Loading...
|
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33341
|
| Title: | 一個不可說的故事：摩里森《寵兒》中的創傷敘述
An Unspeakable Story: Trauma Narrative in Toni Morrison’s Beloved |
| Authors: | 許智偉
Hsu,Chih-wei |
| Contributors: | 胡錦媛
Chin-yuan Hu
許智偉
Hsu,Chih-wei |
| Keywords: | 摩里森
《寵兒》
創傷
記憶
創傷敘述
創傷治療
赫曼
佛洛伊德
Toni Morrison
Beloved
trauma
memory
trauma narrative
trauma healing
Judith Herman
Sigmund Freud |
| Date: | 2007 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-17 16:19:26 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 《寵兒》（Beloved, 1987）是美國作家童妮‧摩里森（Toni Morrison）的第五本小說。如同她的前四本小說，《寵兒》關注的主題是黑人族群生活在美國所面臨的困境，探討非裔美國人如何在種族歧視的壓迫下求生存。與前四本小說不同的是，《寵兒》所敘述的故事發生在奴隸制度廢除之際，是摩里森第一次直接處理黑人在奴隸制度中遭受虐待的歷史事實。《寵兒》的主角是一群被解放的黑奴，摩里森藉著他們對過去的回憶來訴說奴隸制度對黑人族群所造成的集體創傷。受創的角色活在有關創傷的回憶中。他們不願去回想痛苦的過去，卻又被揮之不去的創傷記憶所纏繞。他們試著彼此扶持，並企圖走出受創的陰霾，找尋一個新的生活。
《寵兒》的故事以女主角柴特（Sethe）弒嬰的秘密為中心，加上其他黑奴的創傷記憶編織而成。既然小說本身是一個有關創傷的故事，批評家對《寵兒》的研究也就常涉及小說中的記憶、創傷與敘事風格。不過這些有關記憶、創傷與敘事的討論總是以種族或性別等議題為出發點，很少批評家純粹分析記憶、創傷與敘事在《寵兒》中的互動關係。有別於以往的研究，本論文試著以「創傷敘述」（trauma narrative）為主軸，採用佛洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）與赫曼（Judith Herman）的創傷理論來分析《寵兒》中記憶、創傷與敘事如何互相影響。首先，本論文探討創傷如何影響記憶的形成與敘事，以及創傷記憶為何是「一個不可說的故事」（an unspeakable story）。其次，本論文將創傷敘述的特色與《寵兒》中複雜難解的敘事風格相比較，討論摩里森如何運用創傷敘述的特色來再現小說中主角們難以啟齒的創傷記憶。最後，本論文討論創傷敘述與創傷治療（trauma healing）之間的關係，說明創傷敘述如何成為創傷治療過程中不可或缺的一環。
Beloved (1987) is Toni Morrison’s fifth novel. Like her first four novels, Beloved centers on the social injustice which the black people are confronted with in their lives, depicting how African Americans struggle to survive under the oppression of racism. What renders Beloved different is its subject—the history of slavery, which was never dealt with in Morrison’s novels. The main characters in Beloved are ex-slaves who have undergone the atrocities of slavery. By recounting the characters’ experiences, the novel represents the horrors of slavery and the atrocities traumatizing the black people. In their post-traumatic lives, the characters are trapped in their traumatic memory. Although they show reluctance to recall the painful past, the traumatized characters are haunted by their indelible memories. However, the story is not completely tragic since, in the end, the characters are not defeated by their trauma. They endeavor to support each other, trying to rid themselves of traumatic memory and to rebuild a new life.
