置。第一章概略介紹德．顧拜旦身處的時代與生平梗概，大革命後法國動盪的局勢以及普法戰爭敗北的屈辱，都對出身貴族的他產生刺激，促使他萌生改革社會的念頭。第二章關注當時三股重要的文化潮流：現代運動、展示文化與復古運動，特別著重它們的社會功能與所彰顯的意義，這三項文化運動不僅是現代奧運賴以生長的基礎，它們背後所暗含的現代體育、藝術與歷史意義，更是奧林匹克主義的核心價值。因此，三到五章中，將以此為三大主軸，來分析德，顧拜旦的奧林匹克主義與其復興奧運的實際行為。本文指出，現代奧運與奧林匹克主義不應該被分開看待，因為兩者皆是德．顧拜旦復興奧運的具體作為，偏廢任何一方，就無法呈現奧運復興運動的全貌。而若要對德．顧拜旦、現代奧運，或者奧林匹克主義做公允的評斷，則還要將時空脈絡納入考慮。如此，我們也才能看出德．顧拜旦既是夢想家，又是實踐者；既是現代奧運的創建者，又是十九世紀奧運復興運動的繼承者等諸多不同的面向。
    Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) is recognized as the “Savior” of the Modern Olympic Games. His special contribution contains two major parts: first, he modernized and revived the games, and led the International Olympic Committee for almost 30 years; second, he designed the blueprint and vision of the games by promoting “Olympism”. Therefore, if we want to delve into the early history of the games, it is crucial to figure out what he did, what he said, and what influenced him.
    This study intends to portray a historical picture of Olympism, especially focusing on its founder and his milieu. First chapter covers the background which motivated his social revolution. Second chapter highlights on the movements of modern sport, exhibitionary culture and revivalism, which not only represented mainstream cultural trends of 19 century, but also laid the basis of the modern Olympic Games. The underlying meaning of modern physical education, art and its historical positioning served as the core value of Olympism. Chapter 3 to 5, therefore, analyze these three pivotal points with regard to Olympism and its implementation. This study argues that the Modern Olympic Games and Olympism cannot be separated. Concerning that both are the result of actions taken by de Coubertin to revive the Olympic Games, equally important are their role in the Olympic movement. Ignoring either of them can lead to missing the whole picture of the process through which the Modern Olympic Games was founded. In this way, we can also see some different roles de Coubertin played in promoting the Olympic Movement.
    Reference: 一、史料
    Bergvall, Eric ed., The Olympic Games of Stockholm, 1912, Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand, 1912.
    de Coubertin, Pierre, Olympism, ed. Norbert Müller, Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 2000.
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    —— “Olympic Memoirs. V: The Second Olympiad (Paris 1900),” Olympic Review, no. 109-110 (November-December, 1976): pp. 630-636.
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    —— “Olympic Memoirs. XVI: The Four War Years,” Olympic Review, no. 123 (January, 1978): pp. 52-56.
    —— “Olympic Memoirs. XVII: The Seventh Olympiad (Antwerp 1920),” Olympic Review, no. 124 (February, 1978): pp. 134-138.
    —— “Olympic Memoirs. XVIII: The 1921 Maneuver,” Olympic Review, no. 125-126 (March-April, 1978): pp. 181-186.
    —— “Olympic Memoirs. XIX: Six Government Departments for One Stadium,” Olympic Review, no. 127 (May, 1978): pp. 304-306.
    —— “Olympic Memoirs. XX: The Capitol in Rome,” Olympic Review, no. 128 (June, 1978): pp. 368-372.
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    —— “Olympic Memoirs. XXIV: Legends,” Olympic Review, no. 134 (December, 1978): pp. 717-721.
    Lambros, SP. P. & N. G. Polites eds., The Olympic Games, Athens: Charles Beck Editor & London: H. Grevel & CO., 1896.
    Olympic Games, Antwerp 1920, Antwerp: the Belgium Olympic Committee, 1957.
    Rossem, G. Van. ed., The Ninth Olympiad, Amsterdam: J. H. de Bussy, LTD., 1928.
    The Fourth Olympiad, London: The British Olympic Association, 1908.
    The XIth Olympic Games, Berlin 1936 I & II, Berlin: Whilhelm Limpert, 1936.
    The Xth Olympiad, Lox Angeles: Official Report, Los Angles: Xth Olympiad Committee, 1933.
