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https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/32823
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| Title: | GATS自然人移動之重要議題及我國重要對策分析
Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS: Issues and Strategies for the Current Negotiations |
| Authors: | 劉漢威
Liu Han-wei |
| Contributors: | 張新平
劉漢威
Liu Han-wei |
| Keywords: | 服務貿易總協定
自然人移動
模式四
第三類自然人移動
GATS 簽證
GATS
movement of natural person
Mode 4
GATS Visa/Permit |
| Date: | 2004 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-17 14:31:31 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in Services，GATS)將服務依其提供之方式區分為四類。其中之一，乃藉由自然人跨越國境之方式進行，因此，是類服務供給方式，除模式四、自然人呈現外，一般常以自然人移動名之。
對於資金與技術相對匱乏的開發中會員而言，自然人移動毋寧為具有比較利益的服務提供模式之一。藉由短期勞力移動至海外，不但可解決國內勞力過剩之問題，更能帶來可觀的外匯收入，改善本國經濟狀況；他方面，短期移出之勞力於海外工作時所習得之新穎技術與知識，亦將有助於國內生產及服務水準之提升。而就已開發會員來說，在出生率低、人口結構呈現高齡化等因素影響下，許多產業所面臨的工資高漲及人才難覓之窘境，使先進國家不得不正視勞動力需求之議題。
儘管不少會員國對於勞動力的引進有所需求，但由於人員移動所牽涉的層面太廣，移民政策、社會安全乃至文化認同等因素盤根錯節，使得各國在模式四的開放上相當保守，不但承諾項目僅集中於專業人士(specialist)與企業內部人員調動(intra-corporate transferee)等白領階級，更有著林林總總的管制態樣。在不願意受到GATS承諾拘束，卻又有實際需求的情況下，許多會員轉而以本國立法或雙邊、複邊的合作方式，引進外國服務提供者。
此一保守之承諾現狀令人力資源豐沛的開發中會員極為不滿，因此，於2000年WTO新回合談判時，以印度為首之開發中會員即紛紛提出具體之建言，試圖打開目前在GATS架構下人員移動之僵局。另一方面，學者間亦陸續表達其對於模式四自由化之看法，並分別從闡釋開放市場所帶來經濟誘因、區隔自然人移動與移民、長期勞動力移動間之不同等角度切入，藉此釐清各國之疑慮，以期模式四在新回合談判下能有所突破。
面對模式四自由化聲浪高漲之勢，人員移動進一步開放的問題，於新回合中已難以迴避，由於人員移動所牽涉層面甚廣，對我國而言，倘稍有不慎，不但將造成我國就業市場門戶洞開的嚴重後果，其後續效應，如本地勞工失業率上升、及對治安、文化語言等衝擊，將為我國帶來不可預測的影響。舉例而言，我國模式四承諾中之第三類自然人移動，其內涵為何？如依國貿局之中譯文—「受中華台北企業僱用之自然人」(a natural person employed by business entities in Chinese Taipei)，則對我國就業市場產生如何影響，我國又應如何因應，值得深思。
職是之故，自然人移動之基本概念、內涵上之爭議，乃至於會員各陣營間意見落差等議題之釐清，對於我國新回合談判而言，實屬刻不容緩之事。本文之研究動機，即針對模式四規範上的重要問題、我國模式四承諾中之「第三類自然人移動」及相關談判策略進行分析，希冀對我國談判當局能有所助益。
關鍵字：服務貿易總協定、自然人移動、模式四、商業據點呈現、模式三、商業訪客、跨國企業內部調動人員、獨立服務提供者、第三類自然人移動、GATS簽證、經濟需求測試、工作證。
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is undoubtedly a milestone of the Uruguay Round of negotiations, as it has successfully brought services into the multilateral framework of trades. Under the GATS regime, services are trade via four modes of supply, namely, cross-border supply (mode1); consumption abroad (mode 2); commercial presence (mode 3); movement of natural persons (mode 4).
