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Title:	葛拉斯《錫鼓》中的照片意象 Photographic Images in Gűnter Grass’ The Tin Drum
Authors:	張懿仁 Yi-Jen Chang
Contributors:	邱漢平 Chiu , Hanping 張懿仁 Yi-Jen Chang
Keywords:	照片影像攝影式觀看休止刺點部分物體 photographic images photographic seeing caesura punctum partial objects
Date:	2003
Issue Date:	2009-09-17 16:15:12 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本篇論文意在分析探討葛拉斯的小說《錫鼓》中主角侏儒奧斯卡照片影像式的敘事觀點，以其顛覆且批判德國二次大戰納粹時期的歷史。透過侏儒奧斯卡以回憶述說故事的方式，從被主流歷史掩埋的廢墟殘跡中，提出斷簡殘篇但相互關聯如星宿圖般的照片影像，以存留於照片影像中破碎的個人歷史抵抗正統歷史泯滅真相的力量。由奧斯卡小人物般卑下的目光如攝影鏡頭或伸縮、或放大、或停格的控訴納粹法西斯的惡行，及支持此一罪行的共犯結構— 德國中產階級的狂熱盲從，指摘納粹歷史如場荒誕鬧劇，德國小市民的亂倫敗德與搖旗吶喊的愚昧瘋狂。本論文欲透過班雅明(Walter Benjamin)、蘇珊•宋塔(Susan Sontag)、巴特(Roland Barthes)及德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze)與瓜達里(Félix Guattari)等人之理論架構逐章論述，分析奧斯卡之敘事觀點。首先以其畸形矮小身形猶如攝影式觀看，維持自身與外在世界的批判距離，且將事件做極度怪奇的放大或縮小，試圖還原歷史洪流中被淹沒或為人輕忽的細節。接著透過奧斯卡親人的死亡和他們留存在家庭相簿中的身影，以之視為凝結停頓時空的休止(caesura)和刺點(punctum)，交互出生者與死者，過去與現在，個人與歷史之間的辯證對話。最後探討照片式影像如部份物體(partial object)具有流動、多元、破碎的顛覆特質，檢視奧斯卡的觀點如何逃脫歷史、民族、國家所匯聚的統一整體，解除支配社會場域的「父–母–我」的伊底帕斯關係之力量，揭露納粹如父如神之形象背後的壓抑與荒謬，使其造成的歷史浩劫定格顯影。 This thesis investigates Gűnter Grass’s The Tin Drum from the perspective of photographic images, using theories drawn from Walter Benjamin, Susan Sontag, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Acclaimed as the greatest German novel written since the end of World War II, The Tin Drum is supposedly an autobiographical fiction of Oskar Matzerath, a character who, willingly stunting his growth at the age of three, has lived through the long Nazi nightmare and the loss of Danzig City. Wielding his tin drum and piercing scream as weapons, Oskar furnishes the reader with a profound yet hilarious recollection in the form of fragmented yet correlative photographic images on both German history and the human predicament in the modern world. Chapter One explores the effect of alienation resulting from Oskar’s grotesque perspective from Sontag’s idea of photographic seeing and Benjamin’s “distraction” element of the technical media. Oskar observes the adult world, from which he chooses to withdraw, from an unusual angle gained by his dwarfish size. His perspective, likened to the enlargement or close-up of a camera, displays the grotesquery in ordinary events to reveal what is hidden from us. Chapter Two prospects the force of interruption or arrest grounded on Oskar’s bereavement, with Benjamin’s caesura and Barthes’ punctum of photographic images. Death in the photographic images is endowed with the capacity to arrest and petrify the historical movement. The break from the present moment enables the rereading and refiguring of history. The Deleuzo-Guattarian conception of partial objects is employed in Chapter Three to explore how Oskar viewing the external world as objectivized images helps engender revolutionary forces to subvert the orthodox history. The photographic images in the appearance of partial objects break through the totalizing power of orthodox history and bring forth a dialectical optic to examine the past, present and future.
Reference:	Works Cited Anderson, Sherwood. Winesberg Ohio: A Group of Tales of Ohio Small Town. New York: Viking, 1958. Auerbach, Erich. Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1953. Bakhtin, Mikhail. Rabelais and His World. Trans. Hélène Iswolsky. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1984. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography. New York: Hill and Wang, 1981. Benjamin, Walter. Arcades Project. Trans. Rolf Tiedemann. Cambridge: Belknap, 1999. ---. Illumination: Essays and Reflections. Ed. Hannah Arendt. Trans. Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken, 1968. ---. “N [Re the Theory of Knowledge, Theory of Progress.” Benjamin: Philosophy, Aesthetic, History. Ed. Gary Smith. Trans. Leigh Hafreg and Richard Sieburth. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1989. ---. The Origin of German Tragic Drama. Trans. John Osborne. New York: Verso, 1977. ---. Reflections. Ed. Peter Demetz. Trans. Edmund Jephcott. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1978. Bergson, Henri. Matter and Memory. Trans. Nancy Margaret Paul and W. Scott Palmer. New York: Zone, 1991. Cadava, Eduardo. Words of Light: Theses on the Photography of History. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1997. Childers, Joseph and Gary Hentzi, gen. eds. The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism. New York: Columbia UP, 1995. Cloonan, William. “Gűnter Grass’s The Tin Drum: Hiding from the Black Cook.” The Writing of War, French and German and World War II. Gainesville: Florida UP, 1999. Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. Anti Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans. Robert Hurley, Mark Seem and Helen R. Lane. London: The Athlone, 1977. Grass, Gűnter. The Tin Drum. New York, Vintage International, 1990. Hollington, Michael. Gűnter Grass: The Writer in a Pluralist Society. New York: Marion Boyars, 1987. Keele, Alan Frank. Understanding Gűnter Grass. Columbia: South Carolina UP, 1988. Kennedy, Liam. Susan Sontag: Mind as Passion. New York: Manchester UP, 1995. Kracauer, Siegfried. Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 1960. Mieszkowski, Jan. “Art Forms.” The Cambridge Companion to Walter Benjamin. Ed. David S. Ferris. UK: Cambridge UP, 2004. Miles, Keith. Gűnter Grass. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1975. Moriarty, Michael. Roland Barthes. Cambridge: Polity, 1991. O’Neill, Patrick. Gűnter Grass Revisited. New York: Twayne, 1999. ---. “The Tin Drum: Implications of Unreliability in Gűnter Grass’s Die Blechtrommel.” Acts of Narrative:Ｔextual Strategies in Modern German Fiction. Toronto: Toronto UP, 1996. Preece, Julian. “The Lives in History.” The Life and Work of Gűnter Grass: Literature, History, Politics. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Shawcross, Nancy, M. Roland Barthes on Photography: The Critical Tradition in Perspective. Florida: Florida UP, 1997. Sontag, Susan. On Photography. New York: Doubleday, 1989. Thomas, Noel. The Narrative Works of Gűnter Grass: A Critical Interpretation. Gen. ed. Wolfgang W. Moelleken. Vol.12. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1982. Wolin, Richard. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption. New York: Columbia UP, 1982.
Description:	碩士國立政治大學英國語文學研究所 89551008 92
Source URI:	http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0089551008
Data Type:	thesis
Appears in Collections:	[Department of English] Theses

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