English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113318/144297 (79%)
Visitors : 51077355      Online Users : 922
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
  • Adv. Search
    HomeLoginUploadHelpAboutAdminister Goto mobile version
    政大機構典藏 > 傳播學院 > 新聞學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/33195
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33195


    Title: 施惠語言(patronizing speech)在新聞訪談中的運用 - 再論記者與消息來源之互動
    Authors: 蘇惠君
    su, Hui-Chun
    Contributors: 臧國仁
    蘇惠君
    su, Hui-Chun
    Keywords: 記者與消息來源互動
    溝通適應理論
    施惠語言
    新聞訪問
    patroinizing speech
    communication accommodation theory
    Date: 2003
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 15:45:53 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本研究主要係延伸過去記者與消息來源互動關係模式,將老人研究中的「施惠語言」概念納入,探究記者在與年長消息來源互動時是否使用「施惠語言」,其主要形式為何?運用目的為何?與此種語言形式有關的「個人變項」及「情境變項」又是為何?

    本研究以四個新聞訪問個案進行分析,個案之選擇兼顧記者性別與年齡差異,並以語域分析法分析「施惠語言」形式,其後輔以深度訪談法探究記者對消息來源的外表生理特質刻板印象、對彼此互動關係及互動目標等情境認知,以進一步分析記者的個人變項及情境感知變項與「施惠語言」之關聯性。

    資料分析結果顯示,「施惠語言」是新聞訪問中常見的語言形式,包括「娃娃腔式談話」、「屈就或過份私密談話」、「命令或直接談話」及「膚淺或無關痛癢談話」等四類「施惠語言」主要形式均可在新聞訪問中出現,其中又以「屈就或過份私密談話」最被普遍運用。此外,記者的個人變項與新聞訪問的情境感知變項均會影響記者的「施惠語言」運用形式,亦即記者依據情境變化不斷調整語言形式以適應消息來源,使得一段新聞訪問中可能同時出現多種「施惠語言」形式。
    Reference: 【中文部份】
    王洪鈞 (1955)。《新聞採訪學》。台北:正中。
    王洪鈞(2000)。《新聞報導學》,台北:正中。
    王天濱(2000)。《臺灣地方新聞理論與實務》,台北:三民。
    王文秀、陸洛譯(1995)。《人際行為心理學》。台北:巨流。
    方怡文&周慶祥(1997)。《新聞採訪理論與實務》,台北:三民。
    江文瑜(1996)。 「口述史法」,《質性研究-理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》。台北:巨流。
    江中信(1997)。《人際傳播學:人際溝通與關係》。台北:風雲論壇。
    李子新譯(1992)。《報導之前:新聞工作者採訪與傳播的技巧》,台北:周知文化。
    李亦園(1989)。《自然觀察研究-社會及行為科學研究方法》。楊國樞等編。台北:東華。
    李利國、黃淑敏譯(1995)。《當代新聞採訪與寫作》。台北:周知文化。
    李美華等譯(1998)。《社會科學研究方法》。台北:時英。
    李森堙(1998)。《廣播Call-in節目的對話文體分析》。台北:政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    胡幼慧(1997)。《質性研究-理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》。台北。巨流。
    苗延威、張君玫譯(1998)。《社會互動》。台北:巨流。
    施曉光(1993)。《記者與民意代表的互動研究—從角色互動與新聞客觀性認知的關聯性來看》。中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    俞明瑤(2003)。《新聞訪談提問之立足點研究》。台北:政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    康永欽(1997)。《記實避禍的新聞處理策略之研究》。台北:政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
    郭賽華(1995)。《性別與談話:台灣社會中青年男女談話風格之比較研究》。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
    孫秀蕙 (1997)。《公共關係:理論、策略與研究實例》。台北:正中。
    翁維薇 (2000)。《新聞訪問之追問研究-以模糊及迴避回答為例》。政治大學碩士論文。
    張心宇(2002)。《報紙影響新聞記者與消息來源互動關係研究:以「搖頭性派對」事件為例》,國立台灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文。
    張君玫譯(1997)。《社會情境》。台北:巨流。
    張國榮(2003)。<馬永成到底在忙什麼?>。《財訊》92年4月號p98-103。
    陳原(2000)。《社會語言學》,北京:商務印書館。
    陳韜文、羅文輝、潘忠黨(2003)。<新聞傳播教育對新聞人員的影響:大陸、臺灣和香港的比較研究>。《傳播研究季刊》,第八集。
    郭瓊俐、曾慧琦譯(2004)。《新聞採訪》。台北:五南。
    郭賽華(1995)。《性別與談話:台灣社會中青年男女談話風格之比較研究》。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
    黃光國(1988)。<人情與面子:中國人的權力遊戲>。出自楊國主編《中國人的心理》。台北:桂冠。
    黃光國(1985)。<人情與面子:中國人的權力遊戲>。出自李亦園、楊國樞、文崇一合編《現代化與中國化論集》。台北:桂冠。
    黃嘉琳譯(1994)。《你誤解了我的意思:正確解讀不同的談話風格》。台北:遠流。
    黃懿慧、林穎萱(2004)。<公共關係之關係策略模式初探:在地與文化的觀點>。《新聞學研究》,79:135-195。
    喻靜媛(1994)。《記者與消息來源互動關係與新聞處理方式之關聯性研究》,國立政治大學研究所碩士論文。
    楊中芳(2001)。《如何研究中國人:心理學研究本土化論文集》,台北:遠流。
    楊怡珊(2002)。《新聞記者之社會智能與消息來源互動策略之人際關係研究》,國立政治大學研究所碩士論文。