Notwithstanding the GATS has taken the important step towards bringing services into the multilateral framework of trade, the liberalization commitments that have reaped during first round negotiations are so limited. They are highly asymmetric across different sectors and modes of supply, in particular, the movement of natural persons. Developing countries were disappointed by the dearth of the commitments in the aspect of their comparative advantage, and now seek to great openness. Meanwhile, lots of multinational corporations attempt to enlarge the scope of movement of personnel as well. Due to the aging populations, developed countries today are facing an increasing severe shortage of workers, including skilled and less skilled. These shared interested seem to create an optimistic negotiating environment for the current negotiations. The problem is, however, whether and how the coincidence of interests could be taken used of to further liberalizations.
Besides the introduction - Chapter 1, the study could be divided into five parts.
First, the study endeavors to clarify the meaning and scope of mode 4, inter alia, the most debated issue – if “natural persons employed by host-country companies “falls within the GATS. It has been argued that since the Annex of Movement of Natural Persons covers ”employed by a service supplier of a Member”, this could include foreigners employed by host-country companies. Owing to the fact that Art.1: 2(d) of the GATS defines mode 4 as “ the supply of service …by a service supplier of one Member, through the presence of natural persons of a Member in the territory of any other Member”, this argument is not accepted by the majority opinions.
Chapter 2 attempts to analyze how the opaqueness result from and sketches out the sensitivities involved the issue. Apart from the economic impacts of mode 4, some observers argue that the real grounds behind the reluctance of Members to expand mode 4 commitments are uncertain social and political impacts. Therefore, economic impacts, as well as social influences and debates will also be discussed in this Chapter.
In accordance with the data of WTO Secretariat and International Mutual Fund (IMF), it’s apparent that mode 4 is by far the smallest mode of service delivery in terms of both flows and volumes of schedules. Moreover, the limited commitments that have been made under the mode 4 almost exclusively refer to so-called “white-collar” personnel, especially to the intra-corporate transferees (ICT), which are linked to commercial presence. In addition, a variety of obstacles, such as burdensome visa/work permit procedures, economic needs tests (ENTs), licensing requirement, pre-employment, wage parity, and social security taxes, etc., have made the scheduled concessions more limited. All the patterns of mode 4 commitments and barriers are presented in Chapter 3.
Chapter 4 first outlines the brief history of post-Uruguay Round negotiations from 1994 to 1995 that is helpful to perceive the interests of conflicts of interests between the capital-surplus and labour-surplus countries. In addition, all the proposals pertaining to liberalizing mode 4 commitments for the new round negotiations are detailed listed in this Chapter.
Mode 4 commitments of Taiwan are evaluated in Chapter, in particular, the potential impacts of the 3rd category personnel. The study seeks to submit several strategies for the purposes of tackling the envisaged menaces.
The last Chapter is the conclusions and recommendations. All the crucial issues are collected as a whole, meanwhile, negotiating strategies and proposals with respect to GATS visa, ENTs, categories of personnel, uniformity of the terms of the specific commitments, transparency, domestic regulations, the use of ISCO-88 for the scheduling etc. for the new round negotiations are submitted to the authorities concerned as well.
