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    政大機構典藏 > 法學院 > 法律學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/32824
    Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32824


    Title: 論品牌內垂直非價格限制-以美國法為中心
    Authors: 周振鋒
    Chou,Cheng-Fong
    Contributors: 吳秀明
    周振鋒
    Chou,Cheng-Fong
    Keywords: 垂直限制
    品牌內
    非價格
    地域限制
    顧客限制
    vertical restraints
    intrabrand
    nonprice
    territorial restraints
    customer restraints
    Date: 2004
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 14:31:38 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 品牌內垂直非價格限制,一般係指地域限制與顧客限制,通認為製造商建立有效率、具忠誠度經銷通路的良好競爭手段。製造商藉由此類限制,抑制下游經銷商對單一品排牌產品彼此相互競爭,使得經銷商間品牌內競爭減弱,而隨著降低競爭,經銷商則有能力提高產品價格,增加銷售利潤。相對於製造商而言,增加經銷商能增加經銷商促銷其產品的意願,總體來說,製造商也能增加利潤。尤其,對品牌弱勢、或新進市場的製造商,維持下游經銷商銷售利潤是刺激經銷商促銷、幫助品牌建立的有效方式。此外,品牌內垂直非價格限制亦可解決搭便車問題,製造商因此能確保下游經銷商之銷售不會受到搭便車者的折扣行為而受到影響。
    品牌內垂直非價格限制雖有上述功能,惟畢竟其為以合意方式限制品牌內競爭,故對強調「維護自由競爭機能」的反托拉斯法來說,仍有所疑慮。雖說,是否管制此類限制,學說上仍有爭論。事實上,目前多數國家皆將品牌內垂直限制列入管制。但也因為其對競爭是否有影響並未有絕對定論下,如何管制、具體準則如何,似乎仍沒有形成一套明確的準則。尤其在我國,因公平交易法施行未久,實務案例累積數量有限,離標準的建立似仍有一段距離。本文認為,無論從立法歷史、實務管制經驗、經濟理論發達程度與相關探討文獻數量等觀點,美國法確為我國法往後執法的良好參考,適度參酌該國法經驗應有助我國法執法基準之建立。有鑑於此,本文以深入介紹美國法管制品牌內垂直限制為方法,內容中不乏對美國重要司法判決與學說理論之論述,希冀藉此作為我國往後立法、執法的借鏡。
    品牌內垂直限制因僅影響品牌內競爭,故美國在Sylvania(1977)案,最高法院已確定將垂直非價格限制以「合理原則」審查。在合理原則下,訴訟原告必須負擔極為沈重的舉證責任,始能獲得勝訴。故往後原告多將品牌內垂直非價格限制定位為「當然違法」之行為類型,如水平限制、垂直約價(垂直價格限制)、聯合杯葛等,以求勝訴。垂直非價格限制與水平限制、垂直價格限制、聯合杯葛如何區分,為即具探討實益的問題。
    品牌內垂直限制依芝加哥學派的見解,不論其限制內容為價格或非價格,一律為有助競爭、有效率的競爭方式。芝加哥學派的見解,對近幾十年美國反托拉斯法院,有相當重要的影響。故對芝加哥學派的思想,實有必要加以介紹,始能窺知美國法之全貌。除經濟理論外,從美國法院判決不難看出,非經濟因素對垂直非價格限制合法性的影響實不容忽視。雖說美國法院近來於反托拉斯案件中,多以經濟分析方式決定系爭限制之合法性,但事實上,倫理、社會、道德等價值,最高法院仍無法完全擺脫。而經濟、非經濟因素如何影響、甚至決定品牌內垂直非價格限制合法性,亦為本文的討論重點。
    按我國管制品牌內垂直非價格限制之法規,為公平交易法第十九條第六款。該條款性質屬「限制競爭法」領域,但體例上卻列於不正競爭法,似有失當。又,構成該條款之不法限制須有「有限制競爭之虞」之共通要件、且具「不正當限制」之個別要件。此二要件如何具體適用、相互間有何影響,則有檢討之必要。依公平會見解,此二要件判斷標準相若,並無法區分。在如此見解下,導致公平會於執法時僅對「不正當限制」為檢驗,忽略對「有限制競爭之虞」作進一步分析。而是否「不正當限制」又常以無法標準化之非經濟因素,如不公平地位、限制相對人經營自由,為審查重心,卻忽略了限制競爭法管制的基礎—競爭機能受損害。故本文除評論此不合理的現象外,並參酌美國法的執法經驗,提出本文對我國法往後立法與執法的建言。
    Intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints, including territorial and customer restraints, are regarded as those of the best ways that can help a manufacturer to make the distribution of his products efficient. These restraints can lessen or eliminate the intrabrand competition of single manufacturer’s products. Therefore, the downstream dealers could make more profits by raising price. As far as a manufacturer is concerned, these restraints can stimulate dealers’ will of promoting his products by providing showrooms, more service, personnel and so on. After all, the more quantity of a manufacturer’s products dealers sell, the more profits a manufacturer earns. Especially when a manufacturer has weak brand or is new in the market, a manufacturer imposing intrabrand vertical nonprice restrains can build its brand rapidly and easily. Besides, they can solve the problem of free-riding between dealers.
