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| Title: | 文化多樣性公約對於GATS視聽服務之影響
The Impact of Convention on Cultural Diversity on the Audiovisual Services under the GATS |
| Authors: | 賴志倫
Lai, Chih-Lun |
| Contributors: | 楊光華
Yang, Guang-Hwa
賴志倫
Lai, Chih-Lun |
| Keywords: | 文化多樣性公約
服務貿易總協定
規範衝突
文化多樣性
文化例外
視聽服務
Convention on Cultural Diversity
General Agreement on Trade in Services
conflicts of norms
cultural diversity
cultural exception
audiovisual services |
| Date: | 2006 |
| Issue Date: | 2009-09-11 17:10:30 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 聯合國教科文組織於二○○五年十月二十日通過文化多樣性公約。從談判歷史觀之，「文化多樣性」似乎是歐盟會員國於烏拉圭回合時在GATS下倡議「文化例外」之延續，也因此公約通過後，主張貿易自由化之一方擔心公約將限制貿易，而與GATS產生衝突；另一方面，主張文化保護之一方則認為公約可助其在GATS下續行推動「文化例外」，亦即將視聽服務排除GATS之適用。
本文研究之目的係在探討文化多樣性公約對於GATS視聽服務之影響。首先，本文就文化多樣性公約下的重要規定進行研析，並以視聽服務為論述核心，探討公約與GATS間的可能衝突。在綜合考量規範衝突及談判現況後，本文最後試評估公約對於GATS視聽服務之影響，並提出對未來視聽服務談判之展望。
公約下的義務，由於締約國在履行上多保有裁量權，解釋上尚難構成貿易限制或具歧視性；另一方面由於GATS規範極具彈性，WTO會員國本不負絕對的特定承諾義務。依此，公約與GATS發生衝突發生之可能性並不大。至於公約的權利規定，或有違反GATS義務之虞，惟由於締約國可選擇不行使公約權利而履行GATS義務，因此公約權利與GATS義務的衝突得以事先避免。
由於公約對GATS之衝擊有限，再加上公約將可提供一個文化議題協商之平台，公約或可紓解WTO會員國對於文化保護之關切，進而摒除彼等國家在GATS下基於文化保護而不願開放之疑慮。依此，本文研判公約對於GATS視聽服務自由化將是助力，有助於視聽服務談判之進行。鑒於GATS下並無文化一般例外以調和兩套規範，本文建議未來在WTO下可透過增訂「部長決議」，要求WTO會員國於解釋並適用GATS規定時應將公約之相關規定列入考量，俾達成公約與GATS間相互支持之目標。
On 20 October 2005, the UNESCO General Conference approved the “Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.” Judging by the negotiating history, “cultural diversity” appears to be the continuation of “cultural exception” invoked by the European Communities under the GATS negotiations during the Uruguay Round. Therefore, after the Convention is approved, free trade supporters worry that the convention might restrict trade and conflict with the GATS rules. On the other hand, cultural protectionists argue that the Convention has merits in moving forward “cultural exception,” i.e. to prohibit the application of the GATS rules on the audiovisual services.
The objective of the thesis is to analyze the impact of the Convention on the audiovisual services under the GATS. The thesis first studies the rules under the Convention and discusses potential conflicts between the Convention and the GATS in terms of audiovisual services. Considering both the conflicts of norms and current negotiations, the thesis attempts to assess the impact of the Convention on the audiovisual services and forecast the future of negotiations on the audiovisual services under the GATS.
The obligations of the Convention may not be easy to be interpreted as trade restrictions or discriminations because States Parties can mostly reserve their rights to perform. On the other hand, GATS rules is so flexible that WTO Members need not make specific commitments under the GATS. Accordingly, the possibility of conflicts is not high. Though the rights of the Convention might be contradictory to the obligations of the GATS, States Parties can choose to perform their obligations of the GATS rather than exercise their rights of the Convention in order to preclude the existence of the conflicts.
The Convention only has limited impact on the GATS. In addition, the Convention provides a forum of negotiations on cultural issues so that it might smooth over WTO Member’s concern with cultural protection and remove their doubts of liberalization on the basis of cultural protection. Judging from this, the Convention can give a boost to the liberalization of audiovisual services and facilitate the negotiations. In light of the fact that there is no general exception clauses of cultural protection under the GATS to harmonize the two international instruments, this thesis suggests that “Ministerial Decision” be adopted to request WTO Members to take relevant rules of the Convention into consideration when interpreting and applying the GATS rules in order to achieve the goal of mutual supportiveness between the Convention and the GATS. |
| Reference: | 一、 中文文獻：
1. 張新平，視聽服務有關問題之探討，世界貿易組織下之服務貿易，元照出版社，頁354-358，1996年。
2. 羅昌發，國際貿易法，元照出版社，頁551-552，2002年
3. 楊光華，服務貿易緊急防衛措施規範之發展及我國應有立場之芻議，貿易調查專刊第七期，頁75-77，2002年。
4. 楊光華，服務補貼規範發展必要性之初探，第四屆國際經貿法學發展學術研討會論文集，頁147，2004年。
5. 彭心儀，視聽服務貿易自由化下之文化政策爭議，台大法學論叢第三十三卷第四期，頁37-100，2004年7月。
二、 英文文獻：
（一）英文專書與論文：
1. Bernier, Ivan, Implementing the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of cultural Expressions (http://www.mcc.gouv.qc.ca/diversite-culturelle/eng/pdf/UNESCO-anglais.pdf)
2. Cahn, Sandrine and Daniel Schimmel, The Cultural Exception: Does It Exist in GATT and GATS Frameworks? How Does It Affect or Is It Affected By the Agreement on TRIPs?, 15 Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal 293-297 (1997)
3. Denhez, Marc McC., Pacta Sunt Servanda: Reinterpreting the World Heritage Convention, in Old Cultures In New Worlds (8th General Assembly and International Symposium, International Council on Monuments and Sites, Symposium Papers Vol. II) 870 (Oct. 10-15, 1987) <http://www.international.icomos.org/publications/wash115.pdf>
4. Donaldson, John David, “Television Without Frontiers”: The Continuing Tension Between Liberal Free Trade and European Cultural Integrity, 20 Fordham International Law Journal 110-111 (1996)
5. Fawcett, J. E. S., The Legal Character of International Agreements, 30 British Yearbook of International Law 390-392 (1953)
6. Frau-Meigs,Divina, “Cultural Exception”, National Policies and Globalization: Imperatives in Democratization and Promotion of
Contemporary Culture <http://www.audiovisualcat.net/publicationsing/ Q14france.pdf>
7. Garrett, Lisa L., Commerce versus Culture: The Battle Between the United States and the European Union Over Audiovisual Trade Policies, 19 North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation 561 (1994)
8. Graber, Christoph Beat, Audiovisual Media and the Law of the WTO in FREE TRADE VERSUS CULTURAL DIVERSITY: WTO NEGOTIATIONS IN THE FIELD OF AUDIOVISUAL SERVICES 27 (Christoph Beat Graber et al. eds., 2004)
9. Graber, Christoph Beat, The New UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity: A Counterbalance to the WTO?, Journal of International Economic Law 9(3) 574 (2006)
10. Hahn, Michael, A Clash of Cultures? The UNESCO Diversity Convention and the International Trade Law, Journal of International Economic Law 9(3) 542 (2006)
11. Heilbrun, James and Charles M. Gray, THE ECONOMICS OF ART AND CULTURE 222-230 (2001)
12. Jenks, Wilfred, Conflict of Law-Making Treaties, 30 British Yearbook of International Law 406 (1953)
13. Marceau, Gabrielle, A Call for Coherence in International law: Praise for the prohibition against “clinical isolation” in WTO dispute Settlement, 33:6 Journal of World Trade 128-133 (1999)
14. Murray, Catherine A., The Third Sector Cultural Diversity and Civil Society, Canadian Journal of Communication, Vol. 27, No. 2 (2002) <http://www.cjc-online.ca/viewarticle.php?id=728&layout=html>
15. Pauwelyn, Joost, CONFLICT OF NORMS IN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 334 (2003)
16. Throsby, David, ECONOMICS AND CULTURE 139-141(2001)
17. Voon, Tania, UNESCO and the WTO: A Clash of Cultures, 55(3) International and Comparative Law Quarterly 635 (2006)
<http://www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/voonunesco.pdf>
（二）GATT/WTO文件：
1. Draft Multilateral Framework For Trade in Services, GATT Doc. MTN.GNS/35 (23 July 1990)
2. Communication From the European Communities Draft Sectoral Annex on Audiovisual Services, GATT Doc. MTN.GNS/AUD/W/2 (4 October 1990)
3. Negotiating Intensity As Groups Get Down to Detailed Drafting, GATT Doc. NUR 041 (9 October 1990)
4. Working Group on Audiovisual Services Note on the Meeting of 5 and 18 October 1990, GATT Doc. MTN.GNS/AUD/2 (20 December 1990)
5. Services Sectoral Classification List, GATT Doc. MTN/GNS/W/120 (10 July 1991)
6. United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO Doc. WT/DS2/AB/R (20 May 1996).
7. United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, WTO Doc. WT/DS58/AB/R (6 November 1998)
8. Communication from the United States - Audiovisual and Related Services, WTO Doc. S/CSS/W/21 (18 December 2000)
9. Guidelines and Procedures For the Negotiations on Trade in Services, WTO Doc. S/L/93 (29 March 2001)
10. Communication from the Switzerland – GATS 2000: Audiovisual Services, WTO Doc. S/CSS/W/74 (4 May 2001)
11. Communication from Brazil - Audiovisual Services, WTO Doc. S/CSS/W/99 (9 July 2001)
12. Report of the Meeting Held on 9 to 12 July 2001, WTO Doc. S/CSS/M/10 (21 September 2001)
13. Communication from Brunei Darussalim, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Phlippines and Thailand Further Thoughts on an Emergency Safeguard Mechanisms, WTO Doc. JOB(04)/4 (24 February 2004)
14. United States – Measures Affecting the Cross-Border Supply of Gambling and Betting Services, WTO Doc. WT/DS258/R (10 November 2004)
15. Audiovisual Services: Information Note by the Secretariat, WTO Doc. JOB(05)/192 (19 September 2005)
（三）UNESCO文件：
1. First Meeting of Experts (Category VI) on the First Draft of an International Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions, UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2003-608/01 (February 2004)
2. Second Meeting of Experts (Category VI) on the Preliminary Draft of an International Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions, UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPT/2004/602/6 (May 2004)
3. Preliminary Draft of a Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions, UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPD/2004/CONF-201/2 (July 2004)
4. First Session of the Intergovernmental Meeting of Experts on the Preliminary Draft of a Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions, UNESCO Doc. CLT-2004/CONF.201/9 (November 2004)
5. Preliminary Draft Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions – Text Revised by the Drafting Committee, UNESCO Doc. CLT/CPT/2004/CONF.607/6 (December 2004)
6. Preliminary Report By the Director-General Setting Out the Situation to be Regulated and the Possible Scope of the Regulation Action Proposed, Accompanied by the Preliminary Draft Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Contents and Artistic Expressions, UNESCO Doc. 33C/23 (August 2005) |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營與貿易研究所
92351009
95 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0923510091 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [國際經營與貿易學系 ] 學位論文
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