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    题名: 應然與實然之間 -論柏拉圖的法思想-
    作者: 魏東君
    贡献者: 陳起行
    魏東君
    关键词: 
    柏拉圖
    法實證主義
    自然法
    實證法不法
    相論
    正義
    法治
    惡法非法
    惡法亦法
    日期: 2005
    上传时间: 2009-09-14 11:10:21 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 正如哲學上存有諸多反覆的問題,每個哲學者不可避免會遭遇到,而在法學上,同樣的情形亦困擾著法學者。法學上最本原的問題,就是「法是什麼」的問題。對大多數法學者來說,對現行法的認識與應用,是學習法律的主要內容,至於「法是什麼」等較為抽象的思想問題,則因與現實司法的運作脫節,當然也就沒有深究答案的動力和必要。而且此類問題,卻往往難得唯一正解,就算放諸古往今來的法學大家,也未能給出令眾人心悅誠服的回答。
    面對納粹的實證法不法,無論是法實證主義者或自然法論者都敗陣下來,本文從實證法不法問題的角度,來說明自然法與實證法思想根本的爭議─有無客觀正確之法。並在認識到自然法與實證法思想的難處之後,再借鑑柏拉圖的法思想,試著以不同於當代的視野,汲取柏拉圖思想的養份,看看能否解開這難解之結。
    本文全部共分為五章,除第一章做為導論外,其餘四章做為主題論述,依其結構可分為三部分:
    第一部分將簡單敘述自然法與實證法思想的歷史,並提出歷史上實證法不法的問題(特別是納粹德國時期的實踐後果),說明後來法思想理論對立未決的部分,這些內容將是第二章論述的中心。
    第二部分則進入柏拉圖的法思想討論,將先說明柏拉圖所處當時的希臘文化背景,以及其個人經歷,特別是蘇格拉底之死,然後再論述柏拉圖著作中所透露出來有關法律的思想,前面背景的部分會先在第三章予以處理,後面柏拉圖法思想與理論的論述部分則留到第四章討論。
    第三部分為綜合論述,也是本文對所提問題的總結回應,將把古典的柏拉圖法思想,與現代的法思想理論結合起來,分析問題象徵的意義,思考能否得出對問題更好的回答,嘗試提出一些看法,此為第五章的內容。
    The perpetual problem of “what is Law” is always asked by the students, the professors, even the philosophers, but no real answer was or is made. The legal positivist like John Austin would declare “laws properly so called are commands of sovereign”, as to another hand, the supporters of theory of natural law would make a completely opposite claim. What shall we do or which side should we believe?
    In this essay, from the aspect of the contrast between “it ought to be” and “it is”, the history of theory of natural law and legal positivism is tracked down in order to try to figure out the problem of the unlawful laws which the Nazi had made and caused a terrible disaster. Because the result is not so content, so the thought of Plato is reseached as to find out if there would be something that is illuminating.
    The contents of all chapters of this essay could be digested as follows:
    In chapter one, as an introduction, it explains the reason that why the essay is written and how it is finished.
    In chapter two, it tracks down the history of theory of natural law and legal positivism, and shows a horrible instance that caused a catastrophe which neither legal positivism nor theory of natural law could undo.
    In chapter three, it refers the thought background of Plato including his life and the conditions of contemporary Greek that affected the behaviour and development of Plato.
    In chapter four, it discusses the thought of Plato such as the theories of form, justice, and legislation with further eyes on his ‘The Ruplic’, ‘Statesman’, and ‘The Laws’.
    In chapter five, some viewpoints are discussed in advance in order to conclude what is in question. And after that, a temporary conclusion is made.