    二、專書
    古特曼（Allen Guttmann），徐元民譯，《現代奧運史》，台北：師大書苑，2001。
    史瓦德琳 (Judith Swaddling)，吳蓉妍譯，《奧林匹克的誕生》，台北：貓頭鷹，2004。
    克勞利（C. W. Crawley）等編，中國社會科學院世界歷史研究所譯，《動亂年代的戰爭與和平：1793-1830》，《劍橋新編世界近代史》，卷9，北京：中國社會科學出版社，1999。
    呂紹理，《展示臺灣》，台北：麥田出版，2005。
    村上春樹，張致斌譯，《雪梨！》，台北：時報文化公司，2004。
    彼得．蓋伊（Peter Gay），梁永安譯，《史尼茨勒的世紀》，台北：立緒文化，2004。
    欣斯利（F. H. Hinsley）等編，中國社會科學院世界歷史研究所譯，《物質進步與世界範圍問
    題：1870-1898》，《劍橋新編世界近代史》，卷11，北京：中國社會科學出版社，1999。
    柯林‧黑伍德（Colin Heywood），黃煜文譯，《孩子的歷史》（A History of Childhood），台北：麥田出版，2004。
    胡伊青加（Johan Huizinga），成窮譯，《人：遊戲者——對文化中遊戲因素的研究》，貴州：貴州人民，1998。
    埃利亞斯（Norbert Elias），王佩莉譯，《文明的進程：西方國家世俗上層行為的變化》，北京：三聯，1995。
    班納迪克．安德森（Benedict Anderson），吳叡人譯，《想像的共同體》，台北：時報文化公司，1999。
    班雅明（Walter Benjamin），張旭東、魏文生譯，《發達資本主義時代的抒情詩人：論波特萊爾》，台北：臉譜，2002。
    馬仲良等編，《人文奧運研究》，北京：北京體育大學出版社，2005。
    馬克思（Karl Marx），唐諾譯，《共產黨宣言》，台北：臉譜，2001。
    理查‧桑內特（Richard Sennett），黃煜文譯，《肉體與石頭》（Flesh and Stone），台北：麥田出版，2003。
    莫瓦特（C. L. Mowat）等編，中國社會科學院世界歷史研究所譯，《世界力量對比的變化：1898-1945》，《劍橋新編世界近代史》，卷12，北京：中國社會科學出版社，1999。
    麥可‧李維琳史密斯（Michael Llewellyn Smith），吳俊宏譯，《奧運‧雅典‧1896》，台北：麥田出版，2004。
    喬治．克拉克（George Clark）等編，中國社會科學院世界歷史研究所譯，《歐洲勢力的頂峰：1830-1870》，《劍橋新編世界近代史》，卷10，北京：中國社會科學出版社，1999。
    華遠路編，《奧運百科》，台北：漢宇，2005。
    越長杰編，《奧林匹克進展》，北京：北京體育大學出版社，2004。
    黃金麟，《歷史、身體、國家》，台北：聯經出版公司，2001。
    鄧肯（Carol Duncan），王雅各譯，《文明化的儀式：公共美術館之內》（Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums），台北：遠流，1998。
    霍布斯邦等著，陳思仁等譯，《被發明的傳統》（The Invention of Tradition），台北：貓頭鷹，2002。
    霍布斯邦，王章輝等譯，《革命的年代：1789-1848》，台北：麥田出版，1997。
    ——張曉華等譯，《資本的年代，1848-1875》，台北：麥田出版，1997。
    ——賈士蘅譯，《帝國的年代，1875-1914》，台北：麥田出版，1997。
    謝棟梁，《看希臘人打造奧運》，台北：聯合文學，2004。
    Vassil Girginov & Jim Parry, 許立宏等譯，《解讀奧林匹克運動會》（台北：中華奧林匹克委員會出版，2004）。
    Durantez, Conrado, Pierre de Coubertin: The Humanist, Lausanne: Olympic Museum, 1994.
    Elias, Norbert & Eric Dunning eds., Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process, New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
    Golden, Mark, Sports and Society in Ancient Greece, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
    Guttmann, Allen, Games and Empires, New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
    —— From Ritual to Record: The Nature of Modern Sports, New York: Columbia University Press, 1978.
    —— Sports Spectators, New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
    Lucas, John A., The Modern Olympic Games, Cranbury, New Jersey: A. S. Barnes and Co., Inc., 1980.
    MacAloon, John J., This Great Symbol: Pierre de Coubertin and the Origins of the Modern Olympic Games, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981.
    Mandell, Richard D., The First Modern Olympics, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976.
    McComb, David, Sports in World History, New York: Taylor & Francis Inc., 2004.
    Olympic Charter, Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 2004.
    Powell, John T., Origins and Aspects of Olympism, Illinois, Champaign: Stipes Publishing Company, 1994.
