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    題名: 911之後美國反恐戰略與文明衝突論之研究
    作者: 蘇巧芳
    Su, Chiao-fang
    貢獻者: 李登科
    Lee, Deng-ker
    蘇巧芳
    Su, Chiao-fang
    關鍵詞: 美國反恐戰略
    文明衝突論
    杭亭頓
    911事件
    日期: 2005
    上傳時間: 2009-09-14 10:10:43 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 本論文試圖檢視的中心命題是:911事件後美國認知到異文明對美國的威脅有強化的趨勢,是否造成美國在短期之內以文明威脅做為政策制訂之主要考量,企圖透過鞏固西方文明團結,削弱其他文明之發展與相互聯繫,以達到維持西方文明(以美國為首)優勢地位之目的?

    本論文運用杭亭頓的「文明衝突」理論,評估文明衝突論的觀點對於美國國家安全戰略之影響深度,發現:911事件改變美國對於本土及國際安全環境的認知,美國重新重視非國家行為者所造成之威脅,開始著重美國本土防禦,並繼而調整其全球戰略、亞太戰略以及國防組織結構與建軍思想。美國與傳統盟邦的關係,乃至與非盟邦國家的關係,也隨之發生轉變。911事件提醒美國:「文明的衝突」的威力不容小覷!因此,挾著國際輿論對「恐怖主義」的廣大批評聲浪及仇視情緒,美國藉機加速後冷戰時期就一直在進行的戰略部署,趁機大舉整頓具有威脅性的伊斯蘭文明,以確保美國本身的絕對安全,並穩固其優勢地位不受動搖。「反恐怖主義」的口號不僅增加美國在戰略部署和行動上的靈活度及空間,也給予美國介入他國事務時的正當性。

    除此之外,美國更利用911之後難得的戰略機遇期,以反恐為藉口將勢力伸入中亞與中東,除了受到該地區廣大的石油利益吸引之外,美國的戰略目標亦希冀確立在這個地區的領導地位。在不穩定弧形地帶上(與杭亭頓所指稱的文明斷層線重疊)部署軍事力量,不僅能夠扼制潛在敵手的發展、防止一個反美聯盟的出現,還能擴大民主價值的推動,改造整個伊斯蘭世界。

    綜合上述內容可以看出杭亭頓在文明衝突論中提出的政策建議與美國國家安全戰略之發展方向,確實有一定程度的吻合。然而美國在伊斯蘭世界強硬的軍事部署與移植西方民主的戰略規劃,卻與杭亭頓提出文明衝突論的旨趣大相逕庭。美國諸多戰略規劃背後的動機不見得僅以文明威脅作為考量,以出兵伊拉克為例,背後就包含了取得能源利益、維持區域穩定、推廣民主價值…等考量。因此可以說:911事件後美國雖然認知到異文明對美國的威脅有強化的趨勢,也確實因此造成美國在短期之內將文明威脅視為政策制訂之重要考量,企圖透過鞏固西方文明團結,削弱其他文明之發展與相互聯繫,以達到維持西方文明(以美國為首)優勢地位之目的,然而從美國部分戰略規劃之要點中亦可看出,文明威脅的考量並不能完全主宰美國國家安全之戰略思維,在文明威脅的考量之外,仍有其他重要戰略因素影響著美國的國家行為。
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