政大機構典藏-National Chengchi University Institutional Repository(NCCUR):Item 140.119/29671
English  |  正體中文  |  简体中文  |  Post-Print筆數 : 27 |  全文笔数/总笔数 : 113485/144472 (79%)
造访人次 : 51390519      在线人数 : 966
RC Version 6.0 © Powered By DSPACE, MIT. Enhanced by NTU Library IR team.
搜寻范围 查询小技巧：
  • 您可在西文检索词汇前后加上"双引号"，以获取较精准的检索结果
  • 若欲以作者姓名搜寻，建议至进阶搜寻限定作者字段，可获得较完整数据
    •  进阶搜寻
    政大機構典藏 > 理學院 > 心理學系 > 學位論文 >  Item 140.119/29671


    请使用永久网址来引用或连结此文件: https://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/29671


    题名: 探討焦慮症之神經行為機制：以抬高式T形迷津之動物模式為例
    作者: 張雅惠
    Chang, Yea-Huey
    贡献者: 廖瑞銘
    Liao, Ruey-Ming
    張雅惠
    Chang, Yea-Huey
    关键词: 抬高式T形迷津
    血清張力素
    邊緣系統
    中腦多巴胺系統
    制約害怕
    elevated T maze
    serotonin
    limbic system
    midbrain dopamine system
    conditioned fear
    日期: 2004
    上传时间: 2009-09-11 16:00:16 (UTC+8)
    摘要: 雖然焦慮是一種普遍存在之情感性心智活動，迄今仍無充份解釋之實證資料。本研究主要是利用一種焦慮症相關的動物模式，即抬高式T形迷津，探討與焦慮症有關的神經行為機制。整部研究分兩大實驗，分別探討抬高式T形迷津的行為建構動力與破壞依核次級區域在抬高式T形迷津或其他焦慮作業上之行為表現。在實驗一檢驗抬高式T形迷津的行為內涵方面，共有四個實驗：實驗一A探討抬高式T形迷津抑制性躲避行為是否呈現消除現象；實驗一B探討破壞制約害怕神經網路對抬高式T形迷津之抑制性躲避行為的影響，並檢測自發性運動量的改變是否造成干擾效果；實驗一C探討事前暴露經驗對脫逃行為的意義；實驗一D檢測脫逃及抑制性躲避實驗程序互相干擾之可能性。實驗二探討可能涉及抬高式T形迷津或其他焦慮作業的神經機制，針對破壞依核次級區域對焦慮行為的影響進行檢測。此部分包含三個實驗，實驗二A探討依核次級區域受損對傳統焦慮動物模式抬高式十字迷津行為的影響；實驗二B採用已在實驗一建立行為效度的抬高式T形迷津，檢驗破壞依核次級區域後的迷津行為表現，並檢驗依核次級區域受損是否影響受試自發性運動量變化，以致干擾抬高式T形迷津的行為表現。另為深入探討依核的功能角色，實驗二C利用其他嫌惡作業測試破壞依核次級區域對制約躲避電擊行為的影響。實驗一結果顯示抑制性躲避行為是一包含制約害怕及探索行為等多重歷程的行為模式，而脫逃行為對情緒狀態的改變不敏感，且易受抑制性躲避作業的影響。實驗二發現破壞依核殼區同時減抑受試在抬高式十字迷津的危機評估行為、抬高式T形迷津之抑制性躲避行為及制約躲避電擊行為；而破壞依核核區的減抑效果僅見於抬高式T形迷津與制約躲避電擊作業。三個嫌惡作業的結果顯示依核核區與殼區皆涉及制約害怕歷程，但兩區的受損會表現不同焦慮行為，並在抬高式十字迷津之危機評估行為中表現出來。綜合上述二大部分實驗結果，本研究對抬高式T形迷津的行為內涵有更進一步的瞭解，並特別藉依核次級區域破壞的行為測試資料，推估中腦多巴胺系統與傳統理論所指邊緣系統在實證性解釋焦慮具同樣關鍵角色。
    Although anxiety is a well-recognized affective mental reaction, its phenomenon is not fully characterized by the empirical data. By employing a recently developed animal model named the elevated T maze (ETM), the present study investigated the neurobehavioral mechanisms of anxiety. There were two major parts of experiments designed to respectively examine the validity of this task and the involvement of limbic related areas on anxious behavior. Regarding the first part of experiments, Experiment 1A examined the effects of extinction on the inhibitory avoidance of ETM; Experiment 1B evaluated the lesions of six limbic related areas on the measures of inhibitory avoidance and escape; Experiment 1C investigated how pre-exposure experience of stress would affect the ETM behavior; Experiment 1D tested the potential affectiveness derived from different sequences of the test procedure on EMT. The second part of experiments mainly focused on comparing the lesion effects of nucleus accumbens subareas (core and shell) on behavioral measures from three anxiety-related tasks. Elevated plus maze, ETM, and active avoidance were adopted respectively in the experiments of 2A, 2B, and 2C. Results of the first part of experiments indicated 1) inhibitory avoidance of ETM containing fear conditioning and exploration components, and 2) less sensitivity to experimental manipulation for the escape of ETM. In the second part of experiments, the shell lesion significant attenuated the risk assessment behavior of elevated plus maze and inhibitory avoidance of ETM and active avoidance tasks, whereas the core lesion only produced the latter part of impairment. Both core and shell subareas are thus inferred to be involved in the conditioned avoidance, and lesions of these two areas may exert different patterns of anxious behavior. Together, the present study further characterized behavioral components of ETM. With a more systemic work in comparing lesion data of nucleus accumbens over three anxiety-related tasks, it is then suggested that the midbrain dopamine system is as crucial as the traditionally-known limbic system the traditional in terms of providing empirical explanation for the anxiety.
    參考文獻: 中文部分
    沈映伶（2001）。探討大腦前額葉皮質在單次高台壓力引發場地制約偏好現象中的角色。國立政治大學心理學系碩士論文。
    林建佑與廖瑞銘（2003）。鋰鹽去除酬賞價值程序對兩種標誌系統空間行為的影響。中華心理學刊，45，243-262。
    張雅惠與廖瑞銘（2005）。 檢測抬高式T形迷津的焦慮源。中華心理學刊，47， 127-138。
    英文部分
    Aggleton, J. P. (1993). The contribution of the amygdale to normal and abcdrmal emotional states. Trends in Neuroscience, 16, 328-333.
    Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (1995). Fear and the human amygdala. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 5879-5991.
    Altenor, A., & Kay, E. J. (1980). The effects of postweaning rearing conditions on the response to stressful tasks in the rat. Physiological Psychology, 8, 88-92.
    American Psychiatry Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4rd ed. (1994). Washington, DC: APA Press.
    Andrews, N., Hogg, S., Gonzalez, L. E., & File, S. E. (1994). 5-HT1A receptors in the median raphe nucleus and dorsal hippocampus may mediate anxiolytic and anxiogenic behaviors respectively. European Journal of Pharmacology, 264, 259-264.
    Anseloni, V. C., Coimbra, N. C., Morato, S., & Brandao, M.L. (1999). A comparative study of the effects of morphine in the dorsal periaqueductal gray and nucleus accumbens of rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze test. Experimantal Brain Research, 129, 260-268.
    Flores, G., Silva-Gomez, A.B., Ibanez, O., Quirion, R., & Srivastava, L.K. (2005). Comparative behavioral changes in postpubertal rats after neonatal excitotoxic lesions of the ventral hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Synapse, 56, 147-53
    Fone, K. C., Shalders, K., Fox, Z. D., Arthur, R., & Marsden, C. A. (1996). Increased 5-HT2C receptor responsiveness occurs on rearing rats in isolation. Psychopharmacology, 123, 346-352.
    Frysztak, R.J., & Neafsey, E.J. (1991). The effects of medial frontal cortex lesions on respiration, ‘‘freezing’’, and ultrasonic vocalizations during conditioned emotional responses in rats. Cerebral Cortex, 1418– 1425.
    Fuller, T. A., Russchen, F. T. & Price, J. L. (1987) Sources of presumptive glutamatergic/aspartergic afferents to the rat ventral striatopallidal region. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 285, 317-338.
    Funahashi, S., & Kubota, K. (1994). Working memory and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience Research, 21, 1-11.
    Gardner, C. R. (1985). Distress vocalization in rat pups: a simple screening method for anxiolytic drugs. Journal of Pharmacology Method, 14, 181-187.
    Gardner, C. R. (1986). Recent development in 5-HT-related pharmacology of animal models of anxiety. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 24,1479-1485.
    Ge, J., Barnes, N. M., Costall, B., & Naylor, R. J. (1997). Effect of aversive stimulation on 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine metabolism in the rat brain. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 58, 775-783.
    Geller, I., & Seifter, J. (1960). The effect of meprobamate, barbiturates, d-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 1, 482-292.
    Gentil, V. (1988). Towards an integrated model for panic disorder. Stress Medicine, 4, 131-133.
    Archer, J. (1973). Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: a review. Animal Behaviour, 21, 205-235.
    Gentile, C. G., Jarrel, T. W., Teich, A., McCabe, P. M., Schneiderman, N. (1986). The role of amygdaloid central nucleus in the retention of diffrential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbits. Behavior Brain Research, 20, 263-273.
    Geyer, M. A., & Markou, A. (1995). Animal models of psychiatric disorder. In F. E. Bloom and D. J. Kupfer, Eds. Psychopharmacology: The fourth generation of progress . New York: Raven Press.
    Gleeson, S., Ahlers, S. T., Mansbach, R. S., & Foust, J. M. (1989). Behavioral studies with anxiolytic drugs: VI. Effects on punished responding of drugs interacting with serotonin receptor subtypes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 250, 809-817.
    Goel, V., & Grafman, J. (1995). Are the frontal lobes implicated in ‘planning’ functions? Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi. Neuropsychologia, 33, 623-642.
    Goel, V., Grafman, J., Tajik, J., Gana, S., & Danto, D. (1997). A study of the performance of patient with frontal lobe lesions in a financial planning task. Brain, 120, 1805-1822.
    Gonzalez, L.E., Rujano, M., Tucci, S., Paredes, D., Silva, E., Alba, G., & Hernandez, L. (2000). Medial prefrontal transection enhances social interaction:I. behavioral studies. Brain Research, 887, 7 –15.
    Gorea, E., & Adrien, J. (1988). Serotonergic regulation of noradrenergic cerulean neurons: electophysiological evidence for the involvement of 5-HT2 receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology, 154, 285-291.
    Graeff, F. G. (2004). Serotonin, the periaqueductal gray and panic. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 239-259,
    Graeff, F. G. (1990). Brain defense systems and anxiety. In G. D. Burrows, M. Roth., & R. Noyes, Jr., Eds. Handbook of anxiety, Vol. 3: The neurobiology of anxiety. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
    Graeff, F. G., Netto, C. F., & Zangrossi, Jr. H. (1998). The elevated T-maze as an experimental model of anxiety. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 23, 237-246.
    Bailey, P., & Sweet, W.H. (1940). Effects on respiration, blood pressure and
    Graeff, F. G., Viana, M. B., & Mora, P. O. (1996). Opposed regulation of dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT pathways of two types of fear in the elevated T-maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 53, 171-177.
    Graeff, F. G., Viana M. B., & Tomaz, C. (1993). The elevated T-maze, a new animal model of anxiety and memory: Effect of diazepam. Brazil Journal of Medicine Biological Research, 26, 67-70.
    Graeff, F. G., Silveria, M. C. L., Nogueira, R. L., Audi, E. A., Oliveira, R. M. W. (1993). Role of the amygdale and periaqueductal gray in anxiety and panic. Behavioral Brain Research, 58, 123-131.
    Gray, J. A. (1991). Fear, panic, and anxiety: what’s in a name? Psychological Inquiry, 2, 77-78.
    Gray, J. A., Kumari, V., Lawrence, N., & Young, A. M. J. (1999). Functions of the dopaminergic innervation of the nucleus accumbens. Psychobiology, 27, 225-235.
    Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: an enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Gray, D. S., Terlecki, L. J., Treit, D., & Pinel. J. P. J. (1981). Effects of septal lesions on conditioned defensive burying. Physiology and Behavior, 27, 1051-1056.