    Roche, Maurice, Mega-Events and Modernity: Olympics and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture, London and New York: Routledge, 2000.
    Segrave, Jeffrey & Donald Chu eds., Olympism, Illinois: Human Kinerics Publishers, Inc., 1981.
    Young, David C., The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1996.
    三、論文
    朱元鴻，〈文化工業：因繁榮而即將作廢的類概念〉，收入：張苙雲（編），《文化產業︰文化生產的結構分析》（台北：遠流，2000），頁11-45。
    希米什克（Otto Szymiczek），劉有德譯，〈奧林匹克主義、奧林匹克活動及奧林匹克運動會〉，收入：湯銘新（編），《奧林匹克與青年教育》（台北：中華民國奧林匹克委員會，1983），頁40-63。
    阿傑‧阿帕度瑞（Arjun Appadurai），范聖宇譯，〈現代性遊戲：印度板球的非殖民化〉，收入：羅鋼、王中忱（編），《消費文化讀本》（北京：中國社會科學院，2003），頁367-393。
    黃郁珺，〈十八世紀英國紳士的大旅遊〉，台北：輔仁大學歷史研究所碩士論文，2006。
    黃瑞祺，〈現代性的省察——歷史社會學的一種詮釋〉，《臺灣社會學刊》，19（台北：1996.03），頁169-211。
    劉進枰，〈古柏坦的奧林匹克理念〉，台北：國立台灣師範大學體育研究所博士論文，2002。
    Anthony, Don, “Coubertin, Britain and the British: a Chronology,” Journal of Olympic History, 5:3(1997): pp. 18-21.
    Borgers, Walter, “From the Temple of Industry to Olympic Arena: The Exhibition Tradition of the Olympic Games,” Journal of Olympic History, 11:1 (January, 2003): pp. 7-21.
    Brown, Doug, “Sport Performance: Anchoring Pierre de Coubertin’s Sport Theory in French Culture Discourse,” Bridging Three Centuries: Intellectual Crossroads and the Modern Olympic Movement (Ontario: The International Centre for Olympic Studies, 2000): pp. 51-58.
    Brown, Douglas A., “Pierre de Coubertin’s Theoretical Legacy on Modern Sport Spectatorship: An Interdisciplinary Analysis,” NASSH Proceedings and Newsletter (1997): pp. 4-5.
    —— “Revisiting the Discourses of Art, Beauty and Sport from the 1906 Consultative Conference for the Art, Literature and Sport,” Olympika, Vol. V (1996): pp. 1-24.
    de Coubertin, G. De Navacelle, “Pierre de Coubertin and His Private Image: the Man, His Family, His times,” Information Letter of the International Pierre de Coubertin Committee (Lausanne: the International Pierre de Coubertin Committee, 2001): pp. 14-20.
    de Madre, Comte, “An Intimate Look at the Baron Pierre de Coubertin,” Olympic Review, no. 47 (August, 1971): pp. 412-421.
    Deveen, Maurice, “Letting Everyone Do Sport,” Olympic Review, no. 296 (June, 1992): pp. 312-315.
    Durantez, Conrado, “Olympism,” Olympique Review, no. 311 (September, 1993): pp. 372-376.
    Durry, Jean, “Pierre de Coubertin: Sport and Aesthetics,” Olympic Review, no. 225 (July, 1986): pp. 390-396.
    Dyreson, Mark, “The Invention of the Sporting Republic: Middle-Class Ideology and Sport During the Progressive Era,” NASSH Proceeding and Newsletter (1990): pp. 39-40.
    Guttmann, Allen, “English Sports Spectators: From Restoration to the Early Nineteenth Century,” Journal of Sports History, 12:2 (summer, 1985): pp. 104-125.
    Krüge, Arnd, “Coubertin’s Ruskianism,” Olympic Perspectives: Third International Symposium for Olympic Research (Ontario: The International Centre for Olympic Studies, October, 1996): pp. 31-42.
    —— “The Masses Are Much More Sensitive to the Perfection of the Whole Than to Any Separate Details’: The Influence of John Ruskin’s Political Economy on Pierre de Coubertin,” Olympika, Vol. V (1996): pp. 25-44.
    Landry, Fernand, “Olympic Education and International Understanding: Educational Challenge or Cultural Hegemony?” Paper presented at IOA Twenty-Fifth Session (Olympia, Greece, July, 1985): pp. 139-155.
    Leigh, Mary & Therese Bonin, “The Pioneering Role of Madame Alice Milliat and the FSI in Establishing International Track and Field Competition for Women,” Journal of Sport History, 4:1(1977): pp. 72-83.