    Although intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints have functions of improving distributive efficiency of manufacturer’s products, they are made by agreement between manufacturer and dealer to eliminate competition, and may break antitrust laws that preserve the mechanism of competition. In fact, most of the countries in the world have laws to regulate them. Unfortunately, there is no firm and convincible theory can explain whether intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints harm competition or not. Because of this situation, it’s hard for the antitrust bureau to form a standard of enforcing the antitrust law related to them. Especially in Taiwan, Fair Trade Act (FTA) was made in 1991, so the number of cases accumulated by antitrust bureau, Fair Trade Commission (FTC), is not enough to build a concrete guideline to solve the complexity of intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints. It may be helpful for us to see the foreign regulation toward intrabrand vertical nonprice restraints. Take U.S. antitrust law for instance, there are a long history of regulating experience, abundance of economic theories and essays related to antitrust law. Regarding this point, U.S. law perhaps is a good model to Taiwan.
    Because intrabrand vertical restraints only effect competition of single brand, U.S. Supreme Court in Sylvania (1977) evaluates them by rule of reason. Under rule of reason, the plaintiff must show what damage of competition the restraint at issue has did. Because of being in heavy burden of evidence, the plaintiff is actually hard to win in any case. Later, many plaintiffs who want to get rid of the burden of evidence claim the restraint at issue as a per se illegal type such as parallel collusion, resale price maintenance (RPM), group boycott, but most of them fail.
    According to Chicago School, intrabrand restraints (price or nonprice) in all circumstances is procompetitive and efficient. The economic theory of Chicago School has had great influence on antitrust decision of Supreme Court in past decades, so it is essential to introduce Chicago School for studying the U.S. antitrust law. Addition to economic theory, non-economic concerns such as protection of small retailers and consumers also have some effect on Supreme Court. But unlike economic theory, non-economic concerns are usually involved with moral and social values, and not only hard to evaluate with economic concepts but with each other. Therefore, Chicago School’s advocates like Bork and Posner claim in antitrust case a judge should ignore about non-economic concerns. It’s, however, still a dispute between scholars.
    In Taiwan, regulating vertical nonprice restraints is Article 19(6) of FTA. Theoretically this Article belongs to antitrust law’s territory, but legislators put it mistakenly in ChapterⅢ “unfair competition.” Besides, there are two elements to meet Article 19(6), general and particular element. In other words, an illegal vertical restraint must meet “which is likely to lessen competition or to impede fair competition” called general element and “limiting its trading counterparts` business activity improperly by means of the requirements of business engagement” called particular element. According to the opinion of TFC, general and particular element can’t be distinguished from each other and should be judged by the same standard. Because general element is about the concepts of the market and competition and hard to investigate, in terms of the cost of enforcing laws, FTC will naturally judge Article 19(6) of FTA by focusing the particular element. But what’s “improper” in the particular element is not so clear and usually is involved with non-economic concerns such as the freedom of dealers’, the consumer’s rights of option. In fact, from seeing cases made by FTC, we can conclude that FTC usually put non-economic concerns in a key role in cases and ignore economic concerns. It’s a serious problem we need to discuss. After all, economic concern in the U.S. antitrust law is one of the most important reasons to punish the behavior of agreement. At the end of this thesis, we not only get a conclusion but present some advice of FTA and FTC by comparing with U.S. laws.