    Green, S., & Hodges, H. (1991). Animal models of anxiety. In P. Willner, Ed. Behavioral models in psychopharmacology: Theoretical, industrial and clinical perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Green, S., & Vale, A. L. (1992). Role of amygdaloid nuclei in the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines in rats. Behavioral Pharmacology, 3, 261-264.
    Gresch, P.J., Sved, A.F., Zigmond, M.J., & Finlay, J.M. (1994). Stress-induced sensitization of dopamine and norepinephrine efflux in medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Journal of Neurochemistry, 63, 575– 583.
    gastric motility of stimulation of orbital surface of frontal lobe. Journal of
    Griebel, G. (1995). 5-hydroxytryptamine-interacting drugs in animal models of anxiety disorders: more than 30 years of research. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 65, 319-395.
    Griebel, G., Rodgers, R. J., Perrault, G., & Sanger, D. J. (1997). Risk assessment behaviour: Evaluation of utility in the study of 5-HT-related drugs in the rat elevated plus-maze test. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 57, 817-827.
    Hallaer, J., Halasz, J., & Makara, G. B. (2000). Housing conditions and the anxiolytic efficacy of buspirone: the relationship between main and side effects. Behavioral Pharmacology, 11, 403-412.
    Handley, S. L., & Mithani, S. (1984). Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of ‘fear’-motivated behavior. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology, 327, 1-5.
    Haralambous, T., & Westbrook, R.F. (1999). An infusion of bupivacaine intothe nucleus accumbens disrupts the acquisition but not the expression ofcontextual fear conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscence, 113, 925–940.
    Heimer, L., Zahm, D. S., Churchill, L., Kalivas, P. W., & Wohltmann, C. (1991). Specificity in the projection patterns of accumbal core and shell in the rat. Neuroscience, 41, 89-125.
    Helmstetter, F. J. (1992). The amygdala is essential for the expression of conditional hypoalgesia. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 518-28.
    Herman, J.P. , Guillonneau, D., Dantzer, R., Scatton, B., Semerdjian-Rouquier, L., & Le Moal, M. (1982). Differential effects of inescapable footshocks and of stimuli previously paired with inescapable footshocks on dopamine turnover in cortical and limbic areas of the rat. Life Science, 30, 2207– 2214.
    Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1986). Lesions of the amygdale but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus block conditioned fear as measure with the potentiated startle paradigm. Behavioral Neuroscience, 100, 11-22.
    Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (1987). Fear-potentiated startle using an auditory conditioned stumulus: effect of lesions of the amygdale. Physiology and Behavior, 39, 403-408.
    Neurophysiology, 3, 276– 281.
    Hitchcock, J. M., & Davis, M. (991). Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm. Behavioral Neuroscience, 105, 826-42.
    Hodges, H., Green, S.,& Glenn, B. (1987). Evidence that the amygdala is involved in benzodiazepine and serotonergic effects on punished responding but not on discrimination. Psychopharmacology, 92, 491-504.
    Hoehn, S. R., McLeod, D. R., & Hipsley, P. A. (1993). Effect of fluvoxamine on panic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 321-326.
    Hogg, S. (1996). A review of the validity and variability of the elevated plus-maze as an animal model of anxiety. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 54, 21-30.
    Holahan, M. R., Kalin, N. H., & Kelley, A. E. (1997). Microinfusion of corticotropin-releasing factor into the nucleus accumbens shell results in increases behavioral arousal and oral motor activity. Psychopharmacology, 130, 189-196.
    Holson, R. R. (1986). Medial prefrontal cortical lesions and timidity in rats: I. Reactivity to aversive stimulus. Physiology and Behavior, 37, 221-230.
    Holson, R. R., & Waler, C. (1986). Medial prefrontal cortical lesions and timidity in rats: II. Reactivity to novel stimulus. Physiology and Behavior, 37, 231-238.
    Irvine, E. E., Cheeta, S., & File, S. E. (1999). Time course of changes in the social interaction test of anxiety following acute and chronic administration of nicotine. Behavioral Pharmacology, 10, 691-697.
    Iwata, J., LeDoux, J. E., meeley, M. P., Arneric, S., & Reis, D. J. (1986). Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned acoustic stimuli. Brain Research, 383, 195-214.
    Jarrard, L. E. (1993). On the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory in the rat. Behavioural Neural Biololgy, 60, 9-26.
    Bassareo, V. (1997). Differential influence of associative and nonassociative learning mechanisms to food stimuliin rats fed ad libitum. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 851-861.
    Jarvik, M. E., Caskey, N. H., Rose, J. E., Herskovic, J. E., & Sadeghpour, M. (1989). Anxiolytic effects of smoking associated with four stressors. Addictive Behaviors, 14, 379-386.
    Jongen-Reˆlo, A.L., Kaufmann, S., & Feldon, J. (2003). A differential involvement of the shell and core subterritories of the nucleus accumbens of rats in memory processes. Behavioral Neuroscience, 117, 150–168.
    Jinks, A. L., & McGregor, I. S. (1997). Modulation of anxiety-related behaviours following lesions of the prelimbic or infralimbic cortex in the rat. Brain Research, 772, 181– 190.
    Kaltwasser, M. T. (1991). Acoustic startle induced ultrasonic vocalization in the rat: a novel animal model of anxiety? Behavior Brain Research, 43, 133-137.
    Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology and Behavior, 23, 1109-1117.
    Karcz-Kubicha, M., & Liljequist, S. (1995). Evidence for an anxiogenic action of AMPA receptor antagonists in the plus-maze test. European Journal of Pharmacology, 279, 171-177.
    Katz, R. J., Landau,P. S., Lott, M., & Bystritsky, A. (1993). Serotonergic (5-HT-sub-2) mediation of anxiety-therapeutic effects of serazepine in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 34, 41-44.
    Kelley, A. E. (1999). Neural integrative activities of nucleus accumbens subregions in relation to learning and motivation. Psychobiology, 27, 198-213.
    Kelley A. E., & Domesick V. B. (1982). The Distribution of the Projection from the Hippocampal Formation to the Nucleus Accumbens in the Rat;an Anterograde- and Retrograde-horseradish Peroxidase Study. Neuroscience, 7, .2321-2335
    Kim, J. J., Rison, R. A., & Fanselow, M. S. (1993). Effects of amygdale, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107, 1093-1098.