    劉秀娟、林明寬譯(1996)。《性別刻板化角色》,台北:揚智文化。
    劉駿州( 1995)。<公關人員如何選擇記者-政府公關新聞管理策略之研究>。臧國仁主編, 《新聞「學」與「術」的對話:新聞工作者與消息來源》。台北:國立政治大學新聞研究所。
    臧國仁(1999)。《新聞媒體與消息來源:媒介框架與建構之真實論述》。台北:三民。
    鍾蔚文、臧國仁、陳憶寧、柏松齡、王昭敏(1996),「框架理論的再探:以:台灣大學女研究放映A片事件為例」,《政大新聞教育六十週年慶論文集》。台北:政大新聞系。
    鍾蔚文、臧國仁、陳百齡、陳順孝、張文強(2002)。《評估新聞工作的專家與生手:尋找新判準》。國科會專家與生手研究計畫。
    【英文部份】
    Adams, S. & Hicks, W. (2001). Interviewing for journalists. New York: Routledge.
    Aronoff, C. (1975). Newspaper and practitioners differ widely on PR role. Public Relations Journal, 31, 24-25.
    Austin, J. L.(1955). How to do things with words. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
    Basso, K. H. (1979). Portraits of “The Whiteman.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Bell, A. (1982). Radio: The style of news language. Journal of communication, 32, 150-164.
    Bell, J. (1992). In search of a discourse on aging: The elderly on television. The Gerontologist, 32, 305-311.
    Belz, A.; Talbott, A.D.; & Starck, K. (1989). Using role theory to study cross perceptions of journalists and public relations practitioners. In J. E. Grunig & L. A. Grunig (eds). Public Relations Research Annual, 1, 125-139.
    Berg, M. van de (1985). Language planning and language use in Taiwan. Dordecht: ICG Printing.
    Berger, C. R. & Bradac, J. J. (1982). Language and social knowledge. London: Edward Arnold.
    Berry, D. S. & Mc Arthur, L. Z. (1985). Some components and consequences of a babyface. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 312-323.
    Berry, D. S. & McAthur, L. Z. (1988). What’s in face? The impact of facial maturity and dependant intent on the attribution of legal responsibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 23-33.
    Bilous, F. R. & Krauss, R. M. (1988). Dominance and accommodation in the conversational behaviours of same and mixed-gender dyads. Language and Communication, 8, 183-194.
    Bourhis, R. Y. (1979). Language in ethnic interaction: A social psychological approach. In H. Giles and B. Saint-Jacques (ed). Language and ethnic relations. Oxford: Pergamon, pp.7-41.
    Bourhis, R. Y. & Giles, H. (1977). The language of intergroup distinctiveness. In H. Giles (ed), Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations. London: Academic Press, pp.9-35.
    Bourhis, R. Y. (1983). Language attitudes and self reports of French-English usage in Quebec. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 4, 163-179.
    Brown, P. & Fraser, C. (1979). Speech as marker of situation. In K. R. Scherer and H. Giles (eds.), Social markers in speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 33-108.
    Brown, P. & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E.N. Goody (ed.). Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56-289). Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press.
    Burleson, B. R. (1987). Cognitive complexity. In J. C. McCroskey & J. A. Daly (eds.). Personality and interpersonal communication (pp. 305-349). Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
    Byrne, D. (1969). Attitudes and attraction. Advances Experimental Social Psychology, 4, 35-89.