Key words: GATS, commercial presence, mode 3,movement of natural persons, mode 4, 3rd category personnel, business visitor, intra-corporate transferees (ICT), independent service contractor, GATS visa, ENTs, work permit, W/120, ISCO-88. |
| Reference: | 一、工具書
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（二）期刊、雜誌及研討會文章
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4.張新平，＜WTO專業服務自由化之新趨勢＞，《月旦法學雜誌》，第98期，2003年7月。
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8.曾嬿芬，＜引進外籍勞工的國族政治＞，《台灣社會學刊》，第32期，2004年6月。
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13.焦興鎧，＜美國利用國際經貿活動推展勞動人權之研究＞，第三屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會「WTO新議題與新挑戰」發表論文，國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心與經濟部貿易調查委員會合辦，台北，2003年3月15日。
14.楊光華，＜服務貿易總協定與我國入會承諾＞，《月旦法學雜誌》，第79期，2001年12月。
15.楊光華，＜服務貿易緊急防衛措施規範之發展及我國應有立場之芻議＞，第二屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會「台灣WTO新紀元—貿易之開放與防衛」發表論文，國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心與經濟部貿易調查委員會合辦，台北，2002年4月13日。
16.楊光華，＜兩岸經貿協商應依WTO機制進行＞，發表於「兩岸經貿關係正常化」進程與挑戰研討會，2002年9月22日。
17.蕭振寰，＜「多哈發展議程」：WTO設立後第一次回合談判的回顧與展望＞，第四屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會發表論文，國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心與經濟部貿易調查委員會合辦，台北，2004年3月6日。
18.羅昌發，＜WTO下之「Doha發展議程」與我國參與＞，第二屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會「台灣WTO新紀元---貿易之開放與防衛」發表論文，國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法律研究中心與經濟部貿易調查委員會合辦，台北，2002年4月13日。
（三）學位論文
1.申富鑫，《WTO規範下保險服務貿易之自由化》，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，2002年7月。
2.林莉璇，《WTO服務貿易規章中「國內規章」條款之研究》，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，2000年7月。
3.林孟楠，《論外國人的國際遷徙自由》，國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文，2004年7月。
4.陳蒨儀，《我國加入世界貿易組織後法律服務之發展方向與相關問題研究》，國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文，1999年6月。
5.陳秋玉，《服務貿易總協定規範下之視聽服務業》，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，1995年7月。
6.葉靜華，《從WTO架構論我國政府採購之因應》，私立東吳大學法律法律學系法律專業碩士論文，2002年7月。
7.廖婉敏，《服務貿易障礙及其自由化之研究》，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，1991年7月。
8.簡基昇，《西雅圖會議後WTO面對之開發中國家問題》，國立政治大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，2000年7月。
9.蘇妍旭，《空運服務與WTO相關規範之研究》，國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文，2002年7月。
三、日文資料
（一）書籍、研究報告
1.日本外務省經濟局國際機關第一課編，《解說WTO協定》，東京，財團法人日本國際關係研究所發行，2003年6月。
2.日本外務省經濟局ДみжЗ貿易室編，《WTOДみжЗ貿易一般協定》，東京，財團法人日本國際問題研究所，1997年3月。
3.桑原靖夫編著，《國際勞働力移動ソи①⑦Ъユヤ》，日本勞働研究機構調查報告，1993年2月。
（二）期刊文章
1.森田清隆，＜WTOД一жЗ貿易自由化交涉ズれんペ「自然人ソ移動」ズ関エペ諸論点＞，《国際商事法務》，第31卷，第11期，2003年。
2.高瀨保，＜國際勞働力移動ソ今後ソ動向—貿易ソ自由化交涉ゎパギヘエ影響＞，《世界ソ勞働》，第54卷，第1號，2004年1月。
四、英文資料
（一）書籍
1.Aaditya Mattoo& Antonia Carzaniga (eds.), MOVING PEOPLE TO DELIVER SERVICES (2003)
2.Aaditya Mattoo& Pierre Sauvé (eds.), DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE LIBERALIZATION (2003)
3.Dennis R. Appleyard & Alfred J. Field Jr., INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS (4th ed. 2001).
4.International Bar Association, GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES: A HANDBOOK FOR INTERNATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION MEMBER BARS (2002)
5.Malcolm S. Cohen & Mahmood A. Zaidi, GLOBAL SKILL SHORTAGES (2002)
6.Pierre Sauvé & Robert M. Stern (eds), GATS 2000: NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION (2000)
7.Ralph H. Folsom et al., INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT IN A NUTSHELL, 2nd (ed)(2000).