    Bannerman, D. M., Grubb, M., Deacon, R. M. J., Yee, B. K., Feldon, J., & Rawlins, J. N. P. (2003). Ventral hippocampal lesions affect anxiety but not spatial learning. Behavioral Brain Research, 139, 197-213.
    Kiser, R. S., Brown, C. A., Sanghera, M. K., & German, D. C. (1980). Dorsal raphe nucleus stimulation reduces centrally-elicited fearlike behavior. Brain Research, 191, 265-272.
    Kiser Jr. R. S., & Lebovitz, R. M. (1975). Monoaminergic mechanisms in aversive brain stimulation. Physiology and Behavior, 15, 47-53.
    Klein, D. F. (1981). Anxiety reconceptualized. In D. F. Klein & J. Rabkin, Eds. Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts. New York, Raven Press.
    Klein, D. F., & Klein, H. M. (1989). The nosology, genetics, and theory of spontaneous panic and phobia. In P. Tyrer, Ed. British Association for Psychopharmacology monograph, No. 11: Psychopharmacology of anxiety. London: Oxford University Press.
    Lacroix, L., Broersen, L. M., Weiner, I., & Feldon, J. (1998). The effects of excitotoxic lesion of medial prefrontal cortex on latent inhibition, prepulse inhibition, food hoarding, elevated plus maze, active avoidance and locomotor activity in the rat. Neuroscience, 84, 431-442.
    Lacroix, L., Spinelli, S., Heidbreder, C. A., & Feldon, J. (2000). Differential role of the medial and lateral prefrontal cortices in fear and anxiety. Behavioral Neuroscience. 114, 1119– 1130.
    Lawler, C. P., & Cohen, P. S. (1988). Paw grooming induced by intermittment positive reinforcement in rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 525, 417-419.7
    LeBar, K. S., LeDoux, J. E., Spencer, D. D., & Phelps, E. A. (1995). Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 6846-6855.
    LeDoux, J. (1996). The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Touchstone Press.
    LeDoux, J. E., Cicchetti, P., Xagoraris, A., & Romanski, L. M. (1990). The lateral amygdala nucleus: Sensory interface of the amygdale in fear conditioning. Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 1062-1069.
    Beckstead R. M. (1979). An autoradiographic examoniation of corticostriatal and suncortical projections of the mediadorsal-projection (prefrontal) cortex in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 299, 187-228.
    Lee, Y., Walker, D., & Davis, M. (1996). Lack of a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia following NMDA-induced lesions of basolateral amygdala assessed with the fear-potentiated paradigm. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 836-839.
    Levita, L., Dalley, J.W., & Robbins, T.W. (2002). Disruption of pavlovian contextual conditioning by excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core. Behavioral Neuroscience, 116, 539–552.
    Lister, R. G. (1987). The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse. Psychopharmacology, 92, 180-185.
    Lister, R. G. (1990). Ethologically based animal models of anxiety disorders. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 46, 321-340.
    Lorenzini, C. A., Bucherelli, C., Giachetti, L. M., & Tassoni, G. (1991). Effects of nucleus basolateralis amygdala neurotoxic lesions on aversive conditioning in the rat. Physiology and Behavior, 49, 765-770.
    Maldonado-Irizarry, C., & Kelley, A. E. (1995). Excitotoxic lesions of the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens differentially disrupt body weight regulation and motor activity in rat. Brain Research Bulletin, 38, 551-559.
    Maren, S., Aharonov, G., & Fanselow, M. S. (1996). Retrograde abolition of conditioned fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats: absence of a temporal gradient. Behavioral Neuroscience, 110, 718-726.
    Maren, S., & Fanselow, M. S. (1997). Electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix, dorsal hippocampus, or entorhinal cortex produce antrograde deficits in contextual fear conditioning in rats. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 67, 142-149.
    Marks, I. M., & O’Sullivan, G. (1988). Drugs and psychological treatments for agoraphobia/panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: a review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 650-658.
    Martinez, G., Ropero, C., Funes, A., Flores, E., Blotta, C., Landa, A. I., & Gargiulo, P. A. (2002). Effects of selective NMDA and non-NMDA blockade in the nucleus accumbens on the plus-maze test. Physiology and Behavior, 76, 219-224.
    Belzung, C., Pineau, N., Beuzen, A., & Misslin, R. (1994). PD135158, a CCK-B antagonist, reduces `state,` but not `trait` anxiety in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior , 49, 433-436.
    Martinez, G., Ropero, C., Funes, A., Flores, E., Landa, A. I., & Gargiulo, P. A. (2002). Effects of selective NMDA and non-NMDA blockade in the nucleus accumbens on the plus-maze test. Physiology and Behavior, 76, 219-224.
    McCullough, L. D., Sokolowski, J. D., & Salamone, J. D. (1993). A neurochemical and behavioral investigation of the involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in instrumental avoidance. Neuroscience, 52, 919-25.
    McNaughton, N. (1993). Stress and Behavioural Inhibition. I n S. C. Standford, P. Salmon, Eds, Stress: an Integrated Approach, I. New York, Academic Press.
    McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2004). A two-dimentional neuropsychology of defense: fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 285-305.
    McNaughton, N., & Gray, F. A. (2000). Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 161-176.
    McDonald, A. J. (1991). Organization of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex and associate striatum in the rat. Neuroscience, 44,.1-14
    McHugh, S. B., Deacon, R. M., Rawlins, J. N., & Bannerman, D. M. (2004). Amygdala and ventral hippocampus contribute differentially to mechanisms of fear and anxiety. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118, 63-78.
    Menard, J., & Treit, D. (1999). Effects of centrally administered anxiolytic compounds in animal models of anxiety. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Review, 23, 591– 613.
    Meredith G. E., Blank B., & Groenewegen H. J. (1989). The distribution and compartmental organization of the cholinergic neurons in nucleus accumbens of the rat. Neuroscience, 31, .327-345
    Millan, M. J. (2003). The neurobiology and control of anxious states. Progress in Neurobiology, 83-244.
    Bennett, D. A., Bernard, P. S., Amrick, C. L., Wilson, D. E., Liebman, J. M., & Hutchinson, A. J. (1989). Behavioral pharmacological profile of CGS 19755, a competitive antagonist at N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 250, 454-460.
