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    题名: 美國反恐作為的演變
    作者: 趙昌倫
    贡献者: 張亞中
    趙昌倫
    关键词: 恐怖主義
    反恐作為
    九一一事件
    日期: 2003
    上传时间: 2009-09-14 10:07:21 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 恐怖主義對現代文明國家與全球安全威脅甚鉅,儘管以歐美為首的當今文明國家,為打擊恐怖主義已長期投入無數的資源,然而此舉非但未能使恐怖活動稍歇,反而挑起更尖銳的民族對立,壯大恐怖組織的聲勢。恐怖主義與反恐戰略,兩者之間雖消長互見,卻只有持續不斷的纏鬥而不見雙方尋求理性的共識。

    2001年發生的「九一一事件」便是考驗恐怖份子與反恐政府雙方能力的試金石,不但「基地」(Al Queda)恐怖組織展示了無與倫比的威脅能力,受害的美國更是發揮了前所未見的復員與報復能力。一場改變歷史的恐怖行動,讓恐怖主義與反恐作為同時提昇至更高一層的境界,從此兩者之間將會產生何種互動結果,是筆者興趣的所在,也是本論文研究的動機。

    本論文以研究美國的反恐作為為主,透過對「九一一事件」的研究,筆者希望能對美國的反恐的發展作一系統化的探討。文中將回顧恐怖主義威脅美國社會的歷史,以及美國政府各時期的因應作法,並以反恐作為的轉變將美國反恐歷史劃分為:1980年代以前、1980年代以後至「九一一事件」發生前,以及「九一一事件」之後等三個時期,透過每個時期反恐作為的改變,探討其所象徵的意義。
    參考文獻: 中文部分
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    II. Periodicals
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    Bender, Bryan. "US Welcomes Support From Its Former Foes," Boston Globe, November 11, 2001.
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    <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/2001.1008.html>
    <http: //www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/ journ …/0,/ /92,48/098,00.htm>.
    Blair, Dennis C. "Remarks to Atlantic Council," <http://www.acus.org/Publications/Speeches/Blair%20Speech/pdf>, March 20, 2002.
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    二、期刊論文
    "Challenge and Change for NATO: A U.S. Perspective," at<http://www. nato.int/docu/speech/2002/s021003 e.htm>.
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    IV. Newspapers
    Financial Times.
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    Rekhi, Shefaki. "Web of Terror," Straits Times(Singapore), November 11, 2001.
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    Tyler, Patrick E. "Rebels in Control in Kabul as Taliban Troops Retreat," New York Times, November 14, 2001.
    Woodward, Bob. "50 Countries Detain 360 Suspects at CIA`s Behest," The Washington Post, November 22, 2001.
    何秉松,「現代恐怖主義之意義與反恐怖主義的國際實踐」,《國政研究報告》,財團法人國家政策研究基金會,民國91年8月2日。
    吳東野,「全球反恐聯盟及其相關問題之探討」,《遠景基金會季刊》,第四卷第一期,2003年1月。
    三、學位論文
    王婉蘭,《德國政府反恐怖活動之研究》,淡江大學歐洲研究所,民國85年。
    王崑義,《國際恐怖主義與美國的危機決策---一九八六年美國對利比亞的危機行為之研究》,淡江大學國際事務與戰略研究所,民國76年。
    陳維富,《國際恐怖主義之研究---兼論九一一事件對中美交往戰略之影響》,東華大學大陸研究所班碩士論文,民國91年6月。
    游寶珠,《恐怖主義與國際法》,海洋大學海洋法律研究所,民國90年。
    劉必棟,《九一一事件後美國危機處理與相關機制運作之研究》,政治大學外交學系戰略與國際事務在職專班碩士論文,民國92年1月。
    劉壽軒,《巴解恐怖主義之研究》,政治大學外交研究所,民國73年。
    鄧素貞,《雷根政府反國際恐怖主義政策之探討》,淡江大學美國研究所,民國82年12月。
    四、網際網路資源
    財團法人國家政策研究基金會
    < http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091/CL-R-091-034.htm>。
    國務院網站的「2002年全球恐怖主義形勢報告」<http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/html>。
    <http://www.ettoday.com/article/1153-582538.html>。
    < http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/1/11/10/n148368.htm >。
    < http://usinfo.org/chinese_cd/terrorism/BIG5/12.htm >。
    美國在台協會代處長蘇佩秋,「全世界齊心對抗恐怖主義」,見:
