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    Title: 性罪犯認知扭曲-內隱理論的引用
    Cognitive Distortion of Sexual Offender -- Application of Implicit Theories
    Authors: 廖怡玲
    Contributors: 許文耀
    廖怡玲
    Keywords: 性罪犯
    認知扭曲
    內隱理論
    Date: 2005
    Issue Date: 2009-09-17 13:23:36 (UTC+8)
    Abstract: 過去國外在認知扭曲的實證研究上，有關區辨性罪犯和其他罪犯認知差異的結果，都一直無法得到一個令人滿意的結果；國內學者亦曾努力瞭解此等狀況，作為性犯罪防治的主要依據，然所得到的研究結果也未盡理想。對此，Polaschek和Ward（2002）認為多數學者原先所認為的只要某一種「認知扭曲」就會導致性犯罪的論點可能有所不足，亦缺乏能夠說明性罪犯認知扭曲的來源、結構、和犯罪歷程之間的關係的理論模型，以致於造成臨床觀察結果與病因理論及實證研究上不一致的現象，因而藉由性罪犯的內隱理論，指出了五種扭曲的認知組型作為瞭解、測量性罪犯認知扭曲的一套工具。

    根據內隱理論的觀點，性罪犯的認知扭曲同時混雜著「慾望-信念」，性慾人生而有之、沒有對錯之分，而性罪犯在成長過程中所習到的信念若有偏差，在性慾處於喚起狀態時，受到這些扭曲信念的影響，便會發動性攻擊的暴力行為。

    舉例來說，一個性罪犯在性慾喚起時且具備先置的偏誤信念下，可能視女性為性的提供者（組型一：「女人為性的客體」），且男人的性慾本來就較強烈、無法控制（組型二：「男人的性驅力是無法控制的」），再說女人常表裡不一（組型三：「女人是難以理解的」），也應該迎合男人的性需求（組型四：「賦權論」），所以為了滿足自己的性需求，即使傷害對方也無所謂（組型五：「危險世界」），因而發動性攻擊。因此，並不是單一的認知扭曲即會造成性罪犯的性犯罪行為，同時也說明了性罪犯的性認知扭曲雖有五種不同的特性，但彼此間會相扣連，並相互俱起，意即性罪犯整體的認知型態的確有缺陷，在某種組型的認知扭曲具有關鍵影響力的同時，其他型態的認知扭曲組型亦會隨之而起。

    本研究引用Polaschek和Ward內隱觀點的論述編製「性認知量表」，並藉以探討其所論述的五種認知組型在性罪犯和暴力犯的差別，以及比較性認知扭曲、同理心、對暴力的接受度及自戀特質何者較能預測性罪犯的攻擊行為與再犯。

    研究結果證實了性罪犯和暴力犯在「賦權論」、「危險世界」這二種認知組型並無差異，但「女人是性的客體」及「男人的性驅力是無法控制的」這二種認知組型確有差異的觀點，以及在靜態-99再犯評估量表上性犯罪再犯與暴力再犯之預測分析所得到的差異結果，顯現了造成性罪犯的性犯罪行為之偏誤信念是群組出現且和其他罪犯有所不同的。
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