    Reference: 一、中文參考書目
    1、林立,波斯納與法律經濟分析,學林,2004年4月。
    2、范建得、莊春發,公平交易法系列二—不公平競爭,1992年。
    3、吳秀明,競爭法制之發軔與展開,元照,2004年11月。
    4、呂榮海、謝穎青、張嘉真著,公平交易法解讀—空前的經濟憲法,元照,2000年10月。
    5、何之邁,公平交易法實論,2001年8月。
    6、陳家駿、羅怡德,公平交易法與智慧財產權—以專利追索為中心,五南,1999年11月。
    7、簡資修,經濟推理與法律,元照,2004年4月。
    8、黃茂榮,公平交易法理論與實務,1993年。
    9、葉日武,行銷學理論與實務,1997年8月。
    10、廖義男,公平交易法之理論與立法,1995年。
    11、廖義男,公平交易法之釋論與實用,1994年。
    12、廖義男等著,公平交易法施行九週年學術研討會論文集,元照,2002年。
    13、劉玉琰,行銷學理論與實務,1999年10月。
    14、劉孔中,公平交易法,元照,2003年。
    15、賴源河編審,公平交易法新論,元照,2002年10月,二版。
    二、中文期刊
    1、李憲佐、吳翠鳳、沈麗玉,公平交易法第十九條規範之檢討—以「有限制競爭或妨礙公平競爭之虞」為中心,文收於《公平交易法施行十周年回顧與前瞻學術研討會論文集》。
    2、林廷機,公平法有關不公平競爭行為,應如何適用「合理原則」或「當然違法」原則,文收於《第二屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集》。
    3、黃營杉、范建得,事業垂直限制行為之公平法適用問題研究—以非價格垂直限制交易限制為核心,文收於《第五屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集》。
    4、顏廷棟,論垂直性交易限制在競爭法上之規範,公平交易季刊,第六卷第二期,2000年4月
    5、吳秀明,獨占事業濫用市場地位價格行為認定方法之研究,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。
    6、吳秀明,從依賴性理論探討相對市場優勢地位,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。
    7、吳秀明,避難到不公平競爭的聯合行為管制—公平法第十四條與第十九條第四款適用關係之釐清,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。
    8、吳秀明,聯合行為理論與實務之回顧與展望,文收於《競爭法制之發軔與展開》。
    9、黃銘傑,維持轉售價格規範之再檢討,臺大法學論叢,第二十九卷第一期,1999年10月。
    10、黃銘傑,公平交易法第十九條之規範原理與架構,文收於《公平交易法施行九週年學術研討會論文集》。
    11、黃銘傑,相對優勢地位濫用與公平交易法之規範,臺大法學論叢,第三十卷第五期,2001年9月。
    12、楊永明,公平交易法對經銷關係之影響(三)—地域條款,萬國法律,第五十九期,1991年10月。
    13、劉姿汝,百貨公司限制專櫃廠商設櫃區域之行為—談「太平洋百貨案」之地域限制條款,萬國法律,第134期,2004年4月。
    14、蘇永欽,論不正競爭和限制競爭的關係—試從德國現行法觀察,國立臺灣大學法學論叢,第十一卷第一期,1981年12月。
    15、蘇永欽,私法自治與公平法的管制—公平法第二十四條的功用與濫用,文收於《公平交易法施行九週年學術研討會論文集》。
    三、中文碩士論文
    1、 王銘勇,限制轉售價格法制之研究,國立政治大學法律學系研究所博士論文,2000年。
    2、 楊宏暉,競爭法對於搭售行為之規範,國立政治大學法律學研究所碩士論文,2001年12月。
    3、顏廷棟,論垂直性交易限制在競爭法上之規範,國立中興大學法律學研究所碩士論文,1996年。
    3、 劉俊儀,公平交易法垂直交易限制之研究—以美國、歐盟垂直交易限制規範為中心,國立臺北大學法學研究所博士論文,2001年。
    四、公平會出版物
    1、行政院公平交易委員會,公平交易法施行十周年回顧與前瞻學術研討會論文集,2002年。
    2、行政院公平交易委員會,公平交易法修法沿革彙編(一),2003年。
    3、行政院公平交易委員會,第四屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集,1999年6月。
    4、行政院公平交易委員會,第五屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集,1999年11月。
    5、行政院公平交易委員會,第十屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集,2003年5月。
    6、行政院公平交易委員會,認識公平交易法,2002年,增訂九版。
    7、行政院公平交易委員會,廖義男等著公平交易法之註釋研究系列(二),2004年11月。
    8、公平交易委員會,美國公平交易法相關法規彙編。
    9、公平會第二處,我國公平交易法垂直限制行為執法實務之檢討—兼論歐盟、德、法、美、日垂直限制規範,文收於《第四屆競爭政策與公平交易法學術研討會論文集》。
    五、外文書目(books)
    1、Phillip E. Areeda, Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and Their Application Vol.Ⅷ (1989).
    2、Philip Areeda & Louis Kaplow, Antitrust Analysis: problems, text, cases (1997).
    3、Phillip E. Areeda & Herbert Hovenkamp, Fundamentals of Antitrust Law Vol.Ⅱ(2002).
    4、Theodore L. Banks, Distribution Law: Antitrust Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. (1999).
    5、Joseph P. Bauer & William H. Page, Kintner Federal Antitrust Law Vol.Ⅱ(2002).
