政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/33036
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  Items with full text/Total items : 113648/144635 (79%)
Visitors : 51682986      Online Users : 571
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
Scope Tips:
  • please add "double quotation mark" for query phrases to get precise results
  • please goto advance search for comprehansive author search
    •  Adv. Search
    Home ‧ Login ‧ Upload ‧ Help ‧ About ‧ Administer Goto mobile version


    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/33036


    Title: 大學生的演說焦慮與情緒調節、幽默感、創造力、職業選擇之關係
    Authors: 曾瓊慧
    Zeng, cyong-huei
    Contributors: 吳靜吉
    Wu, jing-jyi
    曾瓊慧
    Zeng, cyong-huei
    Keywords: 演說焦慮
    幽默感
    情緒調節
    創造力
    職業選擇
    public speaking anxiety
    sense of humor
    emotion regulation
    creativity
    career choice
    Date: 2004
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 15:08:47 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 本研究旨在了解大學生的演說焦慮情形，並探討背景變項、幽默感、情緒調節與演說焦慮的關係以及演說焦慮與創造力、職業選擇的關係。本研究以台灣地區公私立大學的學生為抽取對象進行施測，有效問卷共863份(男290人，女573人)。研究工具包括「演說焦慮量表」、「情緒調節量表」、「幽默因應量表」、「創新行為量表」、「職業選擇量表」。所得資料採用因素分析、信度分析、描述統計分析、皮爾森積差相關、多元迴歸分析、典型相關分析、單因子多變量變異數分析等方法進行統計分析。

    本研究結果如下：
    1.有半數以上的大學生認為自己有演說焦慮。在性別方面，女生較男生容易感到演說焦慮，而男生會運用互動幽默的策略來降低焦慮。在地區方面，南部大學生比北部大學生容易感到演說焦慮。
    2.在情緒調節方面，愈傾向使用重新評估和沈著冷靜策略，則愈少感受到演說焦慮，也愈會用正向的因應策略，並較能從過去的焦慮演說經驗中獲得正向的影響。而愈傾向使用壓抑策略，則愈常在演說時感受到身心緊張與準備不足，也愈會用負向的因應策略，並且也愈會從過去的焦慮演說經驗中獲得負向的影響。
    3.大學生愈傾向使用幽默來因應生活和困境，或是愈會在社交場合和一般生活中創造出幽默的想法或行為，則愈會使用較正向的演說焦慮因應策略，並愈能從過去的焦慮演說經驗中獲得較正向的影響。大學生愈傾向使用幽默來因應生活，則愈少感受到演說焦慮，也愈會使用較正向的演說焦慮因應策略，並愈能從過去的焦慮演說經驗中獲得較正向的影響。
    4.大學生愈不會感受到演說焦慮，則其創新行為與創意擴散會愈高。大學生的演說焦慮因應和演說焦慮經驗影響愈正面，其創新行為與創意擴散會愈高。
    5.大學生愈容易感受到演說焦慮，則會較傾向選擇不需要公開發言的工作。在演說焦慮因應和演說焦慮經驗影響愈正面，則會傾向於選擇需要公開發言的工作。
    6.在以情緒調節和幽默感預測演說焦慮的多元迴歸模式中發現，情緒調節方式愈傾向沈著冷靜，且在生活和困境中會以幽默來因應、並能在社交場合創造出幽默的想法或行為，則其演說焦慮感受會愈低；情緒調節方式愈傾向重新評估、沈著冷靜，愈不傾向使用壓抑的方式，且在生活中會使用幽默來因應、並能在一般生活中創造出幽默的想法或行為，則其演說焦慮因應會愈正向；情緒調節方式愈傾向重新評估、沈著冷靜，愈不傾向使用壓抑的方式，且在生活中會使用幽默來因應、並在一般生活中創造出幽默的想法或行為，則其演說焦慮因應和演說焦慮經驗影響會愈正向。
    7.在以演說焦慮為自變項，創新行為做為依變項的多元迴歸模式中發現，演說焦慮因應和演說焦慮經驗影響愈積極正向，則愈容易有創新行為。在以演說焦慮為自變項，創意擴散做為依變項的多元迴歸模式中發現，演說焦慮感受愈低、演說焦慮經驗影響愈正向，愈容易有將創意擴散給其他人。在以演說焦慮各變項為自變項，逃避需要公開說話的工作為依變項的多元迴歸模式中發現，愈容易出現演說焦慮感受、而演說焦慮經驗影響愈負向，愈傾向選擇逃避需要公開說話的工作。在以演說焦慮各變項為自變項，逃避需要公開說話的工作為依變項的多元迴歸模式中發現，演說焦慮感受愈低、演說焦慮因應和演說焦慮經驗影響愈正向，則愈傾向尋求需要公開發表的職業選擇。
    8.在以情緒調節、幽默感、演說焦慮各變項為自變項，創新行為做為依變項的多元迴歸模式中發現，演說焦慮經驗影響愈正向、情緒調節方式愈傾向壓抑、並能在社交場合和一般生活中創造出幽默的想法或行為時，愈容易出現創新行為。在以情緒調節、幽默感、演說焦慮各變項為自變項，創意擴散做為依變項的多元迴歸模式中發現，演說焦慮感受愈低、演說焦慮經驗影響愈正向、社交場合創造和一般生活創造並能在社交場合和一般生活中創造出幽默的想法或行為時，愈容易將創意擴散或分享給其他人。

    最後，本研究根據資料分析的結果進行討論，並對實務與未來研究提出建議。
    This study attempted to discover the extent of Taiwanese college students’ public speaking anxiety (PSA) and to investigate how the college students’ public speaking anxiety (PSA), sense of humor, and emotion regulation related to creativity and career choice. Eight hundred and sixty-three college students (male = 290, female = 573) completed a self-report survey which consists of five instruments: Public Speaking Anxiety Scale, Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Humor Coping Scale, Creative Behavior Scale, and Career Choice Scale. Results indicate that more than 50% college students reported having PSA. Female students reported more PSA feelings than