8.Scott Sinclair & Jim Grishaber-Otto, FACING THE FACT: A GUIDE TO THE GATS DEBATE (2002)
9.Terence P. Stewart (eds), THE GATT URUGUAY ROUND: A NEGOTIATING HISTORY (1986-1992) (1993)
10.WTO, WORLD TRADE REPORT: EXPLORING THE LINKAGE BETWEEN THE DOMESTIC POLICY ENVIRONMENT AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE (2004).
11.WTO, WTO ANALYTICAL INDEX, GUIDE TO WTO LAW AND PRACTICE (2003).
12.WTO, GATS—FACT AND FICTION (2001).
13.WTO, GUIDE TO THE GATS: AN OVERVIEW OF ISSUES FOR FURTHER LIBERALIZATION OF TRADE IN SERVICES (2000).
（二）期刊文章、專書文章、國際組織研究報告及文件
1.Aaditya Mattoo, Introduction and Overview, in MOVING PEOPLE TO DELIVER SERVICES. (Aaditya Mattoo& Antonia Carzaniga eds.)(2003)
2.-- & Pierre Sauvé, Domestic Regulation and Trade in Services: Key Issues, in DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Aaditya Mattoo & Pierre Sauvé eds)(2003)
3.--, MFN and the GATS, paper presented at the World Trade Forum Conference on “Most-Favoured Nation: Past and Present.”(28-29,August 1998).
4.Aashit Shah & Vaibhav Parish, Mode 4 and the Software Services Sector: An Indian View, in MOVING PEOPLE TO DELIVER SERVICES, Aaditya Mattoo& Antonia Carzaniga (eds.) (2003)
5.Antonia Carzaniga, The GATS, Mode 4, and Pattern of Commitments in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
6.Allison M. Young, Where Next for Labour Mobility under GATS? in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Pierre Sauvé & Robert M. Stern eds.)(2000)
7.Bimal Ghosh, Gains from Global Linkages –Trade in Services and Movement in Services (1997).
8.Dale B. Honeck, Developing Regulatory Disciplines in Professional Services: The Role of the World Trade Organization, in GLOBALIZATION OF SERVICES: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND PRACTICE (Yair Aharoni & Lilach Nachum eds)(2000)
9.Guy Karsenty, Assessing Trade in services by Mode of Supply, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Pierre Sauvé & Robert M. Stern (eds.)(2000)
10.Geza Feketekuty, Assessing and Improving the Architecture of GATS, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Pierre Sauvé & Robert M. Stern (eds.)(2000)
11.Howard R. Dobson, Trade in Services and Immigration Law of USA, in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
12.ILO, International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO-88)
13.James Cameron & Kevin R. Gray, Principles of International Law in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body, 50 INTERNATIONAL LAW QUARTERLY (2001)
14.Julia Nielson and Olivier Cattaneo, Current Regimes for the Temporary Movement of Service Providers Case Study: The United States of America in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
15.---, Current Regimes for the Temporary Movement of Service Providers Case Study: Australia in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
16.Josephine J. Francisco, Barriers to Temporary Migration of Filipino Workers As Service Providers, in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS. (2002).
17.Joel P. Trachtman, Lessons for the GATS form Existing WTO Rules on Domestic Regulation, in DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Aaditya Mattoo & Pierre Sauvé eds)(2003)
18.Julian Arkell, What Are the Prospects for Liberalization in Services? in the World Trade Negotiations and Prospects for the Cancun Ministerial 23 (International Trade and Services Policy, Wilton Park Conference No.712, 2003).