    Cameron, G. T. (1997). Public relations and the production of news: A critical review and theoretical framework. In B. R. Burleson(ed.). Communication Yearbook 20. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Caporael, L. R. (1981). The paralanguage of caregiving: Baby talk to the institutionalised elderly and their caregivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 876-884.
    Caporael, L. R., Lukaszewski, M. P., & Cullbertson, G. H. (1983). Secondary baby talk: Judgments by institutionalized elderly and their caregivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 746-754.
    Clyman, S. E. (1992). Footing in the achievement of neutrality: The case of news interview discourse. In P. Drew & J. Heritage. Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings. London: Cambridge University Press.
    Clyman, S. & Heritage, J. (2002). The news interview:Journalists and public figures on the air. New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Coupland, N. (1984). Accommodation at work: Some phonological data and their implications. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 49-70.
    Coupland, N.; Coupland, J.; Giles, H.;& Henwood, K. (1988). Accommodating the elderly: Invoking and extending a theory. Language in Society, 17, 1-41.
    Coupland, N.; Coupland, J.; Giles, H.; Henwood, K.;& Wiemann, J. (1988). Elderly self-disclosure: Interactional and intergroup issues. Language and Communication, 8, 109-133.
    Crockett, W. H. (1965). Cognitive complexity and impression formation. In B. A . Maher (ed.), Progress in experimental personality research (vol. 2, pp. 47-90). New York: Academic Press.
    Crockett. W. H., & Hummert, M. L. (1987). Perceptions of aging and the elderly. In K. W. Schaie(Ed.). Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics(Vol. 7, 217-241). New York: Springer.
    Cultip, S.M., et al. (1985). Effective Public Relations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall(6th ed.).
    Dabbs, J. M., Jr. (1969). Similarity of gesture and interpersonal influence. Proceedings of the 77th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 4, 337-338.
    Davison, W. P. (1975). Diplomatic reporting: Rules of the game. Journal of Communication, 25(4): 138-146.
    Depaulo, B.M. & Coleman, L.M(1986). Talking to Children, Foreigners and retarded adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 97-100.
    Deutsch, F.M.; Zalenski, C. M.; & Clark, M.E. (1986). Is there a double standard of aging? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 771-785.
    Dickerson, P. (2001). Disputing with care: Analyzing interviewee’s treatment interviewers prior turns in televised political interviews. Discourse Studies, 3(2), 203-222.
    Drew, P. & J. Heritage. (1992). Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings. London: Cambridge University Press.
    Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Changes. UK: Polity Press.
    Fox, S. & Giles, H. (1993). Accommodating intergenerational contact: A critique and theoretical model. Journal of Aging Studies, 7, 423-451.
    Gandy, O. H., Jr.(1982). Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy. Norwood, N J: Ablex.
    Genesee, F. & Bourhis, R. Y. (1988). Evaluative reactions to language choice strategies: The role of sociostructural factors. Language Learning, 33, 209-224.
    Gieber, W. & Johnson, W. (1961). The city hall beat: A study of 16 telegraph editors. Journalism Quarterly, 33, 423-432.
    Giles, H. (1973). Accent mobility: A model and some data. Anthropological Linguistics, 15, 87-105.
    Giles, H. & Coupland, N. (1991). Language: Contexts and consequences. London: Open University Press.
    Giles, H.; Coupland, J.; Williams, A.; & Nussbaum, J. (1992). Intergenerational Talk and Communication with Older People. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 34, 271-297.
    Giles, H.; Mulac, A.; Bradac, J.J.; & Johnson, P.(1987). Speech Accommodation Theory: The First Decade and Beyond. In M.L. Mclaughlin(ed.), Communication Yearbook 10 , 13-48. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Giles, H.; Scherer, K. R.; & Taylor, D. M. (1979). Speech markers in social interaction. In K. R. Scherer & H. Giles (eds.), Social markers in speech (pp. 343-381). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Giles, H. & Smith, P. M. (1979). Accommodation theory: Optimal levels of convergence. In H. Giles & R. St. Clair (Eds.), Language and social psychology (pp. 45-65). Oxford: Blackwell.
    Giles, H. & Williams, A(1994). Patronizing the young: Forms and evaluations. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 39, 33-53.
    Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma, Princeton: Prentice-Hall.
    Goffman, E.(1981). Forms of talk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    Grush, J. E. & Clore, G. L. (1985). Dissimilarity and attraction: When difference makes a difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 783-789.