did male students. During the speaking, male students use more skills such as interacting with audience to lower their anxiety than did female students. The more students preferred to use reappraisal or calm down emotion regulation strategy, the less public speaking anxiety they felt, the more they used positive strategies such as preparing before speaking to reduce anxiety, and the more they learned from past speaking experience to have sufficient preparation, take the audience into consideration, etc for their future public speech. Students having lower PSA and coping with life events with a sense of humor in their life had more creative behavior and diffusion of creative ideas, and preferred to choose jobs requiring public speech. Suppression was found to be negatively correlated with use of active PSA coping strategies. Use of active PSA coping strategies were found to be positively correlated with sense of humor, creativity and jobs requiring public speech. Implications for education and future research are discussed.
    Reference: 中文書目：
    王佳玲(2004)。大學生情緒智力信念、創造力信念與情緒智力、創造力之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    王政彥(1989)。溝通恐懼與學業成就、自我概念、自我坦露之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    王政彥(1994)。溝通恐懼= Fear of Communicating：面對人際溝通的焦慮與害怕。臺北市：遠流出版。
    王基倫(1994)。「演說」談何容易？我的評審經驗談。國民教育，35(3/4)，25-30。
    田秀蘭(1988)。影響男女大學生職業興趣類型及職業選擇人境適配程度之有關因素研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    安德魯(1989)。演講學入門(游梓翔譯)。台北：正中。(原著出版年：1985年)
    江滿堂(2003)。國民小學校長領導策略與學校氣氛對教師知識分享意願影響之研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，屏東市。
    沈佩蒂、盧俊成(2001)。以組織資訊處理的觀點探討組織賦能與知識分享的關係---新興網站Any Way的個案分析。創新與知識管理學術研討會，台北：銘傳大學管理學院、交通大學經營管理研究所，121-135。
    宋婉萍(1998)。大學生音樂偏好、人格特徵、與創造力之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    李澄賢(2004)。大學生的情緒調節、調節焦點、樂觀與創造力之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    李慧賢(1996)。原住民學生創造力發展及其相關因素之研究 年級、性別、教師教學創新行為、父母教養態度、社會支持與創意經驗、創造思考能力之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    李毓娟(1996)。大學生的心情經驗及其相關因素之研究 性別、心情經驗與幽默感、創意、學業成績之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    李麗真(1995)。音樂在降低大學生考前情境焦慮上的效果與其影響內涵之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化市。
    何茂松(1984)。國民中學女生的動機水準、工作難度、合作與競爭對工作表現及焦慮狀態之影響。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    何春慧(2000)。大學生的社會焦慮與其相關因素之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    林昭慧(1999)。幼兒在幼兒園中情緒調節之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    吳靜吉、郭俊賢、王文中、劉鶴龍、陳淑惠和李慧賢(1996)。創新行為量表之編制與修訂。未出版。
    祝振華(1988)。怎樣講故事說笑話。台北：黎明。
    祝振華(1993)。說話的藝術。台北：黎明。
    張正男(1984)。演說與辯論。台北：復文。
    張春興(1995)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市：東華書局。
    教育部(2003)。全國語文競賽辦法。台北，教育部。
    教育部(2003)。國民中小學九年一貫課程綱要。台北，教育部。
    莊雅萌(1997)。影響大專農科畢業生職業選擇因素之研究。國立臺灣大學農業推廣研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    陳淑蓉(2003)。幽默感對能壓力事件及負向生活事件的認知評估、情緒反應之影響。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    黃德祥(1989)。國中與國小班級中影響學生社會行為與社會關係之相關因素研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文，未出版，台北市。
    楊如馨(2001)。音樂資優學生之父母管教方式、A型性格、認知風格與音樂表演焦慮之關係。國立台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台南市。
    趙芳玫(2003)。高中職學生的焦慮與憂鬱傾向之探討 以台北縣地區為例。國立台北大學統計研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    趙錫如主編 (1990)。辭海。台北，將門文物。
    劉美芬(2003)。提昇國小學生國語即席演說能力之研究。國立台中師範學院國民教育研究所語文教學碩士論文，未出版，台中市。