19.Kalypso Nicolaïs & Joel P. Trachtman, From Policed Regulation to Managed Recognition in GATS, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Pierre Sauvé & Robert M. Stern (eds.)(2000)
20.Keiya Iida & Julia Nielson, Transparency in Domestic Regulation: Practices and Possibilities, in DOMESTIC REGULATION AND SERVICE TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Aaditya Mattoo & Pierre Sauvé eds.)(2003)
21.L. Alan Winters et al., Liberalizing Temporary Movement of Natural Persons: An Agenda for the Development Round, 26(8) THE WORLD ECONOMY (2003)
22.--, The Economic Implications of Liberalising Mode 4 Trade, in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
23.Lynette A. R. Ifill and Aubrey Garcia, The Movement of Natural Persons: A Caricom Strategy for Trade in Services and International Trade Negotiations. (Paper submitted to the Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery)(2001)
24.Mark Hatcher, Draft Model Schedule Covering the Temporary Entry of Natural Persons under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
25.Markus Krajewski, Book Reviews on” Domestic Regulation and Service Trade Liberalization”, 3(2) WORLD TRADE REVIEW (2004)
26.Md.Shahidul Haque, Quest for An Implementation Mechanism for Movement of Service Providers, (South Centre/Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency occasional paper July 2001)
27.OECD, Services Providers on the Move: The Economic Impact of Mode 4 (TD/TC/WP (2002) 12/FINAL)(2003)
28.--, Service Providers on the Move: Labour Mobility and the WTO Agreement on Trade in Services (Policy Brief, OECD Observer, 2003)
29.--, Service Providers on the Move: Mutual Recognition Agreements (TD/TC/WP (2002) 48/FINAL)(2003)
30.--, Labour Mobility in Regional Trade Agreements, (TD/TC/WP (2002) 16/FINAL) (2002).
31.--, Services Providers on the Move: A Closer Look at Labour Mobility and the GATS (TD/TC/WP (2001) 26/FINAL)(2001)
32.--, Assessing Barriers to Trade in Services: The Scheduling of Economic Needs Test in the GATS (TD/TC/WP (2000) 11/FINAL)(2000)
33.--, The OECD Declarations and Decisions on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises: Basic Text (DAFFE/IME/(2000) 20)
34.Patrick Low & Aaditya Mattoo, Is There a Better Way? Alternative Approaches to Liberalization under GATS, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Pierre Sauvé & Robert M. Stern eds.)(2000)
35.Pierre Sauvé, Book Review on “Moving People to Deliver Services”, 3(1) WORLD TRADE Review (2004)
36.Pierre E. Page, The Importance of Temporary Inflow of Natural Persons for the Swiss IT Market in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
37.Paul Henry, Mode 4: Through a Canadian Immigration Policy Lens, in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
38.Pradip Bhatnagar, Liberalising the Movement of Natural Persons: A Lost Decade? 27(3) THE WORLD ECONOMY (2004).
39.Rupa Chanda, Movement and Presence of Natural Persons and Developing Countries: Issues and Proposals for the GATS Negotiations (South Centre working Papers, 2004).
40.--, Movement of Natural Persons and the GATS, 24(5) THE WORLD ECONOMY, (2001)
41.--, Movement of Natural Persons and Trade in Services: Liberalizing Temporary Movement of Labour under the GATS (Indian Council for Research on the International Economic Relations working paper 51, 1999).
42.R. Self and B. K. Zutshi, Mode 4: Negotiating Challenges and Opportunities, in Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS (2002).
43.Sumanta Chaudhuri et al., Moving People to Deliver Services: How Can the WTO Help? (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3238)(2004).
44.UN, Central Provisional Classification (UN CPC Prov.)