    < http://www.ait.org.tw/ait/terrorism/slutz_c.htm >。
    美國國務院網站的「2002年全球恐怖主義形勢報告」<http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/pgtrpt/2002/html>。
    「亞特蘭大奧運公園爆炸案元兇魯道夫落網」,《新華網》線上版,2003 年6月1日<http://big5.xinhuanet.com/gate/big5/news.xinhuanet.com/world/2003-06/01/content_897876.htm >。
    《恐怖主義網》,「與塔利班的關係」,< http://usinfo.org/chinese_cd/terrorism/BIG5/06.htm >。
    五、新聞及報紙
    「911前 布希政府犯四大錯誤」《聯合報》,2002年5月21日,10版。
    【「S計劃」反恐有功者 美國有意送綠卡】,《大紀元周報》, 2001年12月1日,<http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/1/n153748.htm>。
    「九一一後遺症 全球經濟將持續衰退」,《中國時報》,2001年10月19日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901019-06.htm>。
    「反恐戰爭全球戰略角力」,《大紀元周報》,2001年12月5日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/5/n154638.htm>。
    《中時電子報》,2001年10月11日,
    <http://ec.chinatimes.../iscstext.exe?DB=ChinaTime&Function=ListDov&Form=24&Single>。
    《中央日報》,民國90年12月15日,10版。
    「本拉丹入籍阿富汗 奧馬爾前老師被軟禁」,《大紀元周報》,2001年11月10日。
    王曉伯,「G7:不容恐怖攻擊擾亂全球經濟」,《中國時報》,2001年9月14日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/900927-01.htm>。
    亓樂義,「戰爭無規律 超限戰可智取強敵----專訪解放軍軍事理論家喬良」,《中國時報》,2000年6月30日。
    「布希要求增撥款870億美元為伊拉克及阿富汗的反恐及重建費用」,《大紀元周報》,2003年9月8日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/3/9/9/n372544.htm >。
    「布希政府開始聚焦國內反恐」,《大紀元周報》,2001年12月4日,
    < http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/12/4/n154451.htm >。
    「安理會通過 限令一月內交出恐怖首腦奧薩瑪」,《中國時報》,2000年12月21日,< http://forums.chinatimes.com.tw/special/america/terrorism_main.htm>。
    《自由時報》。
    辛華,「911改變了什麼?」《人民日報》,2001年12月29日,10版。
    李偉,「恐怖活動猖獗 反恐聯盟形成」,《光明日報》 2001年12月20日,5版。
    林正峰,「Fed強勢穩定金融」,《中國時報》,2001年9月14日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/900914-01.htm>。
    林正峰,「九一一後 美製造業全球化趨勢不變」,《中國時報》,2001年10月18日,< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901018-04.htm>。
    林博文,「卅年前美策動智利右翼報煽動政變」《中時電子報》,2003年9月11日。
    _______,「回教聖戰護教 千餘年征戰不斷」,《中時電子報》,2001年10月11日,見< http://forums.chinatimes.com.tw/special/america2/e/e0.htm>。
    邱輝龍,「911陰影籠罩 全球景氣同步沉淪」,《中國時報》,2001年10月2日,見< http://money.chinatimes.com/spot/america/economics/901003-01.htm>。
    阮次山,「美國報復行動的選擇」,《聯合早報》,2001年9月25日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack250901ab.html>。
    「"東方拉登"雖落網,東南亞仍需高度警惕」,《亞洲時報》線上版,2003年8月18日, < http://asiatimes-chinese.com/818east.htm >。
    「美國成立911調查委員會 季辛吉主持」《中國時報》,2002年11月29日,10版。
    「美國俄克拉荷馬爆炸案主犯的死刑成為媒体搖錢樹」,《大紀元周報》,2001年3月28日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/1/3/28/n64126.htm >。
    「美國經濟令人關注」,《聯合早報》社論,2001年9月14日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack140901y.html>。
    鄒明智,「歐洲對美國戰略的疑慮」《中央社》,2001年11月1日,<http://news.yam.com/cna/international/news/200111/20011101114073.html>。
    陳欣之,「恐怖主義挑戰傳統國際環境」《中國時報》2001年11月15日, < http://www.future-china.org/fcn-tw/200111/2001111504.htm>。
    「陳總統籲國人對中共超限戰的戰爭模式提高警覺」,《大紀元周報》,2002年9月9日,< http://www.dajiyuan.com/b5/2/9/9/n214232.htm>。
    陳有為,「布希發動反恐怖戰爭的兩手策略」《聯合早報》,2001年9月28日,< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack280901t.html>。