    劉佩雲(1990)。性別、創造力、自我檢校與幽默感的關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
    鄭悅琪(1998)。國民小學組織氣氛、教師制握信念與教師溝通恐懼之關係研究。國立台南師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台南市。
    鍾思嘉(1984)。諮商與心理治療—理論與應用。台北：大洋。
    謝孟芳(2002)。性別、家庭背景及職業興趣對國中資優班學生教育及職業選擇影響之研究。國立高雄師範大學特殊教育研究所高雄碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
    西文書目：
    Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer-Verlag.
    Auerbach, A. (1981). Self-Administered Treatments of Public Speaking Anxiety. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 60(2), 106-110.
    Ayres, J. (1986). Perceptions of speaking ability: An explanation of stage fright. Communication Education, 35, 275-287.
    Anthony, M. A. & Robert, S. (1974). Behavioral assessment of speech anxiety. The Quarterly journal of speech, 60, 134-143.
    Antony, M. (1997). Assessment and treatment of social phobia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 826-834.
    Baucom, J. A. (1995). An exploratory study of public speaking anxiety and audience familiarity. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 55(8-B), 3561.
    Beak, C. E. (1969). Guidelines for guidance. New York: The Macmillan Company.
    Behnke, R. R.; Sawyer, C, R. (1999). Milestones of anticipatory public speaking anxiety. Communication Education, 48(2), 165-172.
    Beatty, M. J. (1984). Physiological Assessment in J.A. Daly & J. C. McCroskey (ed.) Avoiding Communication : Shyness, Reticence and Communication Apprehension, 95-107. Ca: SAGE Publications Inc.
    Beatty, Michael J. (1988). Situational and predispositional correlates of public speaking anxiety. Communication Education, 37(1), 28-39.
    Bigelow, L. I. (1997). Assessing the relationship between participation in the performing arts in schools and communication apprehension. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 58(3-A), 0714.
    Bloom, B.S. (1985). Developing talent in young people. New York: Ballantive Books.
    Bruskin Associates. (1973). What are Americans afraid of? The Bruskin Report, 53, 27.
    Burnley, M., Cross, P., & Spanos, N. (1993). The effects of stress inoculation training and skills training on the treatment of speech anxiety. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 12, 355-366.
    Buss, A. H. (1980). Self-consciousness and social anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman.
    Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 56(n2-3), 53-72.
    Carrillo, Eduvigis; Moya-Albiol, Luis; Gonzalez-Bono, Esperanza; Salvador, Alicia; Ricarte, Jorge; Gomez-Armor, Jesus.(2001). Gender difference in cardiovascular and electrodermal responses to public speaking task: The role of anxiety and mood states. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 42(3), 253-264.
    Cole, P. M., Michel, M. K. & Teti, L. O. (1994). The development of emotion regulation and deregulation: A clinical perspective. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 59(n2-3), 73-100.
    Comadena, Mark E.; Prusank, Diane T.(1988). Communication apprehension. Communication Education, 37(4), 270-277.
    Daly, John A.; Vangelisti, Anita L.; Lawrence, Samuel G. (1989). Self-focused attention and public speaking anxiety. Personality & Individual Differences, 10(8), 903-913.