45.UNCTAD, Increasing the Participation of Developing Countries through Liberalization of Market Access in GATS Mode 4 for Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services (TD/B/COM.1/EM.22/2)(2003)
46.--, Lists of Economic Needs Tests in the GATS Schedules of Specific Commitment (UNCTAD/ITCD/TSB/8)(1999)
47.--, Scope for Expanding Exports of Developing Countries in Specific Services Sectors Through All GATS Modes of Supply, Taking into Account their Interrelationship, the Role of Information Technology and of New Business Practices (TD/B/COM1.21)(1998)
48.Werner Zdouc, WTO Dispute Settlement Practice Relating to the GATS, 2 JOURNAL of INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY LAW (1999)
49.William J. Drake & Kalypso Nicolaïs, Global Electronic Commerce and the GATS: The Millennium Round and Beyond, in GATS 2000 NEW DIRECTIONS IN SERVICES TRADE LIBERALIZATION (Pierre Sauvé & Robert M. Stern eds.)(2000)
（三）學位論文
1.Allison M. Young, LIBERALIZATION AND REGULATION OF THE MOVEMENT OF SERVICE SUPPLIERS: COMPARING THE PROVISIONS FOR LABOUR MOBILITY IN THE GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES, THE NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT, AND THE EUROPEAN UNION, (Ph.D.diss., Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, 2001)
（四）WTO文件
正式
1.Australia –Schedule of Specific Commitments –Supplement 1,2, WTO Doc. GATS/SC/6/Suppl.1, 2(28 Jul 1995)
2.Canada–Schedule of Specific Commitments –Supplement 1,2, WTO Doc. GATS/SC/16/Suppl.1, 2(28 Jul 1995)
3.Costa Rica – Schedule of Specific Commitments - Supplement 1,WTO Doc.GATS/SC/22(15 Apr. 1994)
4.Communication from Australia, Negotiating Proposal for Accountancy Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/62(28 Mar. 2001)
5.Communication from Australia, Negotiating Proposal for Architectural Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/63(28 Mar.2001)
6.Communication from Australia, Negotiating Proposal for Construction and Related Engineering Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/64(28 Mar. 2001)
7.Communication from Australia, Negotiating Proposal for Engineering Services, WTO Doc. S/CSS/W/65(28 Mar.2001)
8.Communication from Australia, Negotiating Proposal for Financial Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/66(28 Mar.2001)
9.Communication from Australia, Negotiating Proposal for Legal Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/67(28 Mar 2001)
10.Communication from Australia, Negotiating Proposal for Legal Services (Revision), WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/67/Suppl.1/Rev.1 (28 Mar 2001)
11.Communication from Australia, Preparations for the 1999 Ministerial Conference, WTO Doc WT/GC/W/353,S/C/W/126 (11 Oct.1999)
12.Communication from Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, the People’s Republic of China, Colombia, Dominic Republic, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines and Thailand, Proposed Liberalization of Mode 4 under GATS Negotiations, WTO Doc.TN/S/W/14(3 July 2003)
13.Communications from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines and Thailand, Review of Progress as established in Paragraph 15 of the Guidelines and Procedures for the Negotiations on Trade in Services (S/L/93), WTO Doc.TN/S/W/19(31 Mar 2004)
14.Communication from Brazil, Construction and Related Services, S/CSS/W/113(5 Oct 2001)
15.Communication form Canada, Initial Negotiating Proposals on Temporary Movement of Natural Persons Supplying Services under the GATS (Mode4), WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/48(14 Mar. 2001)
16.Communication from Chile, The Negotiations on Trade in Service, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/88(14 May 2001)
17.Communication from Colombia, Proposal for the Negotiations on the Provisions of Services through Movement of Natural Persons, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/97 (9 July 2001)
18.Communication from Colombia, Professional Services, S/CSS/W/98 (9 July 2001).
19.Communication from Colombia, Examples of Measures Relating to Administrative Procedures for Obtaining Visas or Entry Permit, WTO Doc.S/WPDR/W/29(7 July 2004)
20.Communication form European Communities and their Member States, GATS 2000: Temporary Movement of Service Suppliers, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/45(14 Mar 2001)
21.Communication from India, Proposed Liberalization of Movement of Professionals under General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/12(24 Nov 2000)
22.Communication from India, Recognition Issues: Agenda Item: Development of Disciplines for Professional Services, JOB (03)/192 (30 Sep. 2003.)
