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    題名: 從印度人民黨的崛起論晚近印度的政教關係
    作者: 張世強
    Chang Shih-chiang
    貢獻者: 黃柏棋
    Huang Po-chi
    張世強
    Chang Shih-chiang
    關鍵詞: 阿瑜陀之爭
    印度人民黨
    宗教社群主義
    印度教民族主義
    印度民族主義
    Ayodhya dispute
    Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
    Communalism
    Hindu Nationalism
    India Nationalism
    日期: 2002
    上傳時間: 2009-09-14 12:02:40 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 　　印度乃全球最大民主政體，本研究係以晚近印度政壇發展，作為探論主題。印度在憲法上是一個世俗國家，但在印度晚近的發展中，「印度教民族主義」配合著「國民志願服務隊」（RSS）、「印度人民黨」（BJP）、「世界宗教大會」（VHP）等組織的宣傳效應，卻產生了阿瑜陀之爭，並使得印度調合教派政治的努力，受到嚴重的考驗。印度民主政體的特殊發展經驗，也向西方對自由民主政體與民族主義所抱持的普世性假定，提出了強烈地挑戰。

    　　出現於殖民時期與晚近民主國家中的民族主義浪潮與宗教運動，警醒了許多西方觀察者。本研究企圖將宗教社群主義的議題，放在印度教傳統實踐與歷史發展的脈絡中從事考察，而避免將這類涉及認同與社群意識的問題，過度化約成社會與經濟的決定論觀點，或是政治與社經利益的呈現。宗教社群意識的政治化，確為印度製造了社群衝突，但根深柢固的仇恨意識，則來自印度教徒與穆斯林間錯綜複雜的歷史糾葛。

    　　透過印度民族主義與印度教徒民族主義之間關係的探討，本研究將把宗教社群衝突的問題置放在一個較寬廣的政治、宗教及歷史的脈絡中。藉由印度教徒與穆斯林在印度發生衝突的例子，揭示宗教社群議題如何表現於社會與歷史的面向之上。本研究試圖提供對於印度政治不同的觀察角度，俾益於我們對後殖民時期印度民主政體發展的理解。最後，本研究也企圖評析右派印度人民黨，如何藉由古代印度教精神的宣揚，而獲致廣泛的民眾認同並在近十年中快速崛起。
    　　
    　　The theme of this thesis turns our attention to recent events in the world’s largest democracy, India. India is constitutionally a secular state. But recent developments in India in the form of Hindu nationalism, propagated and propagandized with great effects by such organizations as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), and that generated the Ayodhya temple dispute, are putting India’s capacity to negotiate a viable relation between a unified polity and sectarian religio-politics severely to the test. The Indian experiences of democracy thus challenge several of the widely held assumptions about the universality of the western trajectory of liberal democracy and nationalism.
    　　
    　　The rise of strong nationalist and religious movement in colonial era and newly democratic countries alarms many western observers. Rather than reducing the problems of identity or communal consciousness to social-economic determinism, or a strictly matter of political and social-economic interest, this thesis places the emergence of Communalism within the context of Hindu traditional and historical praxis. The politicization of communal consciousness did create communal problems in India, but the fundamental intricacy remains the deep-seated animosity between Hindus and Muslims created by history.

    　　By presenting the relationship of Indian nationalism and Hindu nationalism, this thesis situates communal conflicts in its larger political, religious, and historic contexts. Using example of Hindu-Muslim conflict in India, the issue of Communalism with social-historical context will be explored. This thesis tried to offers fresh insights into Indian politics and, by focusing on Ayodhya dispute, advances our understanding of democracy in the post-colonial India. This thesis analyzes Indian receptivity to the right-wing Hindu nationalism party and its political wing, the BJP, which claims to create a polity based on ancient Hindu culture. This thesis is also an attempt to explain the factors that led to the sudden rise of BJP in the last decade.
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    二、中文期刊及報紙：
    朱明忠（1996），「尼赫魯的世俗主義觀及其社會影響」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁8-16。
    朱明忠（1998），「尼赫魯的哲學觀」，南亞研究，第1期：頁26-33。
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    姜景奎（1998），「印度的教派問題」，南亞研究，第2期：頁51-57。
    袁傳偉（1997），「對印度現代化模式的幾點探索」，南亞研究，第2期：頁13-19。
    陸梅（2000），「英國在印度推行西方教育的初衷及其影響」，南亞研究，第1期：頁91-96。
    黃心川（1997），「當前南亞宗教發展的趨勢與特點」，南亞研究，第1期：頁35-41。
    黃柏棋（2001），「宗教與暴力：印度宗教社群主義之反思」，（英譯手稿）未出版。
    葉正佳（1998），「從印度議會民主體制的發展歷程看第12屆人民院大選結果」，南亞研究，第1期：頁21-25。
    劉建譯（馬諾蘭江莫漢蒂原著）（1996），「當前印度政治中的種性、宗教和少數民族問題」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁39-42。
    劉善國及李竹梅（2000），「印度人民黨執政以來的政治經濟形勢淺析」，南亞研究，第2期：頁9-14。
    劉曙雄（1996），「伊克巴爾的哲學思想及其伊斯蘭背景」，南亞研究，第3、4期：頁65-70。
    鄭經言譯（內維爾馬克斯韋爾原著）（2000），「中印邊界爭端反思（上）」，南亞研究，第1期：頁25-34。
    鄧兵（1999），「印度國名考略」，南亞研究，第2期：頁91-93。
    聯合報新聞報導（美聯社電），「印度階級戰爭各派民兵殺紅眼」，聯合報，2000年6月21日，第11版。
    聯合報新聞報導（馮克雲編輯），「微物之神作者洛伊：印度政府激化宗教衝突」，聯合報，2002年1月23日，第11版。
    聯合報新聞報導（馮克雲編譯），「印度宗教暴亂升高，軍警鎮壓」，聯合報，2002年3月2日，第11版。
    聯合報新聞報導（楊清順編譯），「印巴分傳宗教喋血案：印度教寺廟遇襲32死，印方指控巴國涉入」，聯合報，2002年9月26日，第11版。
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    Flood, G.（1996）, An introduction to Hinduism. NY: Cambridge University Press.
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