    Daly, J. A., & Buss A. H. (1984). The transitory causes of audience anxiety. In J. A. Daly and J. C. McCroskey (Eds.), Avoiding communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
    Davenport, T., & Prusak, L. (1999). Working knowledge: How organizations manage what they know. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
    DePaulo, B.M., Epstein, J. A., & LeMay, C. S. (1990).Responses of the socially anxious to the prospect of interpersonal evaluation. Journal of Personality, 58(4), 623-640.
    Desberg, P. & Marsh, G. (1988). Controlling stagefright: presenting yourself to audiences from one to one thousand. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
    Dwyer, K. K. (1998).Conquer your speechfright: learn how to overcome the nervousness of public speaking. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
    Farmer, H.S. (1980). Environment, background, and psychological variables related to optimizing achievement and career motivation for high school girls. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 17, 58-70.
    Frued, S.A. (1960). Jokes and their relation to the unconscious. New York: London, W.w. Noton & Company.
    Gard, Carolyn J. (1999). Do you need to psych yourself up to give a speech? Current Health, 2, 26(1).
    Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent- and response- focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
    Gross, J. J. & John, O.P. (2002). Wise emotion Regulation. In L.F. Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence. New York: Guilford Press, 297-318.
    Harris, Sandra R.; Kemmerling, Robert L.; North, Max M.(2002). Brief Virtual Reality Therapy for Public Speaking Anxiety. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(6), 543-551.
    Hansford, B.C., & Hattie, J. A. (1982). Communication apprehension: An assessment of Australian and United States data. Applied Psychological Measurements, 6, 225-233.
    Hassall, Trevor; Joyce, John; Ottewill, Roger; Arquero, Jose; Donoso,Jose. (2000). Communication apprehension in UK and Spanish business and accounting students. Education & Training, 42(2), 93-100.
    Hendricks, P. (1999).”Why share knowledge? The influence of Ict on the motivation for knowledge sharing ? ” Knowledge and Process Management, 6 (2), 91-100.
    Herman, J.P. & Jarnese Hansen. (1974). Vocational Guidance & Career Development, Second Edition, New York : The Macmillian Company.
    Hofmann, Stefan G.; DiBartolo, Patricia Marten. (2000). An instrument to assess self-statements during public speaking: Scale development and preliminary psychometric properties. Behavior Therapy, 31(3), 499-515.
    Isen, A. M. (1999). On the relationship between affect and creative problem solving.
    In S. Russ(Ed.), Affect, creative experience, and psychological adjustment, 3-17. Philadelphia: Taylor and Francis.
    Kuiper, N. A., & Olinger, L. J.(1998). Humor and mental health. In H. Friedman(
    Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health, 2, 445-457.San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
    Lazarus, R. S., & Alfert, E. (1964). Short-circuiting of threat by experimentally altering cognitive appraisal. Journal of Abcdrmal and Social Psychology, 69, 195-205.
    Leary, M. R. (1983).Understanding Social Anxiety: Social ,Personality and Clinical Perspectives. Ca: SAGE Publications, Inc.195-197.
    Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
    MacIntyre, Peter D.; MacDonald, J. Renee.(1998). Public speaking anxiety. Perceived competence and audience congeniality. Communication Education, 47(4), 359-365.
    Martin, R. A. & Lefcourt, H. M.(1983).Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stress and moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(6), 1313-1324.
    Martin, R. A. (2000). Humor. In A. E. Kazdin (ED), Encyclopedia of psychology (4, 202-204).Washington, DC:American Psychology Association and New York: Oxford University Press.
    McCroskey J.C. (1977). Classroom consequences of communication apprehension. Communication Education, 26, 27-33.
    McCroskey J. C. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A review of recent theory and research. Human Communication Research, 4, 78-96.
    McCroskey J.C. (1977). The Communication Apprehension Perspective in J.A Daly & J.C. McCroskey(ed.) Avoiding Communication: Shyness, Reticence and Communication Apprehension, Ca: SAGE Publications Inc. 13-39.
    McCroskey, James.C.; Gudykunst, William B,; Nishida, Tsukasa (1977).
    Communication apprehension among Japanese students in native and second language. Communication Research Reports, 2(1), 11-15.
    McCroskey J. C. (1982). Oral communication apprehension: A reconceptualization. In M. Burgoon (Ed.), Communication yearbook 6. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
    McCroskey J. C. (1984). The communication apprehension perspective. In J. A. Daly and J. C. McCroskey(Eds.), Avoiding communication. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
    Millicent H.A. (1998). Interaction of humor and gender in moderating relationships between stress and outcomes. Journal of Psychology, 132, 267-276.