23.Communication form the Japan, The Negotiations on Trade in Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/42/Suppl.2 (6 Jul. 2001)
24.Communication from Kenya, Negotiating Proposal, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/109(26 Sep 2001)
25.Communication from the LDC Group, Draft Modalities for the Special Treatment for the Least-Developed Country Members in the Negotiations on Trade in Services, WTO Doc.TN/S/W/13(7 May 2003)
26.Communication from MERCOSUR: Economic Needs Test, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/139 (20 Mar 2002)
27.Communication from MERCOSUR, Computer and Related Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/95(9 July 2001)
28.Communication from New Zealand, Negotiating Proposal on Sporting Services, S/CSS/W/94(26 June 2001)
29.Communication from Switzerland, e-Work Permit in Switzerland: www.workpermit.zh.ch, WTO Doc.TN/S/W/22(17 Sep. 2004)
30.Communication from Switzerland, GATS 2000:Professional Services, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/75(4 May 2001)
31.Communication form the United States, Movement of Natural Persons, WTO.Doc.S/CSS/W/29(18 Dec.2000)
32.Communication from Pakistan, Preparations for the 1999 Ministerial Conference, Movement of Natural Persons under GATS WTO Doc.WT/GC/W/160(1 Apr 1999)
33.Cuba –Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.GATS/SC/24(15 Apr. 1994)
34.Decisions on Movement of Natural Persons Commitment, WTO Doc.S/L/10(1995).
35.Disciplines on Domestic Regulation in the Accountancy Sector, WTO Doc.S/L/64(24 Dec.1998)
36.Economic Needs Tests, WTO Doc.S/CSS/W/118(30 Nov.2001)
37.Examples of Measures to Be Addressed by Disciplines under the GATS, Informal Note by the Secretariat, JOB (02)/20/Rev.3 (3 December 2002).
38.European Communities and their Member States–Schedule of Specific Commitments –Supplement 1,2, WTO Doc. GATS/SC/31/Suppl.1, 2(28 Jul 1995)
39.Egypt –Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.GATS/SC/30(15 Apr. 1994)
40.El Salvador – Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.GATS/SC/29(15 Apr. 1994)
41.First Written Submission of Antigua and Barbuda, United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WTO Doc.WT/DS285 (10 Nov. 2004)
42.Guidelines for the Scheduling of Specific Commitment under the General Agreement on Trade in Services, WTO Doc.S/L/92(28 Mar.2001)
43.Guidelines for Mutual Recognition Agreements in the Accountancy Sector, WTO Doc.S/L/38(28 May.1997)
44.India–Schedule of Specific Commitments –Supplement 1,2, WTO Doc. GATS/SC/42/Suppl.1, 2(28 Jul 1995)
45.Indonesia – Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.GATS/SC/43(15 Apr. 1994)
46.Norway – Schedule of Specific Commitments –Supplement 1,2, WTO Doc. GATS/SC/66/Suppl.1, 2(28 Jul 1995)
47.Note on the Meeting of 22 September 1994, S/NGNP/2(25 Oct. 1994)
48.Note on the Meeting of 8 February 1995, S/NGNP/4(13 Mar.1995)
49.Note on the Meeting of 5 April, S/NGNP/5(8 May 1995)
50.Note on the Meeting of 24 May 1995, S/NGNP/6 (13 June 1995)
51.Note on the Meeting of 26,29 and 30 June 1995,S/NGNP/7 (12 July 1995)
52.Panel Report on European Community – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc.WT/DS27/R (22 May 1997)
53.Panel Report on United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WTO Doc.WT/DS285/R (10 Nov. 2004)
54.Panel Report on US. – Section 301-310 of the Trade Act of 1974,WTO Doc.WT/DS/152/R (22 Dec.1999)
55.Panel Report on Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WTO Doc. WT/DS139//R, WT/DS142/R (11 Feb 2000)
56.Preparations for the 1999 Ministerial Conference, General Council discussion on mandated negotiations and the built-in agenda 23-24 November 1998,WTO Doc.WT/GC/W/131(22 Dec 1998)
57.Procedures for the Implementation of Article XXI of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)(Modification of Schedules), WTO Doc. S/L/80(29 Oct.1999)