    Gumperz, J. J. (ed.). (1982). Language and social identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Presss.
    Gurevitch, M & Blumler, J. G .(1978). Linkages between the mass media and politics: A Model for the analysis of political communication system. In J. Curran et al. (eds.). Mass communication and society, Beverly Hill, CA: Sage Publications Inc.
    Halliday, M. A. K. (1975). Language structure and language function. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd .
    Halliday, M.A.K & Hasan, R.(1990). Language, Context and Test: Aspects of Language in a Social-Semiotic Perspectives. Cambridge: Oxford University Press .
    Hart, R. P.; Carlson, R. E.; and Eadie, W. F. (1980). Attitudes toward communication and the assessment of rhetorical sensitivity. Communication Monographs, 47. 1-22.
    Harwood, J. (1998). Young adults’ cognitive representation of intergenerational conversation . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 26, 13-31.
    Harwood, J.; Giles, H.,; & Ryan, E.B. (1995). Aging, communication, and intergroup theory: Social identity and intergenerational communication. In J. F. Nussbaum & J. Coupland (Eds.), Handbook of communication and aging research (pp.133-159). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    Harwood, J.; Giles, H.; Ryan, E. B.; Fox, S.; & Williams, A. (1993). Patronizing young and elderly adults: Response strategies in a community setting. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21, 211-226.
    Harwood, J.; McKee, J.; & Lin, M.C(2000). Younger and older Adults’ schematic representations of intergenerational communication. Communication Monographs, 67, 20-41
    Harwood, J., & Williams, A. (1998). Young people’s communication and affective expectations of interactions with different elderly substereotypes. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 11-33.
    Harwood, J. & Williams, A.(1998). Expectation for communication with positive and negative subtypes of older adults. Aging and human development , 47, 11-33.
    Heritage, J.C., & Roth, A.L. (1995). Grammar and institution: Questions and questioning in the broadcasting news interview. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 28(1), 1-60.
    Hermann, T. (1982). Language and situation: The pars pro toto principle. In C. Fraser and K. R. Scherear (eds.). Advances in the social psychology of language. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 123-158.
    Hewstone, M. & Giles, H. (1986). Social groups and social stereotypes in intergroup communication: Review and model of intergroup communication breakdown. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Intergroup communication (pp.10-26). London: Edward Arnold.
    Hicks, W. & Adams, S. (2001). Interviewing in journalism. London: Rourledge.
    Higgins, E. T. (1980). The “communication game”: Implications for social cognition and persuasion. In E. T. Higgins; C. P. Herman; & M. P. Zanna (eds.). Social cognition: The Ontario symposium (pp. 343-392). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    Hinton, P. R (2000). Stereotypes, Cognition and Culture. New York:Routledge.
    Hogg, M. (1985). Masculine and feminine speech in dyads and groups: A study of speech style and gender salience. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4, 99-112.
    Hummert, M. L. (1990). Multiple stereotypes of the elderly and young adults: A comparison of structure and evaluations. Psychology and Aging, 5, 182-193.
    Hummert, M. L. (1994). Stereotypes of the elderly and patronizing. In M. L. Hummert; J. M. Wiemann; & J. F. Nussbaum (eds), Interpersonal communication older adulthood, pp162-184. Newbury Park, CA : Sage.
    Hummert, M.L. & Morgan, M. (2000). Perceptions of communicative control strategies in mother-daughter dyads across the life span. Journal of Communication , Summer 2000, 48-64.
    Hummert, M. L. & Ryan, E. B. (1996). Toward understanding variation in patronizing talk addressed to older adults: Psycholiguistic features of care and control. International Journal of Psycholingistics, 12, 149-169.
    Hummert, M.L. & Shaner, J.L. (1994). Patronizing speech to the elderly: Relationship To stereotyping. Communication Studies, 45, 145-158.
    Hummert, M. L., Shaner, J. L., & Garstka, T.A.(1995). Cognitive process affecting communication with older adults: The case of stereotypes, attitudes, and beliefs about communication. In J. F. Nussbaum & J. Coupland (Eds.), Handbook of Communication and Aging . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    Hummert, M.L.; Garstka, T.A; & Shaner, J.L. (1997). Stereotyping of older adults: The male of target facial cues and perceiver characteristics. Psychology and Aging, 12, 107-114.