    "第一章 緒論
    第一節 研究動機...........................1
    第二節 研究方法...........................9
    第二章 法實證主義的困境
    第一節 自然法與實證法的思想................15
    第二節 納粹的實證法不法....................30
    第三節 對法實證主義的反思..................41
    第三章 柏拉圖的思想背景
    第一節 希臘文明的背後.....................53
    第二節 physis-nomos論爭以及雅典法律制度....64
    第三節 柏拉圖的生平與蘇格拉底的難題.........73
    第四章 柏拉圖的法思想
    第一節 相論..............................91
    第二節 理想國............................103
    第三節 法治國............................114
    第五章 結論
    第一節 實證法不法的解藥...................127
    第二節 結束語............................131
    參考書目
    一、中文部分.............................135
    二、外文部分.............................138
    附錄
    納粹反猶相關法令表........................143

    "
    參考文獻: 一、中文部分
    I. 柏拉圖對話錄
    1. 王曉朝譯,《柏拉圖全集》(共四卷,北京人民,2002-2003)
    2. 陳康譯,《巴曼尼得斯篇》(北京商務重印版,1999)
    3. 嚴群譯,《游敘弗倫 蘇格拉底的申辯 克力同》(北京商務,1983)
    4. 郭斌和 張竹明譯,《理想國》(北京商務,1986)
    5. 彭文林譯注,《克拉梯樓斯篇》(聯經,2002)
    II. 其他
    1. 汪子嵩等著,《希臘哲學史》(預定出版四冊,已出版三冊,北京人民,第一、二冊,1993;第三冊,2003)
    2. 摩爾根(Lewis Henry Morgan)著,楊東蒓等譯,《古代社會》(台灣商務,2000)
    3. Kaufmann/Hassemmer編,鄭永流譯,《當代法哲學和法律理論導論》(Einführung in Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtstheorie der Gegenwart, 6. Aufl.,法律出版社,2005)
    20. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Zwei Bände, Verlag Franz Eher, Band I 1925, Band II 1927)
    21. N.H. Baynes, edited, The Speeches of Adolf Hitler (vol. I, London, 1942)
    22. Ralf Dreier, Gesetzliches Unrecht im SED-Staat? Am Beispiel des DDR-Grenzgesetzes (Strafgerechtigkeit Festschrift für Arthur Kaufmann zum 70. Geburtstag, hrsg. von Fritjof Haft u.s.w., C. F. Müller, 1993)
    23. Hans Sluga, Heidegger’s Crisis (Harvard, 1993)
    24. Arthur Kaufmann, Rechtsphilosophie und Nationalsozialismus, in: Recht, Rechtsphilosophie und Nationalsozialismus(ARSP Beiheft Nr. 18, hrsg. Von Hubert Rottleuthner, Franz Steiner Verlag, 1983)
    25. H. D. Schelauske, Naturrechtsdiskussion in Deutschland (Köln, 1965)
    26. H. L. A. Hart, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Moral, in The Philosophy of Law (edited by R. M. Dworkin, Oxford, 1977)
    27. Lon L. Fuller, Positivism and Fidelity to Law - A Reply to Professor Hart, in Natural Law vol. II (edited by John Finnis, Dartmouth, 1991)
    28. Lon L. Fuller, The Morality of Law (revised edition, Yale, 1964)
    29. N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 B. C. (3rd edn. , Oxford, 1986)
    36. 一柳俊夫,《古代ギリシア法思想史研究》(御茶の水書房,1990)
    30. Aristotle,Politics (translated by T. A. Sinclair, revised and represented by Trevor J. Saunders, Penguin, 1992)
    31. Aristotle, Athenian Constitution (Loeb Classical Library, translated by H. Rackmham, revised edition, Harvard, 1952)
    32. Aristotle, The Art of Rhetoric (Loeb Classical Library, translated by John Henry Freese, Harvard, 1926)
    33. R. M. Hare, Plato, in Greek Philosophers (composite volume, Oxford, 1999)
    34. Martin Ostwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of the Athenian Democracy (Oxford, 1969)
    35. John Walter Jones, The Law and Legal Theory of The Greeks An Introduction (Oxford, 1956)
    37. A. R. W. Harrison, The Law of Athens The Family and Property (Oxford, 1968)
    38. A. E. Taylor, Plato The Man and His Work (sixth edition, Meridian Books, 1956)
    39. Lewis Campbell, Sophocles The Seven Plays in English Verse (Oxford, 1906, formatted 2004 Blackmask online)
