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Title:	知識創新社群與產業創新
Authors:	陳宗文 CHEN,Tzung-wen
Contributors:	吳思華 Wu,Se-hwa 陳宗文 CHEN,Tzung-wen
Keywords:	產業創新社群晶圓代工疫苗巴斯德研究院 inudstrial innovation community foundry vaccine Institut Pasteur
Date:	2004
Issue Date:	2009-09-11 17:41:21 (UTC+8)
Abstract:	本研究探討以知識為基礎的產業如何形成與發展而達成產業創新。更特定言，本研究探討基於知識技術以及組織制度結構所產生之權力關係，如何透過行動者與情境條件之互動，以社群型態之集體行動使其發生轉變，進而影響產業創新之結果。為了凸顯不同的知識特性與情境條件，本研究選擇以台灣的晶圓代工與法國的卡介苗及B型肝炎疫苗為個案，以透過其歷程的描述來瞭解知識社群與創新社群之於產業創新的關係。個案的主要觀察內容包括創新活動權力關係的源由與類型、不同階段集體行動的特性、以及與產業創新效果的關連。本研究發現創新活動中之存在兩類權力關係，第一類是基於行動者對知識或技術本身之控制或掌握能力，是屬於知識性的權力關係；第二類是基於行動者對該項知識技術得以運用情境之影響能力，為結構性的權力關係。而行動者產生的集體行動，即分別以「知識社群」之共同語言機制轉變基於知識技術的權力關係，以「創新社群」的價值共識過程轉變基於制度結構的權力關係，而促成產業創新。本研究亦發現社群的形成與既有的權力關係結構有關。而隨著所欲動員於產業創新的資源條件愈龐大，即待轉變的表面權力關係愈為複雜，以社群實現產業創新愈為重要。而知識與創新社群間的互動，特別是反餽的現象，特別有助於產業創新的實現。另知識和創新社群的行動者有重疊之可能，尤其特定的關鍵行動者將同時扮演知識社群與創新社群中的重要角色。 The dissertation studies the formation and development of communities in industrial innovations of emerging technology. A community is defined as a group of actors that, strongly influenced by their contexts, voluntarily contribute to enforcement of the capability that aims at realizing their common interests. As a specific form of collective actions, the communities are critical in coordinating various actors by gradually shaping the power relations between them, thus smoothing the potential conflicts during the relatively radical innovation. In the study, two cases are chosen for observing the communitarian processes. The first case is the semiconductor foundry in Taiwan. The second one is the vaccine industry in France. The later further comprises two subcases. One is BCG innovations. The other is the vaccine anti-hepatitis B. Based on a prior case study and literature reviews, two types of communities are proposed to examine the two case studies. The first type of communities is a “knowledge community” in which innovative actors contribute voluntarily in creation and diffusion of knowledge centered at the specific technological innovation. The second type is an “innovation community” in which innovative actors from different sectors contribute together to the application of the specific technology. The study found that a technological power relation that is from the incapability of controlling an emerging technology or of controlling those who own the technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. the knowledge community is capable of transforming a technological power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common language, for realizing the industrial innovation. It reveals that a structural power relation that is from the actors’ ignorance or resistance to the application of an emerging technology is a barrier to industrial innovation. The innovation community is capable of transforming a structural power relation, via the formation and diffusion of a common value, for realizing the industrial innovation. Moreover, the larger the distance that a surface power relation is from its realistic power relation, that is, the more the disequilibrium of a power relation has, the more efforts are required for a community to contribute in industrial innovation. On the other hand, the more the positive feedbacks between a knowledge community and an innovation community, that is, the more the outcomes of the knowledge community that enhance a common value of the innovation community, and the more the outcomes of the innovation community that enhance the diffusion and deepening of a common language of the knowledge community, the easier the realization of an industrial innovation. Finally, a key actor as a community member has a strategic meaning that the key actor reacts to deepen a common language or to increase a common value so as to facilitate the formation and development of a knowledge community or an innovation community, thus realizing the industrial innovation. 謝辭 i 摘要 iii 章節目錄 vi 表目錄 viii 圖目錄 x 第一章緒論 1 第一節研究背景 1 第二節研究問題 3 第三節研究範圍與限制 5 第四節研究流程 7 第二章文獻探討 9 第一節產業創新 9 第二節產業創新的分析架構 11 第三節創新系統 15 第四節社群與產業創新的社群 19 第五節先導個案 26 第三章研究架構 34 第一節社群與權力關係 35 第二節社群的情境：應然與實然 41 第三節知識社群與創新社群 44 第四章研究設計 50 第一節研究方法 50 第二節個案選取原則 52 第三節觀察變項 53 第四節資料蒐集與分析 56 第五章晶圓代工如何在台灣建立產業地位 58 第一節台灣半導體製造技術知識社群的形成 59 第二節晶圓代工知識與創新社群的興起與發展 65 第三節晶圓代工的社群發展與產業創新 77 第四節個案檢討 85 第六章卡介苗如何在法國成為強制接種的疫苗 93 第一節卡介苗社群原型的建構 96 第二節卡介苗知識與創新社群的擴張與穩固 101 第三節個案檢討 110 第七章 B型肝炎血清疫苗如何興起與沒落 116 第一節 B型肝炎疫苗社群形成與發展的參考情境 118 第二節 B型肝炎血清疫苗知識與創新社群的形成 123 第三節 B型肝炎血清疫苗知識與創新社群的瓦解 130 第四節個案檢討 137 第八章綜合討論 142 第一節社群的形成 142 第二節社群與產業創新 147 第三節知識創新社群與其他產業創新分析架構 154 第四節技術的影響力 159 第九章結論與意涵 165 第一節結論 165 第二節管理與政策意涵 166 第三節後續研究議題 170 結語：社群之於產業創新之三識 173 參考文獻資料 174 中文部份 174 西文部份 175
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