    Millan, M. J., Brocco, M., Gibert, A., Dorey, G., Casara, P., & Dekeyne, A. (2001). Anxiolytic properties of the selective, non-peptidergic CRF1 antagonists, CP154,526 and DMP695: A comparison to other classes of anxiolytic agent. Psychopharmacology, 25, 586-600.
    Milner, B. (1963). Effectsof different brain lesions on card sorting. Archives of Neurology, 9, 90-100.
    Milner, B., Corkin, S., & Teuber, H. L. (1968). Further analysis of the hippocampal amnesic syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H. M. Neuropsychologia, 6, 215-234.
    Mogenson, G. J., Jones, D. L., & Yim, C. Y. (1980). From motivation to action: Functional interface between limbic system and the motor system. Progress in Neurobiology, 14, 69-97.
    Molewijk, H.E., Van der Poel, A. M., Vedder, A. W., & Olivier, B. (1993). Supression of ultrasonic vocalizations in adult rats by flesinoxan, ipsapirone, alprazolam, clonidine and fluvoxamine. Behavioral Process, 29, 120.
    Molewijk, H.E., Van der Poel, A. M., & Mos, J. (1995). Conditioned ultrasonic distress vocalizations in adult male rats as a behavioural paradigm for screening anti-panic drugs. Psychopharmacology, 117, 32-40.
    Moller, D., Wiklund, L., Sommer, W., Thorsell, A., & Heilig, M. (1997). Dreased experimental anxiety and voluntary ethanol consumption in rats following central but not basolateral amygdale lesions. Brain Research, 760, 94-101.
    de Montigny, C. (1989). Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide induces panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers: Preliminary findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 511-517.
    Morgan, M. A., & LeDoux, J. E. (1999). Contribution of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 72, 244-251.
    Morgan, M. A., Romanski, L. M., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993). Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience Letter, 163, 109– 113.
    Bill, D. J., Fletcher, A., Glenn, B. D., & Knight, M. (1992). Behavioural studies on WAY100289, a novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in two animal models of anxiety. European Journal of Pharmacology, 218, 327-334.
    Morris, R. G. M. (1984). Development of a water-maze procedure for the study of spatial learning in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 11, 47-60.
    Morrow, B. A., Elsworth, J. D., Lee, E. J., & Roth, R. H. (2000). Divergent effects of putative anxiolytics on stress-induced fos expression in the mesoprefrontal system of the rat. Synapse, 36, 143– 154.
    Morrow, B. A., Roth, R. H., & Elsworth, J. D. (2000). TMT, a predator odor, elevates mesoprefrontal dopamine metabolic activity and disrupts short-term working memory in the rat Brain Research Bulletin, 52, 519– 523.
    Mos, J., & Olivier, B. (1989). Ultrasonic vocalizations by rat pups as an animal model for anxiolytic activity: effects of serotonergic drugs. In P. Bevan, A. R. Cools, & T. Archer. Eds. Behavioural Pharmacology of 5-HT, New Jersy: Erlbaum.
    Moser, P. C. (1989). An evaluation of the elevated plus-maze test using the novel anxiolytic buspirone. Psychopharmacology, 99, 48-53.
    Moreau, J. L., Kilpatrick, G., & Jenck, F. (1997). Urocortin, a novel neuropeptide with anxiogenic-like properties. Neuroreport, 8, 1697–1701.
    Mowrer, O. H. (1947). On the dual natureof learning- a reinterpretation of “conditioning” and “problem solving” Harvard Educational Review, 17, 102-148.
    Mumby, D. G., Pinel, J. P. J., Kornecook, T. J., Shen, M. J., & Redila, V. A. (1995). Memory deficits following lesions of hippocampus or amygdala in rat: assessment by an object– memory test battery. Psychobiology, 23, 26– 36.
    Nakahara, D., & Nakamura, M. (1999). Differential effect of immobilization stress on in vivo synthesis rate of monoamines in medial prefrontal cortex and and nucleus accumbens of conscious rats. Synapse, 32, 238– 242.
    Nashold, B. S., Jr. Wilson, W. P., & Slaughter, G. (1974). The midbrain and pain. In: J. J. Bonica, Ed. Advances in Neurology, IV: International Symposiom on Pain. New York, Raven Press.
    Blandchard, D. C. & Blandchard, R. J. (1990). Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdale lesions. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology, 81, 281-290.
    Nolan, N. A., & Parks, M. W. (1973). The effects of benzodiazepines on the behavior of mice on a hole board. Psychopharmacology, 29, 277-288.
    Oades, R.D., Taghzouti, K., Rivet, J.M., Simon, H., & Le Moal, M. (1986). Locomotor activity in relation to dopamine and noradrenaline in the nucleus accumbens, septal and frontal areas: a 6-hydroxydopamine study. Neuropsychobiology, 16, 37-42.
    O’Donnell, P., Larin, A., Enguist, L. W., Grace, A. A. & Card, J. P. (1997). Interconnected, Parallel Circuits between Rat Nucleus Accumbens and Thalamus Revealed by Retrograde Transynaptic Transport of Pseudorabies Virus. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 2143-2167
    O’Keef, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971). The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat. Brain Research, 34, 171-175.
    O’Keef, J., & Nadel, L. (1978). The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Okuyama, S., Chaki, S., Kawashima, N., Suzuki, Y., Ogawa, S. I., & Nakazato, A. (1999). Receptor binding, behavioral, and electrophysiological profiles of nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing factor subtype 1 receptor antagonists CRA1000 and CRA1001. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutic, 289, 926 –935.
    Olds, M. E., & Olds, J. (1962). Approach-avoidance interactions in rat brain. American Journal of Physiology, 206, 515-520.
    Orofino, A. G., Ruarte, M. B., & Alvarez, E. O. (1999). Exploratory behavior after intra-accumbens histamine and/or histamine antagonists injection in the rat. Behavioral Brain Research, 102, 171-180.
    Parkinson, J.A., Robbins, T.W., & Everitt, B.J. (1999). Selective excitotoxic lesions of the nucleus accumbens core and shell differentially affect aversive Pavlovian conditioning to discrete and contextual cues. Psychobiology, 27, 256–266.
    Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1986). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Australia: Academic Press.