    Leo Hsu(許立宏), “Olympism: A Dead Ideal and a Western Product?” Bridging Three Centuries: Intellectual Crossroads and the Modern Olympic Movement: Fifth International Symposium for Olympic Research (Ontario: The International Centre for Olympic Studies, September, 2000): pp. 249-256.
    Loland, Sigmund, “Pierre de Coubertin’s Ideology of Olympism from the Perspective of the History of Ideas,” Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology: Second International Symposium for Olympic Research (Ontario: The International Centre for Olympic Studies, October, 1994): pp. 26-49.
    Lucas, John A., “Pierre de Coubertin and His Philosophy of Pedagogical Sport,” Olympic Review, no. 30-31 (March-April, 1970): pp. 193-202.
    —— “Victorian Muscular Christianity Prologue to the Olympic Games Philosophy I,” Olympic Review, no. 97-98 (November-December, 1975): pp. 456-460.
    —— “Victorian Muscular Christianity Prologue to the Olympic Games Philosophy II,” Olympic Review, no. 99-100 (January-February, 1976): pp. 49-52.
    Müller, Nobert, “Coubertin’s Olympism,” in Olympism, ed. Norbert Müller (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 2000): pp. 33-48.
    —— “Editor’s Remarks,” in Olympism, ed. Norbert Müller (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 2000): pp. 19-22.
    Oswald, Denis, “The Fundamental Principles of Olympism,” Olympic Review, 25:28 (August-September, 1999): pp. 39-41.
    Park, Roberta J., “Taking Their Measure: Quantifying Childhood 1878-1914,” NASSH Proceedings and Newsletters (2003): pp. 20-21.
    Quanz, Dietrich R., “Civic Pacifism and Sports-Based Internationalism: Framework for the Founding of the International Olympic Committee,” Olympika, Vol. II (1993): pp. 1-23.
    —— “Formatting Power of the IOC Founding the Birth of a New Peace Movement,” Citius, Altius, Fortius, 3:1(Winter, 1995): pp. 6-16.
    Rioux, Georges, “Pierre de Coubertin’s Revelation,” in Olympism, ed. Norbert Müller (Lausanne: International Olympic Committee, 2000): pp. 23-31.
    Svahn, Ake, “The Olympic Games at Ramlösa in 1834 and 1836,” Olympic Review, no. 204 (October, 1984): pp. 752-758.
    Ueberhorst, Horst, “Sports and Art: The Function of Art and Olympic Art Competitions,” NASSH Proceedings and Newsletter (1995): pp. 68-70.
    Verinis, James, “Spiridon Loues at the 1896 Olympic Games,” Journal of Modern Greek Studies, Vol. 23 (May, 2005): pp. 139-175.
    Young, David, “Further Thoughts on Some Issues of Early Olympic History,” Journal of Olympic History, 6:3 (Fall, 1998): pp. 29-41.
    四、網頁
    1896年雅典奧運：
    http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1896（瀏覽日期：2007/06/03）
    2000年雪梨奧運：
    http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=2000（瀏覽日期：2007/06/03）
    2004年雅典奧運：
    http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=2004（瀏覽日期：2007/06/03）
    多佛奧運網頁：
    http://www.olimpickgames.co.uk/（瀏覽日期：2006/9/26）
    洛杉磯業餘體育基金會（amateur athletic foundation of Los Angeles, AAFLA）附設圖書館（AAF Sports Library）網頁：
    http://www.aafla.org:8080/verity_templates/jsp/newsearch/search.jsp（瀏覽日期：2007/06/03）
    國際特殊奧運會網頁（Special Olympics International）：
    http://www.specialolympics.org/Special+Olympics+Public+Website/default.htm（瀏覽日期：2007/06/03）。
    國際殘奧委員會（International Paralympic Committee）網頁：
    http://www.paralympic.org/release/Main_Sections_Menu/（瀏覽日期：2007/06/03）
    溫洛克奧林匹亞協會（Wenlock Olympian Society）網頁：
    http://www.wenlock-olympian-society.org.uk/index.php?pr=Home_Page（瀏覽日期：2006/10/08）
    德瑞貝格慶典網頁：
    http://www.industrielles-gartenreich.com/english/03_projekte/311_drehberg.htm（瀏覽日期：2006/9/25）
    聽障奧林匹克運動會網頁（Deaflympics Games）：
    http://www.deaflympics.com/（瀏覽日期：2007/06/03）
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    歷史研究所
    92153001
    95
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0921530011
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of History] Theses

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