    Montagna, Paul D. (1977). Occupations and Society: Toward a Sociology of the Labor Market, New York: Wiley.
    Motley, Michael T. (1990). Public speaking anxiety qua performance anxiety: A revised model and an alternative therapy. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 5(2), 85-104
    Mulac A. & Wiemann J.M. (1984) Observer-Perceived Communicator Anxiety in J.A. Daly & J. C. McCroskey(ed.) Avoiding Communication : Shyness, Reticence and Communication Apprehension, Ca: SAGE Publications Inc. 107-121
    Nerhardt, G. (1970). Humor and inclination to laugh: Emotion reations to stimuli of different divergence from range of expectancy. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 11, 185-195.
    Nezu, A.M.,Nezu,C.M.,& Blissett, S. E. (1988). Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressful event and psychological distress: A Prospective analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 520-525.
    O’Leary, V. E. (1998). Strength in the Face of Adversity: Individual and Social Thriving. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 425-446.
    O’Leary, V. E. & Ickovics, J. R. (1995). Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: An opportunity for a paradigm shift in women’s health. Women’s Health: Research on Gender, Behavior, and Policy, 1, 121-142.
    Pollard, C. A., & Henderson, J. G. (1988). Four types of social phobia in a community sample. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 440-445.
    Richmond, V., & McCroskey, J. C. (1995). Communication: Apprehension, avoidance, and effectiveness (4th ed.). Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch Scarisbrick.
    Ronale, A. B., & Joy, P. N. (1998). Effects of jocular instructional methods of attitudes, anxiety, and achievement in statistics courses. Humor: International Journal of Humor Research, 11(4), 383-409.
    Rose, Raphael David. (2001). Speech anxiety and covert verbal behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Science & Engineering, 62(1-B), 563.
    Rossi, A., & Seiler, W. (1989). The comparative effectiveness of systematic desensitization and an integrative approach in treating public speaking anxiety: a literature review and a preliminary investigation. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 49–66.
    Sawyer, Chris R.; Behnke, Ralph R.(1990).The role of self-monitoring processes in the communication of public speaking anxiety. Communication Reports, 3(2), 70-74.
    Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M.R. (1982). Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641-669.
    Senge,P.(1997). Sharing Knowledge, Executive Excellence.
    Sternberg, R.J. & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd, Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. NY: The Free Press.
    Super, D.E. (1957). The Psychology of Careers, Haper & Brothers Press, 71-73.
    Super, D.E. (1963). Toward making self concept theory operational. In D.E. Super et.al (Eds.), Career development: Self concept theory. N.Y.: College Entrance Board.
    Thomas, L. Todd(1997). Public speaking anxiety: how to face the fear. Fort Worth, Tex.: Harcourt Brace College.
    Wolniewicz, Rebecca Ann. (1998).The conceptual equivalence of communication apprehension in Japan and the United States. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 58(7-A), 2456.
    Ziv, A. (1984). Personality and Sense of Humor. New York: Spring Publishing Company.
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    教育研究所
    91152034
    93
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0911520341
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[Department of Education] Theses

    Files in This Item:

    File Description SizeFormat
    52034101.pdf16KbAdobe PDF2957View/Open
    52034102.pdf26KbAdobe PDF21075View/Open
    52034103.pdf24KbAdobe PDF2932View/Open
    52034104.pdf23KbAdobe PDF2923View/Open
    52034105.pdf34KbAdobe PDF2933View/Open
    52034106.pdf162KbAdobe PDF21933View/Open
    52034107.pdf404KbAdobe PDF24838View/Open
    52034108.pdf355KbAdobe PDF21035View/Open
    52034109.pdf255KbAdobe PDF2897View/Open
    52034110.pdf195KbAdobe PDF2841View/Open
    52034111.pdf52KbAdobe PDF21364View/Open
    52034112.pdf295KbAdobe PDF22163View/Open
    52034113.pdf20KbAdobe PDF2932View/Open
    52034114.pdf38KbAdobe PDF21012View/Open
    52034115.pdf42KbAdobe PDF2964View/Open
    52034116.pdf35KbAdobe PDF21341View/Open
    52034117.pdf73KbAdobe PDF22257View/Open


    All items in 政大典藏 are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - Feedback