    Blandchard, R. J., Blandchard, D. C., Agullana, R., & Weiss, S. M. (1991). Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator, by laboratory rats living in visible burrow systems. Physiology and Behavior, 50, 567-572.
    Pazos, A., Probst, A., & Palacios, J. M. (1987). Serotonin receptors in the human brain: III. Autoradiogrphic mapping of serotonin-1 receptors. Neuroscience, 21, 97-122.
    Pellow, S., Chopin, P., File, S. E., & Briley, M. (1985). Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 14, 149-167.
    Pesold, C., & Treit, D. (1995). The central and basolateral amygdale differentially mediate the anxiolytic of benzodiazepines. Brain Research, 671, 213-221.
    Pesold, C., & Treit, D. (1994). The septum and amygdale differentially mediate the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines. Brain Research, 638, 295-301.
    Peterson, E. N., Braestrup, C., & Scheel-Kruger, J. (1985). Evidence that the anticonflict effect of midazolam in amygdale is mediated by the specific benzodiazepine receptors. Neuroscience Letters, 53, 285-288.
    Pezze, M.A., Heidbreder, C.A., Feldon, J., & Murphy, C.A. (2001). Selective responding of nucleus accumbens core and shell dopamine to aversively conditioned contextual and discrete stimuli. Neuroscience, 108, 91–102.
    Pezze, M., Feldon, J., & Murphy, C. (2002). Increased conditioned fear response and altered balance of dopamine in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens during amphetamine withdrawal. Neuropharmacology, 42, 633–643.
    Phillips, R. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Differential aontribution of the amygdale and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 274-285.
    Plaznik, A., Jessa, M., Bidzinski, A., & Nazar, M. (1994). The effect of serotonin depletion and intra-hippocampal midazolam on rat behaviour in the Vogel conflict test. European Journal of Pharmacology, 257, 293-296.
    Pollard, G. T., & Howard, J. L. (1990). Effects of drugs on punished behaviour: pre-clinical test for anxiolytics. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 45, 403-424.
    Blandchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C. & Rodgers, R. J. (1990). Diazepam alters risk assessment in an anxiety/defense test battery. Psychopharmacology, 101, 511-518.
    Poltronieri, S. C., Zangrossi, Jr. H., & Viana, M. (2003). Antipanic-like effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the elevated T-maze. Behavioral Brain Research, 147, 185-192.
    Pomerleau, O. F. Turk, D. C., & Fertig, J. B. (1984). The effects of cigarette smoking on pain and anxiety. Addictive Behaviors, 9, 265-271.
    Pontieri, F. E., Tanda, G., & Di Chiara, G. (1995). Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the “shell” as compared with the “core” of the rat nucleus accumbens. Proceedings of the National Academy os Science, 92, 12304-12308.
    Pontieri, F. E., Tanda, G., Orzi, F., & Di Chiara, G. (1996). Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature, 382, 255-257.
    Pulvirenti L., & Koob G. F. (1993). Lisuride reduces psychomotor retardation during withdrawal from chronic intravenous amphetamine self-administration in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology, 8, 177-181.
    Raiteri, M., Paudice, P., & Vallebuona, F. (1993). Inhibition by 5-HT3 receptor antagonists of release of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity from the frontal cortex of freely moving rats. Naunyn Schmiedeberg`s Archives Of Pharmacology, 347, 111-114.
    Riedel, G., Harrington, N.R., Hall, G., & Macphail, E.M. (1997). Nucleus accumbens lesions impair context, but not cue, conditioning in rats. Neuroreport 8, 2477–2481.
    Richmond, M. A., Yee, B. K., Pouzet, B., Veenman, L., Rawlins, J. N. P., Feldon, J., & Bannerman, D. M. (1999). Dissociating contex and space within the hippocampus: Effects of complete, dorsal, ventral excitotoxic hippocampal lesions on conditioned freezing and spatial learning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 113, 1189-1203.
    Rodgers, R. J. (1997). Animal models of ‘anxiety’: where next? Behavioral Pharmacology, 8, 477-496.
    Rodgers, R. J., & Cole, J. (1995). Effects of scopolamine and its quaternary analogue in the murine elevated plus-maze test of anxiety. Behavioral Pharmacology, 6, 283-289.
    Blandchard, R. J., Yudko, E. B., Rodgers, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1993). Defense system psychopharmacology: an ethological approach to the pharmacology of fear and anxiety. Behavioural Brain Research, 58, 155-165.
    Rodgers, R. J., & Dalvi, D. (1997). Anxiety, defence and the elevated plus-maze. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 21, 801-810.
    Rogoz, Z., Skuza, G., & Klodzinska, A. (2003). Anxiolytic-like effects of preferential dopamine D3 receptor agonists in an animal model. Polish Journal of Pharmacology, 55, 449-454.
    Sajdyk, T. J., Schober, D. A., Gehlert, D. R., & Shekhar, A. (1999). Role of corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin within the basolateral amygdala of rats in anxiety and panic responses. Behavioral Brain Research, 100, 207–215.
    Sanders, S. K., & Shekhar, A. (1995). Anxiolytic effects of chlordiazepoxide blocked by injection of GABAA and benzodiazepine receptor antagonist in the region of the anterior basolateral amygdale of rats. Biological Psychiatry, 37, 473-476.
    Sananes, C. B., & Cambell, B. A. (1989). Role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in olfactory heart rate conditioning. Behavioral Neuroscience, 103, 519-525.
    Sananes, C. B., & Davis, M. (1992). N-Methyl-D-Aspartate lesions of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala block fear-potentiated startle and shock sensitization of startle. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106, 72-80.
    Sanger, D. J. (1991). Animal models of anxiety and the screening and development of novel anxiolytic drugs. In A. Boulton, G. Baker, & M. Martin-Iverson, Eds, Animal Models in Psychiatry, II. New York: The Humana Press.
    Sanger, D. J., Joly, D., & Zivkovic, B. (1984). Behavioral effects of nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs: a comparison of CGS 9896 and zopiclone with chlordiazepoxide. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 232, 831-837.
    Sawchenko, P. E., Imaki, E., Potter, E., Kovacs, K., Imaki, J., & Wale, W. (1993). The functional neuroanatomy of corticotrophin-releasing factor. Ciba Found Symp, 172, 5-21.