The story of Beloved, which revolves around Sethe’s secret of infanticide, is constructed from the characters’ traumatic memory. Since the story is closely related to trauma, most critics explore Beloved in terms of memory, trauma, and its narrative style. However, critics often discuss only one or two topics of the above three. There are some critics analyzing the interrelation of memory, trauma and narrative in Beloved but their discussions are often the portions pertaining to the more extensive explorations based on the topic of history, race, or gender. Differing from these critical approaches, the present thesis adopts the concept of trauma narrative, using Sigmund Freud and Judith Herman’s trauma theories to analyze the interplay of trauma, memory, and narrative in Beloved. Firstly, the thesis discusses how the traumatic event affects the formation and narration of memory. The discussion also demonstrates why the traumatic memory is “an unspeakable story.” Secondly, the thesis compares the characteristics of trauma narrative with the intricate narrative of Beloved. The discussion centers on how Morrison adopts the characteristic of trauma narrative to represent a story of trauma. Lastly, the thesis explores the interrelation between trauma narrative and trauma healing. The discussion intends to clarify how trauma narrative becomes a prerequisite for trauma healing. |
| Reference: | “Memory.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
“Restitutio in integrum.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Angelo, Bonnie. “The Pain of Being Black.” Time 22 May 1989: 48-50.
Atwood, Margaret. “Beloved.” Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Eds. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993. 32-35.
Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981.
Bell, Bernard W. “Beloved: A Womanist Neo-Slave Narrative; or Multivocal Rememberances of Things Past” Beloved. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1999. 57-68.
Benjamin, Walter. “On the Image of Proust.” Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, Vol.2, 1927-1934. Eds. Michael W. Jennings, Howard Eiland, and Gary Smith. Trans. Harry Zohn. Cambridge: Belknap, 1999. 237-247.
Bernet, Rudolf. “The Traumatized Subject.” Research in Phenomenology 30 (2000): 160-179.
Boothby, Richard. Death and Desire: Psychoanalytic Theory in Lacan’s Return to Freud. London: Routledge, 1991.
Bouson, J. Brooks. Quiet as It’s Kept: Shame, Trauma and Race in the Novel of Toni Morrison. Albany: State U of New York P, 2000.
Brooks, Peter. Reading for the Plot: Design and Intention in Narrative. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
Brown, Laura S. “Not Outside the Range: One Feminist Perspective on Psychic Trauma.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 100-112.
Carmean, Karen. Toni Morrison’s World of Fiction. Troy, New York: Whitston, 1993.
Caruth, Cathy. “Introduction.” American Imago 48.1 (1991): 1-12.
---. “Introduction.” American Imago 48.4 (1991): 417-424.
---. Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Corey, Susan. “Toward the Limits of Mystery: The Grotesque in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” The Aesthetics of Toni Morrison: Speaking the Unspeakable. Ed. Marc C. Conner. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000. 31-48.
Demetrakopoulos, Stephanie A. “Maternal Bonds as Devourers of Women’s Individuation in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” Beloved. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1999. 69-78.
Derrida, Jacques. “Différance.” Margins of Philosophy. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. 3-27.
---. “Freud and the Scene of Writing.” Writing and Difference. Trans. Alan Bass. London: Routledge, 2001. 246-291.
Dorado, Joyce Sese. “Remembering Incest: The Complexities of This Process and Implications for Civil Statues of Limitations.” Trauma and Memory. Ed. Linda M. Williams and Victoria L. Banyard. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. 93-111.
Erikson, Kai. “Notes on Trauma and Community.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 183-199.
Evans, Dylan. An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. London: Routledge, 1996.
Ferguson, Rebecca. “History, Memory and Language in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” Feminist Criticism: Theory and Practice. Ed. Susan Sellers, Linda Hutcheon and Paul Perron. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. 109-127.
FitzGerald, Jennifer. “Selfhood and Community: Psychoanalysis and Discourse in Beloved.” Modern Fiction Studies 39.3/4 (1993): 669-688.
Foster, Frances Smith. Witnessing Slavery, The Development of Antebellum Slave Narratives. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1979.
Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. “Unspeakable Things Unspoken: Ghosts and Memories in the Beloved.” Beloved. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1999. 97-114.
Freud, Anna. “Comment on Psychic Trauma.” Research at the Hampstead Child-Therapy Clinic and Other Papers. 1956-1965: The Writings of Anna Freud, Vol. V. New York: International University Press, 1967. 221-241.