58.Procedures for the Certification of Rectifications or Improvements to Schedules of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.S/L/84(18 Apr. 2000)
59.Report of Appellate Body on Canada – Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry, WTO Doc. WT/DS139/AB/R, WT/DS142/AB/R (31 May 2000)
60.Report of Appellate Body on European Community – Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of Bananas, WTO Doc.WT/DS27/AB/R (9 Sep.1997)
61.Report of Appellate Body on Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages, WTO Doc.WT/DS/8/AB/R, WT/DS/10/AB/R, WT/DS/11/AB/R (4 Oct. 1996)
62.Report of Appellate Body on United States – Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO Doc.WT/DS2/AB/R (29 Apr.1996)
63.Scheduling of Initial Commitments in Trade in Services-Explanatory Note, MTN.GNS/W/164 (3 Sep.1993)
64.Services Sectoral Classification List, WTO Doc.MTN/GNS/W/120(10 July 1991)
65.South Africa – Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.GATS/SC/78(15 Apr. 1994)
66.Special Study No. 2–Electronic Commerce and the Role of the WTO (1998)
67.Special Study No. 6–Market Access: Unfinished Business –Post Uruguay Round Inventory (2001)
68.Switzerland – Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc. GATS/SC/83/Suppl.1, 2(28 Jul 1995)
69.The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu - Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.GATS/SC/136(15 Feb. 2002)
70.The People’s Republic of China–Schedule of Specific Commitments, WTO Doc.GATS/SC/135/corr.1 (20 Feb 2003)
71.Third Protocol to the General Agreement on Trade in Services, WTO Doc.S/L/12(1995)
72.WTO News Press/351.
非正式
1.GATS negotiations Friends of Mode 4 Group, Non-Paper: Canada’s View and Proposal on Transparency of Horizontal Mode 4 Commitments. (5 Mar.2003)
2.GATS Negotiations Friends of Mode 4 Group, Mode 4 Commitments and Economic Needs Tests Paper by Canada (Mar 31, 2004)
五、網站資料
（一）中文
1.外交部 http://www.boca.gov.tw。
2.全國法規資料庫入口網站 http://law.moj.gov.tw。
3.法源法律網 http://www.lawbank.com.tw。
4.行政院主計處 http://www.dgbas.gov.tw。
5.行政院經濟建設委員會 http://www.cepd.gov.tw。
6.行政院勞工委員會 http://www.cla.gov.tw。
7.行政院勞工委員會職訓局http://www2.evta.gov.tw/evta/index.asp。
8.經濟部國貿局 http://www.trade.gov.tw。
9.財團法人國家政策研究基金會 http://www.npf.org.tw。
10.國立政治大學商學院國際經貿組織暨法學研究中心 http://www.it.nccu.edu.tw/law/index.asp。
11.國立編譯館學術名詞查詢網 http://www.nict.gov.tw/tc/dic/index1.php。
（二）日文
1. 日本外務省 http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/wto/service/GATS_5.html。
（三）英文
1.APEC web-site http://www.apec.org。
2.Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery (CRNM) web-site http://www.crnm.org/studies.htm。
3.Google Search http://www.google.com。
4.Home Office(UK) http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/。
5.ILO web-site http://www.ilo.org。
6.OECD web-site http://www.oecd.org。
7.Office of the United States Trade Representatives (USTR)
http://www.ustr.gov/Document_Library/Reports_Publications/2001/2001_Trade_Policy_Agenda/Section_Index.html。
8.UK Visas http://www.ukvisas.gov.uk。
9.UN Statistics Division-Classifications Registry http://unstats.un.org/unsd/class/。
10.US. Citizenship and Immigration Services http://uscis.gov/graphics/howdoi/h1b.htm#what。
11.US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration http://www.doleta.gov。
12.US Department of Treasury Internal Revenue Service
http://www.irs.gov/index.html。
13.South Centre web-site http://www.southcentre.org。
14.Warwick Institute for Employment Research
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/ier/research/isco88/english/。
15.World Bank web-site http://www.worldbank.org。
16.WTO web-site http://www.wto.org。
17.e-Work Permits (Swiss) http://www.workpermit.zh.ch。 |
| Description: | 國立政治大學
法律學研究所
90651015
93 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0906510151 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法律學系] 學位論文
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