    40. Sophocles, Antigone, in Harvard Classics VIII Part. VI (translated by E. H. Plumptre, Harvard, 1909-1914)
    41. W. K. C. Gunthrie, A History of Philosophy vol. III (Cambridge, 1969)
    42. Leo Strauss, The Argument and the Action of Plato’s Laws (University of Chicago, 1975)
    43. Frederick Copleston, A History of Philosophy vol. I Greece and Rome (Second Edition, Newman, 1950)
    44. Francis M. Cornford, Plato’s Theory of Knowledge (Liberal Arts, 1957)
    45. Ernest Barker, Greek Political Theory Plato and His Predecessors (Methuen, 1960)
    4. 哈特著,許家馨、李冠宜譯,《法律的概念》(台北:商周,2000)
    46. Karl R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies vol. I The Spell of Plato (Fifth Edition, Princeton, 1966)
    47. John Wild, Plato’s Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law (University of Chicago, 1953)
    48. Huntington Cairns, Legal Philosophy From Plato To Hegel (John Hopkins, 1949)
    49. Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality (Free Press, 1979)
    50. Hans Albert, Traktat über kritische Vernunft (Aufl. 3, Tübingen, 1975)
    51. Robert Alexy, Theorie der juristischen Argumentation: Die Theorie des rationalen Diskurses als Theorie der juristischen Begruendung (Aufl. 2, Frankfurt, 1991)
    52. Aeschylus II: Agamemnon, Libation-Bearers, Eumenides, Fragments (Loeb Classical Library, translated by Herbert Weir Smyth, 1960)
    5. 辛哈 (Simon Singh)著,薛密譯,《費瑪最後定理》(台北:商務,1998)
    6. 考夫曼(Arthur Kaufmann)著,劉幸義等譯,《法律哲學》(Rechtsphilosophie, 2. Aufl.,德漢對照,五南,2000)
    7. Léon Robin著,陳修齋譯,《希臘思想和科學精神的起源》(段德智修訂,廣西師範,2003)
    8. 江日新等編,《陳康哲學論文集》(聯經,1985)
    9. 艾柯等著,王宇根譯,《詮釋與過度詮釋》(Interpretation and Overinterpretation, edited by Stefan Collini,牛津,1995)
    10. 彭文林,《倫理相與分離問題 一個由蘇格拉底經柏拉圖至亞里斯多德的哲學發展之研究》(台中明目,2002)
    11. 德沃金(Ronald Dworkin)著,李冠宜譯,《法律帝國》(時英,2002)
    12. 林立,《法學方法論與德沃金》(學林,2000)
    13. 赫西俄德(Hesiod)著,張竹明等轉譯,《工作與時日 神譜》(台灣商務,1999)
    14. 余培林注譯,《新譯老子讀本》(三民,1973)
    15. 張企泰譯,《法學總論》(北京商務,1997)
    16. A. P. d’Entrèves著,李日章譯,《自然法─法律哲學導論》(聯經,1984)
    17. 蓋尤斯著,黃風譯,《法學階梯》(中國政法大學,1996)
    18. 拉德布魯赫(Gustav Radbruch)著,王樸譯,《法哲學》(Rechtsphilosophie,法律出版社,2005)
    19. 黑格爾(Hegel)著,范揚等譯,《法哲學原理》(Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts,里仁,1985)
    20. Norbert Horn著,羅莉譯,《法律科學與法哲學導論》(Einführung in die Rechtswissenschaft und Rechtsphilosophie,3. Aufl.,法律出版社,2005)
    21. 卡爾‧施米特(Carl Schmitt)著,劉鋒譯,《憲法學說》(Verfassungslehre, 8. Aufl., 上海人民,2005)
    22. Ernst Cassirer著,關子尹譯,《人文科學的邏輯》(Zur Logik der Kulturwissenschaften: Fünf Studien,台北:聯經,1986)
    23. 顏厥安,《法與實踐理性》(允晨,1998)
    24. Arthur Kaufmann著,舒國瀅譯,《古斯塔夫‧拉德布魯赫傳》(Gustav Radbruch: Rechtsdenker, Philosoph, Sozialdemokrat,法律出版社,2004)
    25. 顧忠華,〈資本主義與中國文化─韋伯觀點的再評估〉(政大社會學報27期,1997)
    26. 希羅多德(Herodotus)著,王以鑄譯,《歷史》(Historiae,台灣商務,1997)
    27. 羅漁,《西洋上古史》(上下兩冊,中國文化大學,1998)
    28. 傅佩榮編著,《柏拉圖》(世界哲學家叢書,東大圖書,1998)
    29. 修昔底德(Thucydides)著,謝德風譯,《伯羅奔尼撒戰爭史》(History of the Peloponnesian War,台灣商務,2000)
    30. 威爾‧杜蘭(Will Durant)著,幼獅文化譯,《世界文明史》(The Story of Civilization,共十一卷,北京東方出版社,1998)
    31. John H. Wigmore著,何勤華等譯,《世界法系概覽》(Panorama of the World’s Legal System,上下兩冊,上海人民,2004)
    32. John Thorley著,王瓊淑譯,《雅典的民主》(Athenian Democracy,麥田,1999)
    33. 色諾芬(Xenophon)著,吳永泉譯,《回憶蘇格拉底》(北京商務,1984)
    34. 彭文林,《柏拉圖作品選讀》(誠品,1999)
    35. Wayne Morrison著,李桂林等譯,《法理學 從古希臘到後現代》(Jurisprudence: From the Greeks to Post-Modernism,武漢大學,2003)