    6、Robert H. Bork, The Antitrust Paradox: A Policy at War with Itself (1978).
    7、Antonio Cucinotta & Roberto Pardolesi & Roger Van den Bergh, Post-Chicago Developments in Antitrust Law (2002).
    8、Franklin M. Fisher, Antitrust and Regulation: Essays in Memory of John J. Mcgowan (1985).
    9、Bryan a. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed. (1999).
    10、Ernest Gellhorn & William E. Kovacic, Antitrust Law and Economics in a Nutshell, 4th ed. (1994).
    11、Mark R. Joelson, An International Antitrust Primer, 2nd ed. (2001).
    12、Julian O. von Kalinowski, Peter Sullivan, Maureen McGuirl, Antitrust Law and Trade Regulation (1999).
    13、William C. Holmes, Antitrust Law Handbook 2000 Edition (2000).
    14、William C. Holmes, Antitrust Law Handbook 2004 Edition (2004).
    15、Herbert Hovenkamp, Federal Antitrust Policy: The Law of Competition and Its Practice, 2nd ed. (1999).
    16、Massimo Motta, Competition Policy Theory and Practice (2004).
    17、Richard A. Posner, Antitrust Law, 2nd ed. (2000).
    18、Stephen F. Ross, Principles of Antitrust Law (1993).
    19、Louis B. Schwarts & John J. Flynn & Harry First, Free Enterprise and Economic Organization: Antitrust (1983).
    20、E. Thomas Sullivan & Jeffrey L. Harrison, Understanding Antitrust and Its Economic Implications, 3rd ed. (1998).
    21、Lawrence A. Sullivan & Warren S. Grimes, The Law of Antitrust: An Integrated Handbook (2000).
    22、Don E. Waldman, The Economics of Antitrust Cases and Analysis (1986).
    六、外文期刊(periodical)
    1、 William J. Baer & David A. Balto, Do Politics Corrupt Antitrust Enfrocement? The Politics of Federal Antitrust Enforcement, 23 Harv. J. L. & Pub. Pol"y 111 (1999).
    2、 David A. Balto, Antitrust Enforcement in the Clinton Administration, 9 Cornell J. L. & Pub. Pol"y 61 (1999).
    3、William S. Comanor, Vertical Arrangement and Antitrust Analysis, 62 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1153 (1987).
    4、William S. Comanor, Vertical Market Restriction, and the New Antitrust Policy, 98 Harv. L. Rev. 983 (1985)
    5、William S. Comanor, Vertical Territorial and Customer Restriction: White Motor and Its Aftermath, 81 Harv. L. Rev. 1419 (1968).
    6、F. Easterbrook, Vertical Arrangement and the Rule of Reason, 53 Antitrust L. J. 135 (1984).
    7、Herbert Hovenkamp, Vertical Restriction and Monopoly power, 64 B.U.L. Rev. 521 (1984).
    8、Marina Lao, Tortious Interference and the Federal Antitrust Law of Vertical Restraints, 83 Iowa L. Rev. 35 (1997).
    9、Wesley J. Liebeler, The Distinction Between Price and Nonprice Restriction, 31 U.C.L.A. 384 (1983).
    10、William E. Kovacic, Reagan"s Judicial Appointees and Antitrust in the 1990s, 60 Fordham L. Rev. 49 (1991).
    11、Alan J. Meese, Price Theory and Vertical Restraints: A Misunderstand Relation, 45 UCLA L. Rev. 143 (1997).
    12、Pitofsky, The Political Content of Antitrust, 127 U. PA. L. Rev. 1051 (1979).
    13、Thomas A. Piraino, The Case for Presuming the Legality of Quailty Motivated Restrictions on Distribution, 63 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1 (1988).
    14、Richard A. Posner, The Next Step in the Antitrust Treatment of Restricted Distribution: Per Se Legality, 48 U. Chi. L. Rev. 6 (1981).
    15、Michael H. Orbison, Vertical Restraint in the Brewing Industry: Is the Malt Beverage Interbrand Competition Act the Answer, 50 Brooklyn L. Rev. 143(1983).
    16、Val D. Ricks & R. Chet Loftis, Seeing the Diagnal Clearly: Telling Vertical from Horizotal in Antitrust Law, 28 U. Tol. L. Rev. 151(1996).
    17、Adrew M. Rosenfield, The Use of Economic Analysis in Antitrust Litigation and counseling, 1986 Colum. Bus. L. Rev. 49 (1986).
    Description: 碩士
    國立政治大學
    法律學研究所
    90651016
    93
    Source URI: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0906510163
    Data Type: thesis
    Appears in Collections:[法律學系] 學位論文

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