    Schenberg, L. C., & Graeff, F. G. (1978). Role of the periaqueductal gray substance in the antianxiety action of benzodiazepines. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 9, 287-295.
    Bodnoff, S. R., Suranyi, C., B., Quirion, R., & Meaney, M.J. (1989). A comparison of the effects of diazepam versus several typical and atypical anti-depressant drugs in an animal model of anxiety. Psychopharmacology, 97, 277-279.
    Schefke, D. M., Fontana, D. J., & Commissaris, R. L. (1989). Anti-conflict efficacy of buspirone following acute versus chronic treatment. Psychopharmacology, 99. 437-429.
    Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. (1997). A neural substrate of prediction and reward. Science, 275, 1593-1595.
    Sena, L. M., Bueno, C., Pobbe, R. L. H., Andrade, T. G. C. S., Zangrossi, Jr. H., & Viana, M. B. (2003). The dorsal raphe nucleus exerts opposed control on generalized anxiety and panic-related defensive responses in rats. Behavioral Brain Research, 142, 125-133.
    Shah, A. A., & Treit, D. (2003). Excitotoxic lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex attenuate fear responses in the elevated-plus maze, social interaction and shock probe burying tests. Brain Research, 969, 183-194.
    Shapalova, K. B., Shuvaev, V. T., Zhuravin, I. A., & Pominova, E. V. (1996). Participation cholinergic system of the dorsal and ventral striatum in the training of rats to avoidance in a T-maze. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 26, 288-294.
    Shibata, S., Kataoka, Y., Gomita, Y., & Ueki, S. (1982). Localization of the site of the anticonflict action of benzodiazepines in the amygdaloid nucleus of rats. Brain Research, 234, 442-446.
    Shibata, S., Yamashita, K., Yamamoto, E., Oazki, T., & Ueki, S. (1989). Effects of benzodiazepine and GABA antagonists on anticonflict effects of antianxiety drugs injected into the rat amygdale in a water-lick suppression test. Psychopharmacology, 98, 38-44.
    Shimada, T., Matsumoto, K., Osanai, M., Matsuda, H., Terasawa, K., & Watanabe, H. (1995). The modified light/dark transition test in mice: Evaluation of classic and putative anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs. Gerneral Pharmacology, 26, 205-210.
    Silverira, M. C. L., Zangross Jr, H., Viana, M. de B., Silveira, R., & Graeff, F. G. (2001). Differential expression of Fos protein in the rat brain induced by performance of avoidance or escape in the elevate T-maze. Behavioral Brain Research, 126, 13-21.
    Simon, P., Panissaud, C., & Costentin, J. (1993). Anxiogenic-like effects induced by stimulation of dopamine receptors. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 45, 685-690
    Bonvento, G., Scatton, B., Claustre, Y., & Rouguier, L. (1992). Effects of local injection of 8-OH-DPAT into the dorsal or medial raphe nuclei on extracellular levels of serotonin in serotonergic projection areas in the rat brain. Neuroscience Letters, 132, 101-104.
    Simon, P., Panissaud, C., & Costentin, J. (1994). The stimulant effect of modafinil on wakefulness is not associated with an increase in anxiety in mice. A comparison with dexamphetamine. Psychopharmacology, 114, 597-600.
    Smythe, J. W., Murphy, D., Bhatnagar, S., Timothy, C., & Costall, B. (1996). Muscarinic antagonists are anxiogenic in rats tested in the black-white box, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 45, 89-93.
    Squire, L. R. (1992). Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 95-231.
    Steckler, T., & Holsboer, F. (1999). Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor subtypes and emotion. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1480-1508.
    Stefanski, R., Palejko, W., Bidzinski, A., Kostowski, W., & Plaznik, A. (1993). Serotonergic innervation of the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens septi and the anxiolytic-like action of midazolam and 5-HT1A receptor agonists. Neuropharmacology, 32, 977-985.
    Stratford, T. R., & Kelley, A. E. (1997). GABA in the nucleus accumbens shell participates in the central regulation of feeding behavior. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 4434-4440.
    Strauss, C. V. A. Maisonnette, S. S., Coimbra, N. C., & Zangrossi Jr. H. (2003). Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced amygdale lesion in rats submitted to the elevated T-maze test of anxiety. Physiology and Behavior, 78, 157-163.
    Sullivan, R.M., & Gratton, A. (1999). Lateralized effects of medial prefrontal cortex lesions on neuroendocrine and autonomic stress responses in rats. Journal of Neuroscience, 19, 2834–2840.
    Swanson L. W., & Cowan W. M. (1975). A Note on the Connections and Development of the Nucleus Accumbens. Brain Research, 92, 324-330
    Teixeira, R. C., Zangrossi, Jr. H., & Graeff, F. G. (2000). Behavioral effects of acute and chronic imipramine in the elevated T-maze model of anxiety. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 65, 571-576.
    Borison, R. L., Albrecht, J. W., & Diamond, B. I. (1990). Efficacy and safety of a putative anxiolytic agent: ipsapirone. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 26, 207-210.
    Torras-Garcia,M., Costa-Miserachs, D., Morgrado-Bernal, I., & Portell-Cortes, I. (2003). Improvement of shuttle-box performance by anterodorsal medial septal lesions in rats. Behavioral Brain Research, 141, 147-158.
    Treit, D., Menard, J., & Royan, C. (1993). Anxiogenic stimuli in the elevated plus-maze. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 44, 463-469.
    Treit, D. (1990). A comparison of anxiolytic and nonanxiolytic agents in the shock-probe/burying test for anxiolytics. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 36, 203-205.
    Trivedi, M. A., & Coover, G. D. (2004). Lesions of the ventral hippocampus, but not the dorsal hippocampus, impair conditioned fear expression and inhibitory avoidance on the elevated T-maze. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 81, 172-184.
    Ungless, M. A. (2004). Dopamine: the salient issue. Trends in Neurosciences, 27, 702-706.
    Viana, M. B., Graeff, F. G., & Loschmann, P. A. (1997). Kainate microinjection into the dorsal raphe nucleus induces 5-HT release in the amygdale and periaqueductal gray. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 58, 167-172.
    Viana, M. B., Tomaz, C., & Graeff, F. G. (1994). The elevated T-maze: A new animal model of anxiety and memory. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 49, 549-554.