    黃綺淑,「美國在阿富汗發動“大炮兼牛油”攻擊」《聯合早報》,2001年10月9日,< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack091001b.html>。
    賈衛東,「非對稱作戰與知識化戰爭」,《解放軍報》(北京),1999年4月27日,版6。
    鄭赤琰,「美國反擊行動面對的問題」,《聯合早報》,2001年10月3日, < http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack031001m.html>。
    譚中,「九一一陰影下的美國」,《聯合早報》,2001年9月21日,見< http://www.zaobao.com/cgi-bin/asianet/gb2big5/g2b.pl?/special/us/pages1/attack210901r.html>。
    《聯合報》。
    英文部分
    I. Books
    Bell, J. Bowyer. A Time of Terror. New York: Basic, 1978.
    Brzezinski, Zbigniew. Power and Principle:Memoirs of the National Security Advisor 1977-1981. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983.
    Bush, George W. The Department of Homeland Security. Washington D.C.: White House, 2002.
    Cannon, Lou. President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991.
    Carter, Ashton B. and Perry, William J. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1999.
    Carter, Jimmy. Keeping Faith:Memoirs of a President. New York:Bantam, 1982.
    Colonel Beckwith, Charlie A. and Knox, Donald. Delta Force. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983.
    Dobson, Christopher and Payne, Ronald. The Terrorist: Their weapons, Leaders, and Tactics. New York: Facts on File, 1979.
    Fearey, Robert A. International Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1978.
    Ferrell, Robert H. Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman. New York: Harper and Row, 1980.
    Franqui, Carlos. Diary of the Cuban Revolution. New York: Viking Press, 1980.
    Freedman, Lawrence, Hill, Christopher. Roberts, Adam. Vincent, R. J. Wilkinson, Paul &Windsor, Philip. Terrorism and International Order. London, Routledge and Kegan: Paul, 1986.
    Freestone, David. “International Cooperation Against Terrorism and the Development of International Law Principles of Jurisdiction,” in Terrorism and International Law, Rosalyn Higgins and Maurice Flory, eds. London: Routledge, 1977, pp.43-68.
    Friedman, Thomas L. From Beirut to Jerusalem. New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1990 [first published by Farrar Straus Giroux in 1989].
    Funabashi, Yoichi. "Northeast Asia`s Strategic Dilemma," in John Newhouse, Assessing the Threats. Washington D.C.: Center for Defense Information, 2002.
    Geyer, George Anne. Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro. Boston: Little, Brown, 1991.
    Greenstein, Fred. I. The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. New York: Basic, 1982.
    Haddad, Wadi D. Lebanon: The Politics of Revolving Door. Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, Washington Papers/114.
    Hanson, Earl Parker. Puerto Rico: Ally for Progress. New York: Van Nostrand, 1962.
    Hoffman, Bruce Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
    描述: 碩士
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