Freud, Sigmund. Project for a Scientific Psychology. 1895. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (abbreviated as SE hereafter). Vol. 1. Trans. and eds. James Strachey, et al. London: Hogarth, 1955. 295-397
---. Studies on Hysteria. 1895. SE 2. 3-305.
---. Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. 1909. SE 11. 9-56.
---. “Repression.” 1915. SE 14. 146-58.
---. Introductory Lectures on Psycho-analysis. 1917. SE 16. 243-465.
---. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. 1920. SE 18. 7-64.
---. Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety. 1923. SE 20. 87-175.
---. Moses and Monotheism. 1939. SE 23. 7-137.
---. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. 1930. SE 23. 144-207.
Galatzer-Levy, Robert M. “Psychoanalysis, Memory, and Trauma.” Trauma and Memory: Clinical and Legal Controversies. Ed. Paul S. Appelbaum, et al. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. 138-157.
Guth, Deborah. “A Blessing and a Burden: The Relation to the Past in Sula, Song of Solomon and Beloved.” Understanding Toni Morrison`s Beloved and Sula: Selected Essays and Criticisms of the Works by the Nobel Prize-winning Author. Ed. Solomon O. Iyasere and Marla W. Iyasere. Troy, NY: Whitston, 2000. 315-337.
Hansen, Miriam. “Benjamin, Cinema, and Experience: ‘The Blue Flower in the Land of Technology.’” New German Critique 40 (1987): 179-224.
Harding, Wendy and Jacky Martin. A World of Difference: An Inter-Cultural Study of Toni Morrison’s Novels. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1994.
Herman, Judith Lewis. Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic, 1992.
Hirsch, Joshua. “Post-traumatic Cinema and the Holocaust Documentary.” Trauma and Cinema: Cross-cultural Explorations. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004. 93-110.
Horvitz, Deborah. “Nameless Ghost: Possession and Dispossession in Beloved.” Studies in American Fiction 17.2 (1989): 157-167.
House, Elizabeth. “Toni Morrison’s Ghost: The Beloved Who Is not Beloved.” Studies in American Fiction 18.1 (1990): 17-26
Janet, Pierre. Psychological Healing. Trans. E. Paul and C. Paul. New York: Macmillan, 1925.
Krumholz, Linda. “The Ghost of Slavery: Historical Recovery in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” African American Review 26.3 (1992): 395-408.
Lacan, Jacques. “The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience.” Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock, 1977. 1-7.
---. “The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious or Reason since Freud.” Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock, 1977. 146-178.
---. “The Subject and the Other: Alienation.” The Seminar Book XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1981. 203-215.
---. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book VII: The Ethics of Psychoanalysis 1959-60. Trans. Dennis Porter. Ed. Jacques-Alain Miller. New York: Norton, 1997.
LaCapra, Dominick. Representing the Holocaust: History, Theory, Trauma. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Langer, Lawrence L. Holocaust Testimony: The Ruins of Memory. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1990.
Laplanche, Jean, and J. B. Pontalis. The Language of Psychoanalysis. Trans. Donald Nicholas Smith. New York: Norton, 1973.
Laub, Dori. “Truth and Testimony: The Process and the Struggle.” Trauma: Explorations in Memory. Ed. Cathy Caruth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. 61-75.
Lawrence, David. “Fleshly Ghosts and Ghostly Flesh: The Word and the Body in Beloved.” Toni Morrison’s Fiction: Contemporary Criticism. Ed. David L. Middleton. New York: Garland, 2000. 231-246.
Levians, Emmanuel. Entre Nous. Trans. Michael B. Smith and Barbara Harshav. London: Athlone Press, 1998.
Leys, Ruth. “Traumatic Cures: Shell Shock, Janet, and the Question of Memory.” Critical Inquiry 20.2 (1994): 623-662.
Liscio, Lorraine. “Beloved’s Narrative: Writing Mother’s Milk.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 11.1 (1992): 31-46.
