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    Title: 《薄伽梵歌》研究 - 從karma與瑜伽之整彙看婆羅門思想的新樣貌
    Authors: 林子瑄
    Lin ,Tzu- Hsuan
    Contributors: 黃柏棋
    林子瑄
    Lin ,Tzu- Hsuan
    Keywords: 薄伽梵歌
    瑜伽
    婆羅門思想
    印度教
    剎帝利
    Bhagavad Gita
    karma
    dharma
    guna
    yoga
    Arjuna
    Krsna
    Brahmanism
    Hinduism
    Ksatriya
    Date: 2005
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 17:01:43 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 《薄伽梵歌》是以婆羅門教為主、廣納與修改印度流行的宗教修行方式與觀念、且重新解釋吠陀傳統的新婆羅門教，此一「新」讓婆羅門教不再只是遵循吠陀傳統、以婆羅門為中心的宗教，而是以種姓制度內所有人為本、以專意向著Krsna為本、使凡人都能得到解脫的「印度教」。

    文中將從《薄伽梵歌》的基本 – karma為始，首先瞭解《薄伽梵歌》中的karma為何，其次是《薄伽梵歌》不斷強調的dharma(種姓職責)，第三是karma的細部分類 – guna，第四是《薄伽梵歌》將印度宗教修行方法統合至一的瑜伽。

    從上可見得《薄伽梵歌》如何回應西元前七世紀到西元後三世紀婆羅門教面臨的問題，包括佛教與耆那教的產生、種姓制度的嚴峻與瓦解。
    Bhagavad Gita is based, in the main , on Brahmanism. However, as an important Hindu scripture, it synthesizes yet remodifies the previous religious practices and thoughts. It is neo-Brahmanism in a sense that it reconstructs the Vedic tradition. However, the Gita does not totally succumb to the authority of the Veda and Brahmanic orthodoxy. On the one hand, it addresses to the general audience under caste system; on the other hand, it declares that any devotee of Krsna, irrespective of the position in caste system, has the chance to attain moksa.

    The first part of the thesis is on the meaning of karma in the Gita. The second part is on dharma, or rather svadharma. The third part is on the details classification of karma, that is , the idea of guna. The last part is on the encompassing idea of yoga in the Gita which embodies different yogin traditions.