    Hummert, M.L.; Shaner, J.L.; Garstka, T.A; & Henry, C. (1998). Communication with older adults: The influence of age stereotypes, context and communicator age. Humman Communication Research, 25, 125-152.
    Hymes, D. (1972). Models of the interaction of language and social setting. In J. J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (eds.) Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp. 35-71.
    Kite, M.E.; Deaux, K.; & Miele, M. (1991). Stereotypes of older and young: Does age outweigh gender? Psychology and Aging, 6, 19-27.
    Kite, M. E., & Johnson, B.T. (1988). Attitudes toward older and younger adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 233-244.
    Klemz, A. (1977). Blindness and partial sight. Cambridge: Woodhead-Faulkner.
    Knapp, M. L. (1983). Dyadic relationship development, In J. M. Wiemann and R. P. Harrison (eds.). Nonverbal interaction. Beverly Hills: Sage, pp.179-208.
    Kopenhaver, L. L. (1985). Aligning values of practitioners and journalists. Public Relations Review, 11, 34-42.
    Labov, W. (1966). The social stratification of English in New York City. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
    Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and women’s place. Language in Society, 2, 45-80.
    LaFrance, M. (1979). Nonverbal synchrony and rapport: Analysis by the cross-lag panel technique. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42, 66-70.
    Laver, J. & Trudgill, P. (1979). Phonetic and linguistic markers in speech. In K. R. Scherer and H. Giles (eds). Social markers in speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-32.
    Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace.
    Maass, A.& Arcuri, L. (1996). Language and stereotyping. In C.L. Macrae; C. Stangor; & M. Hewstone, (eds). Stereotypes and stereotyping. New York: Guilford Press.pp. 193-226.
    Marshall, C & Rossman, G. B, (1995). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Nussbaum, J. F.; Hummert, M.L.; Williams, A.; & Harwood, J. (1995). Communication and older adults. In B. Burleson (eds.). Communication Yearbook 19 (pp.1-47) .Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Odendahl, T. & Shaw, A. M. (2002). Interviewing Elites. In J.F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein, (eds.). Handbook of interview research: Context & Method, pp 299-316. London: Sage.
    Ostrander, S. (1995). ‘Surely you’ re not in this just to be helpful’: Access, rapport, and interviews in three studies of elites. In R. Hertz & J.B. Imber (eds.). Studying elites using qualitative methods,. pp133-150. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
    Patton, M.Q. (1980). Qualitative Evaluation Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publication Inc.
    Patton, M.Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park: Sage.
    Pellowe, J. (1990). Who in context? In G. McGregor and R. S. White (eds.). Reception and response. London: Routledge, pp.69-96.
    Potter, J. & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. London: Sage.
    Purcell, A. K. (1984). Code shifting in Hawaiian style: Children’s accommodation along a decreolizing continuum. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 71-86.
    Putman, W. & Street, R. (1984). The conception and perception of noncontent speech performance: Implications for speech accommodation theory. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 46, 97-114.
    Roscho, B. (1975). Newsmaking . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
    Ryan, E.B. & Cole, R. (1990). Evaluative perceptions of interpersonal communication with elders. In H. Giles; N. Coupland; J. M. Wiemann (eds.). Communication, health and the elderly (pp. 172-190). Manchester,UK: Manchester University Press.
    Ryan, E.B.; Giles, H.; Bartolucci, G.; & Henwood, K. (1986). Psycholinguistic and social psychological components of communication by and with the elderly. Language and Communication, 6, 1-24。
    Ryan, E. B.; Hummert, M.L.; & Boich, L. H. (1995). Communication predicaments of aging: Partronizing behavior toward older adults. Journal of Language & Social Psychology, 14, 144-166.
    Ryan, M. & Martinson, D. L. (1988). Journalists and public relations practitioner: Why the antagonism. Journalism Quarterly, 61, 131-140.
    Sallot, L. M.; Setinefatt, T. M. & Salwen, M. B. (1988). Journalists’ and public relations practitioners’ news values: Perceptions and cross-perceptions. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75, 366-377.
    Scherer, K. R. (1979). Personality markers in speech. In K. R. Scherer and H. Giles (eds.). Social markers in speech. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 147-210.
    Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Schiffrin, D. (1994). Approaches to discourse. Cambridge: Blackwell.
    Smith, C. (1993). News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Journalism Quarterly 70, 393-403.
    Snydeer. M. (1981). On the self-perpetuating nature of social stereotypes. In D. L. Hamilton (ed.). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behaviour. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    Spitzberg, B. H. & Cupach, W. R. (1989). Handbook of interpersonal competence research. New York : Springerverlag.