    36. 蘇文流,〈《克里圖》中正義與服從的關係:一個初步的分析〉,收錄於《正義及其相關問題》(戴華、鄭曉時主編,中研院中山人文,1991)
    37. 亞里斯多德著,苗力田等譯,《形而上學》(知書房,2001)
    38. 亞里斯多德著,顏一等譯,《政治學》(知書房,2001)
    39. 亞里斯多德著,苗力田等譯,《倫理學》(知書房,2001)
    40. 亞里斯多德著,苗力田主編,《亞里士多德全集‧第九卷》 (中國人民大學,1994)
    41. Franz Wieacker著,陳愛娥、黃建輝譯,《近代私法史》(五南,2004)
    42. 陳思賢,〈理(Logos)與法(Nomos)的對立 柏拉圖與奧古斯丁政體建構理論的一個透視方式〉(政治科學論叢第二期,1991,頁153-180)
    43. 林植堅,〈柏拉圖的宇宙論與自然法思想〉(台大法學論叢第三十一卷第三期,2001)
    44. Günther Stratenwerth und Lothar Kuhlen合著,楊萌譯,《刑法總論I─犯罪論》(Strafrecht Allgemeiner Teil I –Die Straftat,第五版,法律出版社,2004)
    45. 羅念生譯著,《埃斯庫羅斯悲劇三種 索福克勒斯悲劇三種》(羅念生全集 第二卷,上海人民,2004)
    46. Bernd Rüthers著,丁曉春 吳越譯,《法理學》(Rechtstheorie,法律出版社,2005)
    二、外文部分
    I. 柏拉圖對話錄
    1. Platonis Opera (text in Greek; preface in Latin), edited by E. A. Duke et al., Oxford, 1995
    2. The Dialogues of Plato (in four volumes), translated by B. Jowett, Oxford, 1953
    3. Plato (Loeb Classical Library, in twelve volumes), translated by Harold North Fowler, W. R. M. Lamb, etc., Harvard, from 1914 on
    4. The Republic of Plato, translated by Francis MacDonald Cornford, Oxford, 1945
    5. Plato The Republic, translated by Tom Griffith, Cambridge, 2000
    6. Plato: Statesmean, translated by C. J. Rowe, Aris & Phillip, 1995
    7. Plato The Laws, translated by Trevor J. Saunders, Penguin, 1970
    II. 其他
    1. L. Weiskrantz, Thought without Language: Thought with Awareness, in Thought and Language (Series: Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements No.42, Cambridge, 1998)
    2. Aristotle, Metaphysics (translated by W. D. Ross, 2 vols, 1924)
    3. Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers (Loeb Classic Library, Harvard, 1925)
    4. Jonathan Barnes, Early Greek Philosophy (2nd revised editon, Penguin Classics, 2001)
    5. H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn. , Oxford, 1994)
    6. Raul Hilberg, Destruction of the European Jews ( Holmes & Meier, New York, 1985)
    7. Gustav Radbruch, gesetzliches Unrecht und übergesetzliches Recht, in Rechtsphilosophie III (Bearb. von Winfried Hassemer, C.F. Müller, 1990)
    8. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Harvard, 1977)
    9. Ronald Dworkin, Law’s Empire (Harvard, 1986)
    10. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (edited by David Fate Norton and Mary J. Norton, Oxford, 2000)
    11. Hesiod, Hesiod The Homeric Hymns and Homerica (Loeb Classical Library, translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, London, 1936 New and Revised Edition)
    12. G. S. Kirk, The Nature of Greek Myths (Penguin, 1974)
    13. Samuel P. Scott, The Civil Law (Central Trust, 1932)
    14. Franz Wieacker, Privatrechtsgeschichte der Neuzeit – unter besonder Berücksichtigung der deutschen Entwicklung(2. Aufl., 1976)
    15. John Austin, The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (first published, 1832; edited by H. L. A. Hart, New York, 1965)
    16. Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (translated and edited by Paul Guyer and Allen W. Wood, Cambridge, 1997)
    17. Hans Kelsen, Reine Rechtslehre(2. Aufl., 1967)
    18. Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Theologica (translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Benziger Bros., 1947)
    19. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Unabridged Edition, Pan Books, 1964)
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