政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/31417

政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/31417

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题名:	國際能源安全研究-以歐盟的能源政策為例
作者:	張皓竣
贡献者:	林碧炤張皓竣
关键词:	歐盟能源政策能源安全環境安全氣候變遷
日期:	2007
上传时间:	2009-09-14 10:09:23 (UTC+8)
摘要:	在冷戰結束與經濟議題的興起之下，非傳統安全在國際關係中所受到的關注越來越多。隨著石油危機的發生，『能源安全』開始成為討論的目標，也重重影響各國的國防、外交與經濟政策。然而，在80年代後所吹起的環保風潮，也使得能源的使用開始受到環保人士的監督。過去以經濟目標為主的能源安全內涵已經不符合全球暖化下的要求，新的能源安全典範開始融入『環境安全』與永續發展的環保目標。此外，在油價高漲的時代之下，『能源外交』的出現，也使得各國間的能源合作成為一種外交手段，俄羅斯的興起就是最佳範例。在能源、環保、經濟與國家安全的相互交錯之下，都使得現今的能源議題比過去複雜。而歐盟正面臨的這種新式能源安全的挑戰，所以歐盟在2006年提出了《永續發展、競爭力和能源安全的歐洲戰略》的能源綠皮書（Green Paper）。在歐盟內部的能源政策目標中，積極希望能夠達成環境安全的要求來因應氣候變遷。同時也希望能夠配合歐盟的東擴，整合歐盟的內部天然氣市場，增加經濟與工業的競爭力；而在歐盟對外的能源戰略方面，主要是希望達成能源供應源多樣化的目標。因此，希望能與重要的能源生產國如俄羅斯、裡海地區與中東地區的國家建立能源合作的機制。最後，儘管面對許多挑戰，但是歐盟內部還是希望能建立共同能源政策，來增加歐盟對外能源談判的籌碼。在全球化與氣候變遷的影響之下，能源生產國與能源進口國都面臨著不同的安全挑戰，並相互依賴著。沒有任何一方的獨善其身，都必須面對能源、環境與經濟的平衡。因此，希望藉由討論歐盟的經驗，讓其他國家在面對相同問題的時候可以有所借鏡。關鍵詞：歐盟、能源政策、環境安全、能源安全、氣候變遷
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Ca, <http://globalresearch.ca/> Major Russian Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline Projects http://www.exorthodoxforchrist.com/resources14.htm (2008/4/22) Marcon International, <http://www.marcon.com/marcon2c.cfm?SectionGroupsID=51&PageID=438> Working Group I Report, “The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary,” IPCC <http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm-cn.pdf>(2008/2/1) 黃琛瑜，《歐洲聯盟：跨世紀政治工程》台北市：五南出版社，1999年。楊光主編，《中東非洲發展報告No. 8（2004-2005)：防範石油危機的國際經驗》北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2005年。經濟部能源局，《能源政策白皮書》台北：經濟部能源局，2005年。鄭漢通，《經濟全球化中的國家經濟安全問題》北京：國防大學出版社，1999。二、期刊論文王國璋，〈依新功能理論檢驗歐盟尚無共同能源政策之癥結〉，《美歐季刊》第十四卷第一期（2000年春季號），頁1-33。李河清，〈知識社群與全球氣候談判〉，《問題與研究》，第43卷第6期（2004年11、12月），頁73-102。 ---------，〈環境外交與氣候議題談判-以京都議定書為例〉《國家政策論壇》，第一卷第九期（2001年11月），頁14-26。李涵茵，〈淺談碳捕捉與封存〉《能源報導》，（2007年12月），頁14-16。李瓊莉，〈經濟安全概念在亞太地區的發展〉，《問題與研究》，第38卷第2期（1999年2月），頁39-54。林俊雄，〈黑黝黝的液體黃金：石油提煉〉，《科學發展》，382期（2004年10月），頁24-29。侯萬善，〈歐盟碳排放交易機制〉，《能源報導》，2007年12月，頁8-10。洪朝輝，〈全球化-跨世紀的顯學〉，《問題與研究》，第39卷第8期（2000），頁73-83。秦宣仁，〈國際戰略格局的重要籌碼—能源外交與能源戰略〉，《國際貿易》，第1期，（2005年），頁30-31。翁鳳英，〈油菜花與稻米之爭：能源作物的迷思〉，《能源報導》（2007年11月），頁23-26。 ---------，〈能源技術與思維在歐盟國家的應用〉，《能源報導》，2007年5月，頁26-29。 ---------，〈節能屋在德國的發展〉，《能源報導》，2007年12月，頁27-30。 ---------，〈滿了油箱餓了肚子：生質能源的的省思〉，《能源報導》（2007年7月），頁31-33。 ---------，〈歐盟生質能發展現況〉，《能源報導》，（2007年10月），頁23-26。許峻賓，〈全球再生能源發展概況〉，《能源報導》，（2007年4月），頁27-30。陳大麟，〈石油、天然氣的特性〉，《科學發展》，356期（2002年8月），頁60-63。陳芃，〈看數字在說話—國際能源供需現況情勢（下）〉，《能源報導》，（2004年6月），頁14-16。蔡信行，〈油氣供應國情勢分析研究〉，《能源報導》，（2006年12月），頁14-16。謝惠子，〈2006年能源與氣候變遷高峰論壇：能源與氣候變遷的挑戰〉，《能源報導》，（2007年2月），頁23-28。簡添松，〈歐盟天然氣市場自由化之發展〉，《能源季刊》，第34卷第2期（2004年4月），頁61-79。羅英杰，〈俄羅斯與歐盟的能源合作—兼論對中俄能源合作的啟示〉，《國際經濟評論》，（2005年04期），頁55-59。 ----------，〈歐盟能源企業對俄羅斯油氣資源投資淺析〉，《俄羅斯中亞東歐市場》，第十一期，（2006年），頁22-28。 ----------，〈歐盟國家對俄羅斯投資淺析〉，《俄羅斯研究》，第三期，（2005年），頁43-48。三、碩士論文許庭瑜，《國際能源安全之研究：以美國石油安全政策涉足中亞油源為例》（國立政治大學外交學研究所，碩士論文，民國95年）。四、研討會論文連弘宜，〈中國對俄羅斯石油能源戰略與外交〉，中國大陸對非西方世界石油能源戰略與外交研討會，國立政治大學外交系主辦，2007年5月25日。郭武平，〈歐盟對俄羅斯的能源安全戰略〉，歐盟能源安全的全球戰略佈局，歐洲聯盟研究論壇（EURF）、國立政治大學國際關係研究中心主辦，2006年10月21日。蔡育岱，〈論安全研究的變遷〉，政治大學外交學系第五屆研究生論文發表會，國立政治大學外交學系主辦，2007年6月8日。貳、西文資料一、英文專書 Akiner, Shirin, ed. The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. Auty, Richard M., and Indra de Soysa, ed. Energy, Wealth and Governance in the Caucasus and Central Asia. New York: Routledge, 2006. Buzan, Barry. People, States and Fear: an agenda for international security studies in the post-cold war era, 2nd ed. Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 1991. Chasek, Pamela S., David L. Downie and Janet Welsh Brown. Global Environmental Politics 4th ed., Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2006. Conca, Ken, and Geoffery D. Dabelko, eds., Green planet blues: environmental politics from Stockholm to Johannesburg, 3rd ed. Colorado: Westview, 2004. Croissant, Michael P., and Bülent Aras, ed. Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region. Westport: PRAEGER, 1999. Dannreuther, Roland, ed. European Union Foreign and Security Policy: Towards a neighborhood strategy. New York: Routledge, 2004. Deese, David, and Joseph s. Nye, ed. Energy and security, Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub., 1981. Dekmejian, R. Hrair, and Hovann H. Simonian. Troubled Waters: the Geopolitics of the Caspian Region. New York: I.B.Tauris, 2003. Dinan, Desmond. Europe Recast: A History of Eurpoean Union. Boulder, Colo., : Lynne Rienner, 2004. Doyle, Timothy. Environment and politics. London; New York: Routledge, 1998. European Renewable Energy Council. Renewable Energy in European: Building Markets and Capacity. London: James & James, 2004. Fawcett, Louise. International Relations of the Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Godement, François, Françoise Nicolas, and Taizo Yakushiji, ed. Asia and Europe – Cooperating for Energy Security. Paris: Institute français des relations internationales, 2004. Gökay, Bülent. The Politics of Caspian Oil. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Hay, Colin, and Anand Menon. European Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Held, David, and Anthony G. McGrew, ed. Governing Globalization: Power, and Global Governance, Ed., Cambridge: Malden Mass, 2002. Karns, Margaret P., and Karen A. Mingst. International Organization: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner, 2004. Klare, Michael T. Resource Wars: the New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York: Owl Books, 2002. Myers, Norman. Ultimate security: The Environmental Basis of Political Stability. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993. Pirages, Dennis, and Ken Cousins, ed. From Resource Scarcity to Ecological security: Exploring New Limits to Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005. Stern, Jonathan P. The Future of Russia Gas and Gazprom. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Weiss, Thomas G., and David P. Forsythe, and Roger A. Coate. The United Nations and Changing World Politics, 4th ed. Colorado: Westview, 2004. 二、英文期刊 Bahgat, Gawdat. “Energy Security: The Caspian Sea.” Minerals and Energy, Vol. 20, No. 2. (2005), pp. 3-15. --------. “EU Seeks Energy Security in Stronger Supplier Ties,” Oil and Gas Journal 103:38(October, 2005), pp. 22-28. --------. “Europe’s Energy Security: Challenges and Opportunities.” International Security 82: 5 (2006), pp.961-975. --------. “Oil and Terrorism: Central Asia and the Caucasus,” The Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies, 30: 3(fall, 2005), pp. 265-283. --------. “Oil Security at the Dawn of the New Millennium.” The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies 24: 3 (fall, 1999), pp. 275-290. --------. “Pipeline Diplomacy: The Geopolitics of the Caspian Sea Region,” International Studies Perspectives No.3 (2002), pp. 310-327 Baldwin, David A. “The Concept of Security.” Review of International Studies 23, (1997), pp. 5-26. Baran, Zeyno. “EU Energy Security: Time to End Russia Leverage,” The Washington Quarterly 30:4 (autumn, 2007), pp. 131-144. Brown, Peggy Ann. “Changing the paradigm,” American Forests,(spring 2006), pp. 30-35. 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