Matus, Jill L. Toni Morrison. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998.
Mobley, Marilyn Sanders. “A Different Remembering: Memory, History and Meaning in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990. 189-199.
Morgenstern, Naomi. “Mother’s Milk and Sister’s Blood: Trauma and the Neoslave Narrative.” differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 8.2 (1996): 101-126.
Morrison, Toni. “Rediscovering Black History.” New York Times Magazine 11 Aug. 1974: 14-20.
---. “Memory, Creation, and Writing.” Thought 59 (1984): 385-390.
---. “The Site of Memory.” Inventing the Truth: The Art and Craft of Memoir. Ed. Russell Baker. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. 101-124.
---. “A Bench by the Road.” The World 3.1 (1989): 4.
---. “Unspeakable Things Unspoken: The Afro-American Presence in American Literature.” Toni Morrison. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990. 201-230.
---. Beloved. New York: Plume, 1998.
Osagie, Iyunolu. “Is Morrison Also Among the Prophets?: ‘Psychoanalytic’ Strategies in Beloved.” African American Review 28.3 (1994): 423-440.
Page, Philip. Dangerous Freedom: Fusion and Fragmentation in Toni Morrison`s Novels. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1995.
Peach, Linden. “The Middle Passage: Beloved (1987).” Toni Morrison. Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000. 102-125.
Perry, Campbell, and Jean-Roch Laurence. “Mental Processing Outside of Awareness: The Contributions of Freud and Janet.” The Unconscious Reconsidered. Ed. Kenneth S. Bowers and Donald Meichenbaum. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1984. 9-48.
Phelan, James. “Toward a Rhetorical Reader-Response Criticism: The Difficult, the Stubborn, and the Ending of Beloved.” Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches. Ed. Nancy J. Peterson. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. 225-244.
Prager, Jeffrey. Presenting the Past: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Misremembering. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Rand, Naomi R. Silko, Morrison, and Roth: Studies in Survival. New York: Peter Lang, 1999.
Rody, Caroline. “Toni Morrison’s Beloved: History, ‘Rememory,’ and a ‘Clamor for a Kiss’.” Beloved. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1999. 155-175.
Roots, Maria. “Women of Color and Traumatic Stress in ‘Domestic Captivity’: Gender and Race as Disempowering Statuses.” Ethnocultural Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Ed. Anthony J. Marsella, et al. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1996. 363-388.
Sale, Roger. “Morrison`s Beloved.” Beloved. Ed. Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 1999. 11-16.
Schopp, Andrew. “Narrative Control and Subjectivity: Dismantling Safety in Toni Morrison`s Beloved.” Understanding Toni Morrison`s Beloved and Sula: Selected Essays and Criticisms of the Works by the Nobel Prize-Winning Author. Ed. Solomon O. Iyasere and Marla W. Iyasere. Troy, N.Y.: Whitston, 2000. 204-230.
Smith, Valerie. “‘Circling the Subject’: History and Narrative in Beloved.” Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. Eds. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and K. A. Appiah. New York: Amistad, 1993. 324-355.
Spargo, R. Clifton. “Trauma and the Specters of Enslavement in Morrison’s Beloved.” Mosaic 35.1 (2002): 113-131.
Tal, Kali. Worlds of Hurt: Reading the Literatures of Trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Tate, Claudia, ed. Black Women Writers at Work. New York: Continuum, 1984.
Van der Kolk, B. A., and Onno van der Hart. “The Intrusive Past: The Flexibility of Memory and the Engraving of Trauma.” American Imago 48.4 (1991): 425-454.
Vickroy, Laurie. “Remembering History through the Body.” Trauma and Survival in Contemporary Fiction. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002. 167-219.
Weigel, Sigrid. Body- and Image-Space: Re-reading Walter Benjamin. Trans. Georgina Paul, Rachel McNicholl and Jeremy Gaines. London: Routledge, 1996. |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
英國語文學研究所
90551001
96 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0905510011 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [英國語文學系] 學位論文
|
All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.
|