    The above description also gives us an idea that from the 7th century BCE to the 3rd century AD Brahmanism faced many troubles within and without. Among others, the dissemination of Buddhism, Jainism and the rigor as well as possible disintegration of the caste system pose formidable challenges.
    Reference: 一、梵文原典與翻譯
    (一)《薄伽梵歌》
    The Bhagavad Gétä. 1893. Translated by John Davies. London: Keagan Paul, Trenc, Trubner, & Co. Ltd.
    The Bhagavad Gita. 1994. Translated by Winthrop Sargeant. Christopher Chapple ed. SUNY Series in Cultural Perspectives. Albany, N. Y. : State University of New York Press.
    The Bhagavad Gita: with the Commentary of Sri Sankaracharya. 1997. Translated by Alladi Mahadeva Sastry. Madras, India: Samata Books.
    The Gospel of Selfless Action, or, The Gita According to Gandhi. 2000. Translated by Mohandas K. Gandhi. Mahadev Desai ed. Roseville, Calif. : Dry Bones Press.
    《薄伽梵歌》。1999年。希瓦難陀(Shivananda)譯，懷塵中譯。新竹：中國瑜伽出版社。
    (二)奧義書
    The Principal Upaniñad. 1992. Translated and edited by S. Radhakrishnan. Oxford: Oxford Univeristy Press.
    (三)《摩奴法論》
    The Laws of Manu. 1991. Translated by Wendy Doniger O’Flaherty and Brain K. Smith. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
    《摩奴法論》。1986年。蔣忠新譯。北京：中國社會科學出版社。
    (四)《摩訶婆羅多》
    The Mahabharata.1973-1978. Translated and edited by J. A. B. van Buitenen. Chicago, Ill. : University of Chicago Press.
    二、西文書目
    Abbe Dubois, J. A. 1996. Hindu Manners, Customs, and Ceremonies. Translated by Henry K. Beauchamp. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
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    Bronkhorst, J. 1993. The Two Traditions of Meditation in Ancient India. 68-111. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
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    Dumont, Louis. 1974. Homo Hierarchicus – The Caste System and Its Implications. Translated by Mark Sainsbury. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Dumont, Louis. 1980. The Conception of Kingship in Ancient India. In Homo Hierarchicus – The Caste System and its Implications. Translated by Mark Sainsbury, 287-313. USA: The University of Chicago Press.
    Eliade, Mircea. 1973. Yoga – Immortality and Freedom. Translated by Willard R. Trask. 2nd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
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    Fitzgerald, James L. 2004. Dharma and its Translation in the Mahäbhärata. Netherlands: Journal of Indian Philosophy 32: 671-685. Database on-line. Available from EBSCO.
    Flood, Gavin D. 1996. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press.
    Hacker, P. 1965. Dharma im Hinduismus. Zeitschrift für Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft 49, 93–106.
    Hardy, Friedhelm. 1988. The Classical Religions of India. In The World’s Religions, ed. Stewart Sutherland, Leslie Houlden, Peter Clarke, and Friedhelm Hardy, 569-660. London: Routledge.
    Hill, Peter. 2001. Fate, Predestination and Human Action in the Mahäbhärata: A Study in the History of Ideas. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
    Hopkins, E. Washburn. 1906. Modifications of the Karma Doctrine. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol XXXVII.
    Hopkins, E. Washburn. 1968. Ethics of India. Yale University Press, 1924. Reprint, USA: Kennikat Press.
    Inden, R. 1985. Lordship and Caste in Hindu Discourse. In Indian Religion, ed. R. Burghart and A. Cantlie, 159-179. London: Curzon Press.
    Jha, G. 1916. The Pürva Mimäàsä Sütras of Jaimini, chapters I–III. Translated with an original commentary. Allahabad: The Päëini Office, Bhuvaneçwaré Äçrama.
    Kaelber, W. O. 1989. Tapta-Märga: Asceticism and Initiation in Vedic India. Albany: State University of New York Press.
    Lariviere, R.W. 1997. Dharmaçästra, Custom, ‘Real Law,’ and ‘Apocryphal’ Småtis, Recht, Staat, und Verwaltung im klassischen Indien. ed. Bernhard Kölver. Munich: R. Oldenbourg.
    Lariviere, Richard W. 2004. Dharmaçästra, Custom, ‘Real Law’ and ‘Apocryphal’ Småtis. Netherlands: Journal of Indian Philosophy 32: 611-627. Database on-line. Available from EBSCO.
    Maharishi, Mahesh Yogi. 1967. On the Bhagavad-Gita: A New Translation and Commentary. London: Penguin.
    Mandelbaum, David G. 1972. Society in India – Continuity and Change. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
    Mathur, D. C. 1974. The Conception of Action in the Bhagvad-Gita. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 35, no. 1: 34-45. Database on-line. Available from JSTOR.
    Miller, J. 1985. Cosmic Vision of the Vedas. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
    O’Flaherty, W. Doniger. 1976. The Origins of Evil in Hindu Mythology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    O’Flaherty, W. Doniger. 1980. Introduction. In Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, ed. W. Doniger O’Flaherty, xii-xviii. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Obeyesekere, G. 1921. Transmigration. In Encyclopaedia of Religon and Ethics, vol. 12, ed. J. Hastings, 425-440. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
    Organ, Troy Wilson. 1970. The Hindu Quest for the Perfection of Man. Ohio: Ohio University.
    Parrinder, Geoffrey. 1997. Avatar and Incarnation – The Divine in Human Form in the World’s Religions. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
    Potter, K. 1980. The Karma Theory and its Interpretation in Some Indian Philosophical Systems. In Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, ed. W. Doniger O’Flaherty, 245-248. Berkeley: University of California Press.
    Rao, K. L. Seshagiri. 1987. Karma in Hindu Thought. In The Dimensions of Karma, ed. S. S. Rama Rao Pappu, 23. Delhi: Chanakya Publications.
    Rao, M. S. A. 1972. Religion and Economic Development. In Tradition, Rationality and Change. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
    Ryan, Michael P. 1999. Samsa and Saàsära: Suffering, Death, and Rebirth in "The Metamorphosis". Cherry Hill: German Quarterly. Database on-line. Available from Proquest, 46123403.
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    三、中文書目
    朱明忠。1994。<整體瑜伽論探微>。世界宗教研究，3期。線上資料庫。可取自中國期刊網。
    姚衛群。2004。<吠陀奧義書中確立的婆羅門教的基礎觀念>。南亞研究，1期。線上資料庫。可取自中國期刊網。
    韋伯(Max Weber)。1996。《印度的宗教：印度教與佛教I》，康樂、簡惠美譯。台北：遠流。
    孫治興。1986年6月。<印度巴克諦(Bhakti)思想的研究>。中國文化大學印度文化研究所，碩士論文。
    耿振華。1986年5月。<薄伽梵曲之研究>。中國文化大學印度文化研究所，碩士論文。
    葛維鈞。1998。<試談業報理論的產生 - 「業報理論源流探索」之四>。南亞研究，1期。線上資料庫。可取自中國期刊網。
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    宗教研究所
    91156001
    94
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0911560011
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Graduate Institute of Religious Studies] Theses

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