    Stewart, C. J. & Cash, Jr., W.B. (1988). Interviewing: Principles and Practices. Iowa: WCB.
    Street, R. L., Jr.; Brady, R. M.; & Putman, W. B. (1983). The influence of speech rate stereotypes and rate similarity on listeners’ evaluations of speakers. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 2, 37-56.
    Street, R. L., Jr.; Street, N. J.; & Van Kleeck, A. (1983). Speech convergence among talkative and reticent three-year-olds. Language Sciences, 5, 79-86.
    Stubbs, M. (1993). Discourse analysis: The sociolinguistic analysis of natural language. London: Basil Blackwell Ltd.
    Tajfel, H. & Turner, J.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (eds.). The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp.33-47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/ Cole.
    Taylor, D. M. (1976). Ethnic identity: Some cross-cultural comparisons. In J. W. Berry & W. J. Lonnev (eds.). Applied cross-cultural psychology. Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger.
    Tuchman, G. (1978). Making News. New York : The Free Press.
    van Dijk, T.A. (1987). News Analysis: Case studies of international and national news in press. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawerence Erlbaum.
    Walker R.E. & Robert, L .(1985). Applied Qualitative Research. London: Gower Publishing Company.
    Webster, D. M.(1993). Motivated augmentation and reduction of the overattribution bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 261-271.
    Weinstein, E.A. (1969). The development of interpersonal competence. In D.A. Goslin (eds.). Handbook of socialization theory and research, pp. 753-775.
    Welkowitz, J. & Kuc, M. (1973). Inter-relationships among warmth, genuiness, empathy and temporal speech patterns in interpersonal attraction. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 472-473.
    Wenger, G.C. (2002). Interviewing older people. In J.F. Gubrium & J. A. Holstein. (eds.). Handbook of interview research: Context & Method (pp 259-278.). London: Sage.
    Wiemann, J. M. & Giles, H. (1988). Interpersonal communication. In M. Hewstone; W. Stroebe; J. P. London; and G. M. Stephenson (eds.). Introducing social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell, pp.199-221.
    Williams, A.; Giles, H.; Coupland, N.; Dalby, M.; & Manasse, H. (1990). The communicative contexts of elderly social support and health: A theoretical model. Health Communication, 2, 123-143.
    Williams, A.; Ota, H.; Giles, H.; Pierson, H.; Gallois, C.; Ng., S.H.; Lin; T.S.; Somera, LB; Maher, J.; Cai, D.; Harwood, J. (1997). Young people’s belief about intergenerational communication: An initial cultural analysis. Communication Research, 24, 370-393.
    Williams, A. & Nussbaum, J.F. (2001). Intergenerational Communication Across the Life Span. Mahwah, NJ:Lawerence Erlbaum Associaties.
    Wober, M. & Gunter, B. (1988). Television and social control. Alder-shot, England : Avebury.
    Wolfsfeld , G. (1991). Media, protest, and political violence: Transactional analysis. Journalism Monograph, No.127.
    Yin, R. K. (1989). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Ylanne-McEwen, V. (2000). Relational processes within a transactional setting: An investigation of travel agency discourse. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wales, Cardiff.
    Ytsma, J. & Giles, H. (1997). Reactions to patronizing talk: Some Dutch data. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1, 259-268.
    Zebrowitz, A. L, (1996). Physical appearance as a basis of stereotyping. In C. N. Macrae; C. Stangor; M. Hewstone, (eds.). Stereotypes and stereotyping. New York: The Guilford Press, pp.79-120.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    新聞研究所
    87451021
    92
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0087451021
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[新聞學系] 學位論文

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    45102101.pdf15KbAdobe PDF2834View/Open
    45102102.pdf14KbAdobe PDF2747View/Open
    45102103.pdf13KbAdobe PDF2828View/Open
    45102104.pdf32KbAdobe PDF2869View/Open
    45102105.pdf177KbAdobe PDF21318View/Open
    45102106.pdf360KbAdobe PDF24631View/Open
    45102107.pdf227KbAdobe PDF21021View/Open
    45102108.pdf644KbAdobe PDF2934View/Open
    45102109.pdf251KbAdobe PDF2881View/Open
    45102110.pdf116KbAdobe PDF21104View/Open
    45102111.pdf55KbAdobe PDF2834View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏,無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用,惟仍請適度,合理使用本網站之內容,以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用,則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作,已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益,如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者,請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw),維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback