Reference: | 一、英文文獻 Alger, D. E. (1996). The media and politics. Belmont:Wadswaorth. Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American voter. NY: John Wiley. Boorstin, D. (1961). The image:A guide to pseudo-events in American. NY: Harper Colophon Books. Boulding, K. (1956). The image. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Buchanan, B. (1978). The presidential experience:What the office does to the man. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prenitce-Hall. Buchanan, B. (1991). Electing a president:The markle commission research on campaign 1988. Austin, Tex: University of Texas Press. Buchanan, B. (1995). The presidency and the nominating process. In Michael Nealson(ed.), The presidency and the political system(pp.183-203). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press. Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. NY: Harper Collins Publisher. Edwards, G. C. (1997). Presidential leadership: Politics and policy making. NY: St. Martin’s Press. Funk, C. (1999). Bringing the candidate into models of candidate evaluation. Journal of Politics, 61:700-720. Hofstetter, C.R., Zukin, C., & Buss, T. F. (1978). Political imagery and information in an age of television. Journalism Quarterly, 55:562-569. Hacker, K. L. (1995). Candidate images on presidential elections. New York: Praeger. Hacker, K. L. (1995). Interpersonal communication and the construction of candidate images. In Hacker, K (ed.), Candidate images on presidential elections (pp.65-82).New York: Praeger. Hacker, K. L. & Paine, S. C. (1995). Political images and voting decisions. In Hacker, K (ed.), Candidate images on presidential elections(pp.19-36). New York: Praeger. Hellweg, S. A. (1995). Campaigns and candidate images in American presidential elections. In Hacker, K (ed.), Candidate images on presidential elections(pp.1-18). New York: Praeger. Hellweg, S. A., Dionispoulos, G.N. & Kulger, D.B. (1989). Political candidate image: A state-of-the-art review in progress. In B. Dervin & M. J. Voigt (ed.), Political in communication sciences IX. Jacobs, L. R. & Shapiro, R. Y. (1994). Issues, candidate image and priming: The use of private polls in Kennedy’s 1960 presidential campaign, American Political Science Review, 88(September):527-40. Jacobs, L. R., Druckman, J. N. & Ostermerier, E. (2001, August). A political theory of candidate strategy: Nixon’s use of polling information on policy issues and candidate image. Paper presented at the 2001 annual of the American Political Science Association, August 30-September 2, San Fracisco. Kaid L. L. & Chanslor, M. (1995). Changing candidates images: The effects of political advertising. In Hacker, K (ed.), Candidate images on presidential elections(pp.83-98). New York: Praeger. Kelman, D.F. (1965). International behavior:A social-psychological analysis. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winstion. Kinder, D. R. (1983). Presidential traits. Report to the NES Board of Overseas, Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan. Kinder, D. R. (1986). Presidential character revisited. In Kinder D. R. (ed.), Political cognition, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. N. Y.:Macmillan. McCombs, M.E. & Shaw, D.L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36:176-187 McNair, B. (1995). An introduction to political communication. London;Routledge. McQuail , Dennis(1992). Media performance. London: Sage. Miller, A. H., Wattenberg, M. P., & Malanchuk, O. (1986). Schematic assessments of presidential candidates. American Political Science Review, 80:521-540. Newman, B. I. (1999). From party politics to mass marketing. The mass marketing of politics:Democracy in an Age of manufactured images (pp.21-34). Sage. Nimmo, D. & Svage, R. L. (1976). Candidates and their images. California: Goodyear Publishing Company. Patterson, T. E. (1980). A brief on the mass media election. The mass media election:How American choose their president(pp.3-7). New York: Praeger. Patterson, T. E. (1980). Topics and evidence. The mass media election: How American choose their president(pp.9-15). New York: Praeger. Patterson, T. E. (1980). Images of the candidate. The mass media election: How American choose their president(pp.133-146). New York: Praeger. Patterson, T. E. (1989). The press and candidate images. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 1(2): 123-135. Patterson, T. E. (1993). Out of order. NY: Alfred A Knope. Promper, G. (1975). Voter’s choice. NY: Dodd, Mead. Rawnsley, G. (2000). Where’s the beef? The 1998 mayoral election campaign in Taiwan. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 7(2):147-169. Riggle, E., Ottati, V. C., Wyer, R., Kuklinski, J., & Scharz, N. (1992). Bases of political judgments:The role of stereotypic and nonstereotypic information. Political Behavior, 14(1): 67-87. Rosenberg, S.W. & McCafferty, P. (1987). The image and the vote: Manipulating voter’s preferences. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51:31-47. Salmore, B. & Salmore, S. (1985). Candidates, parties, and campaigns:Electoral politics in American. Washington, DC.:Congressional Quarterly. Sigel, R. S. (1964). Effect of partisanship on the perception of political candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28:483-496. Shoemaker, P. J. & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message:Theories of influence on mass media content. NY: Longman. Wattenberg, M. P. (1991). The rise of candidate-centered politics: Presidential elections of the 1980s. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Waterman, R. W., Wright, R. & Clair, St. G.(1999). The image-is-everything presidency:Dilemmas in American leadership. Westview Press. Wayne, S. J. (1982). Great expectations:What people want from presidents. In Thomas E. Cronin(ed.), Rethinking the presidency. Boston: Little, Brown and Company: 185-199. Wimmer, R. D. & Dominick J. R. (2000). Mass media research:An introduction. Belmont, Calif.:Wadseorth. Wyer, R., Budesheim, T. L., Shavitt, S., Riggle, R., Melton, J., & Kuklinski, J. (1991). Images, issues, and ideology:The processing of information about political candidates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58: 218-38. Zakahi, W. R. & Hacker, K. L. (1995). Television presidential debate and candidate images. In Hacker, K (ed.), Candidate images on presidential elections (pp.99-122). New York: Praeger. 二、中文文獻 Smith, Hedrick(1991),劉丹曦等譯:<形象遊戲>,《權力遊戲》,353-405,台北:時報。 王石番(1991):《傳播內容分析法》,台北,幼獅文化。 王柏燿(2002):<臺灣選民經濟投票之研究 : 1996-2001年>,國立政治大學政治研究所碩士論文。 方美琴(1999):<報禁後臺灣報紙報導大陸新聞之研究:以中國時報、聯合報、中央日報為例>,私立中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 李郁青(1996):<媒介議題設定效果的第二面向:候選人形象設定效果研究>,國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 李婉婷(1997):<媒體對選舉新聞的報導偏差性分析:以民國八十三年台北市長選舉為例>,國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 金溥聰(1997):<報紙的形象設定效果研究:以民國八十三年台北市市長選舉為例>,《新聞學研究》,第五十五集:203-223。 岳蕙蘭(1998):<青年學生的媒體使用與政黨形象認知研究>,國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 林慧斐(2001):<台灣N世代選民認知總統候選人形象之研究-公元2000年中華民國總統選舉為例>,私立世新大學傳播研究所碩士論文。 吳蕙芬(1999):<候選人形象研究:以 83 年與 87 年臺北市長候選人陳水扁為例>,國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 何聖飛(2001):<誰主導選舉新聞:媒介議題設定的觀點:以兩千年總統人選為例>,國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 胡淑裕(1987):<大傳播媒介塑造政治人物形象之研究:孫運璿、林洋港、李登輝之個案分析>,私立文化大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 胡佛等(1993):《選民的投票行為:民國78年增額立法委員選舉的分析》,台北:中央選委會。 南方朔(2004):<謊言即真理?>,《語言之鑰》,149-54,台北:大田。 徐瑛君(2003):<媒體呈現之候選人形象定位策略研究─以2002年高雄市長選舉為例>,私立世新大學傳播研究所碩士論文。 陳世敏(1989):<候選人形象與選民投票行為,於雷飛龍主持,台灣地區選民的投票行為—一個理論模式的探討>,國科會研究計畫。 陳義彥與陳世敏(1992):《七十八年選舉的報紙新聞與廣告內容分析》,台北:業強。 陳憶寧(2001):<總統候選人攻擊性新聞報導與其支持度的關聯:以公元兩千年總統大選為例>,《新聞學研究》,第六十九集: 113-140。 盛杏湲(2002):<統獨議題與台灣選民的投票行為:1990年代的分析>,《選舉研究》,第九卷第一期: 41-80。 連珊惠(1998):<從報紙呈現之候選人形象看編輯之守門行為:以中國時報、聯合報、自由時報為例>,私立世新大學傳播研究所碩士論文。 黃秀端(1996):<決定勝負的關鍵:候選人特質與能力在總統選舉中的重要性>,《選舉研究》,第三卷第一期:103-135。 黃惠玲(1997):<報紙如何報導總統選舉新聞:聯合報、自由時報與中央日報的比較分析>,國立政治大學新聞所碩士論文。 葛永光(1996):《政黨政治與民主發展》,台北:空大。 劉懿慧(1991):<報紙如何報導國民黨、民進黨二黨候選人的競選活動:以民國七十八年區域立委及縣市長選舉為例>,國立政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。 簡鈺珒(2003):<2000年總統大選選民投票抉擇分析:候選人評價之影響>,國立中正大學政治學研究所碩士論文。 羅文輝與黃葳威(2000):<2000年總統選舉公民營報紙新聞之比較研究>,《選舉研究》,第七卷第一期:1-20。 蘇衡(1995):<新聞來源與新聞價值:報紙如何報導「許歷農退黨」效應>,《新聞學研究》,第五十集:15-30。 |