    Voorn P., Gerfen C. R., & Groenewegen H. J. (1989). Compartmenta; Organizationof the Ventral Striatum of the Rat Immunohistochemical Distribution of Enkephalin, Substance P, Dopamine and Calcium-Binding Protein. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 289, 189-201
    Vogel, J. R., Beer, D., & Clody, D. E. (1971). A simple and reliable conflict procedure for testing anti-anxiety agents. Psychopharmacology, 71, 123-129.
    Wadenberg, M L., Ericson, E, Magnusson, O., & Ahlenius, S. (1990). Suppression of conditioned avoidance ehavior by the local application of (-)sulpiride into the ventral, but not the dorsal, striatum of the rat. Biological Psychiatry, 28, 297-307.
    Bradberry, C.W., Lory, J.D., & Roth, R.H. (1991). The anxiogenic beta-carboline
    Walker, D. L. & Davis, M. (1997). Anxiogenic effects of high illumination levels assessed with the acoustic startle paradigm. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 461-471.
    Wedzony, K., Mackowiak, M., Fijal, K., Golembioska, K. (1996). Evidence that conditioned stress enhances outflow of dopamine in rat prefrontal cortex: a search for the influence of diazepam and 5-HT1A agonists. Synapse, 24, 240-247.
    Weiner, I., Tarrasch, R., & Feldon, J. (1996). Basolateral amygdala lesions do not disrupt latent inhibition. Behavioral Brain Research, 72, 73– 81.
    Weiss, S. R. B., & Uhde, T. W. (1990). Animal models of anxiety. In J.C. Ballenger, Ed., Neurobiology of Panic Disorder. New York: Wiley-Liss.
    Wettstein, J. G., Bueno, L.,& Junien, J. L. (1994). CCK antagonists: Pharmacology and therapeutic interest. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 62, 267-282.
    Westbroock, R.F., Good, A.J., & Kiernan, M.J. (1997). Microinjection of morphine into the nucleus accumbens impairs contextual learning in rat. Behavioral Neuroscience, 111, 996–1013.
    Wilkinson, L. S., Humby, T., Killcross, A. S., Torres, E. M., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (1998). Dissociations in dopamine release in medial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum during the acquisition and extinction of classical aversive conditioning in the rat. European Journal of Neuroscience, 10, 1019-1026.
    Willner, P. (1991). Methods for assessing the validity of animal models of human psychopathology. In A. A. Boulton, G. B. Baker., & M. T. Martin-Iverson, Eds. Neuromethods, Vol. 18: Animal models in psychiatry . New Jersey: Humana Press.
    Wright, I. K., Heaton, M., Upton, N., & Marsden, C. A. (1992). Comparison of acute and chronic treatment of various serotonergic agents with those of diazepam and idazoxan in the rat elevated X-maze. Psychopharmacology, 107, 405-414.
    Wright, I. K., Ismail, H., Upton, N., & Marsden, C. A. (1991). Effect of isolation rearing on 5-HT agonist induced responses in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 105, 259-263.
    FG 7142 selectively increases dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex as measured by microdialysis. Journal of Neurochemistry, 56, 748– 752.
    Yadin, E., Thomas, E., Strickland, C, E., & Grishkat, H. L. (1991). Anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines in amygdale-lesioned rats. Psychopharmacology, 103, 473-479.
    Yoshioka, M., Matsumoto, M., Togashi, H., & Saito, H. (1995). Effects of conditioned fear stress on 5-HT release in the rat prefrontal cortex. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 51, 515–519.
    Young, A.M., Joseph, M.H., & Gray, J.A. (1993). Latent inhibition of conditioned dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience, 54, 5–9.
    Young, W. S., & Kuhar, M. J. (1980). Radiohistochemical localization of benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 212,337– 346.
    Young, B. J., & McNaughton, N. (2000). Common firing patterns of hippocampal cells in a differential reinforcement of low rates of response schedule. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 7043-7051.
    Zaborszky L., Alheid G. F., Beinfeld M. C., Eiden L. E., Heimer L., & Palkovits M. (1985). Cholecystokinin innervation of the ventral striatum: a morphological and radioimmunological study. Neuroscience, 14, 427-453
    Zangrossi, Jr. H., & File, S. E. (1992). Chlordiazepoxide reduces the generalised anxiety, but not the direct responses, of rats exposed to cat odor. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 43, 1195-1200.
    Zangrossi, Jr. H., & Graeff, F. G. (1997). Behavioral validation of the elevated T-maze, a new animal model of anxiety. Brain Research Bulletin, 44, 1-5.
    Zangrossi, Jr. H., Viana, M. B., & Graeff, F. G. (1999). Anxiolytic effect of intra-amygdala injection of midazolam and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin in the elevated T-maze. European Journal of Pharmacology, 369, 267-270.
    Zahm, D.S., & Brog, J.S. (1992). On the significance of subterritories in the “accumbens’ part of the ventral striatum. Neuroscience, 50, 751-767.
    Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., & Meterissian, G. (1990). Cholecystokinin-tetrapeptide induces panic attacks in patients with panic disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 83-85.
    Zahm D. S., & Heimer L. (1988). Ventral Striatopallidal Parts of the Basal Ganglia in the Rat:I.Neurochemical Compartmentation as Reefllected by the Distributions of Neurotensin and Substance P Immunoreactivity. Joural of Comparative Neurology, 272, 516-535
    Zahm D. S., & Heimer L. (1990). Two transpallidal pathways originating in the rat nucleus accumbens. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 302, 437-446.
    Zahm D. S., & Heimer L. (1993). Specificity in the efferent projections of the nucleus accumbens in the rat: Comparison of the rostral pole projection patterns with those of the core and shell. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 327, 220-232.
    Zhang, J. X., Harper, R. M., & Ni, H. (1986). Cryogenic blockade of the central nucleus of athe amygdala attenuates aversively conditioned blood pressure and respiratory responses. Brain Research, 386, 136-145.
    Bradwejn, J., Koszycki, D., & Bourin, M. (1991). Dose ranging study of the effects of cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 16, 91-95.
    Brown, J.S., Kalish, H. I., Farber, I. E. (1951). Conditional fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 41, 317-328.
    Burns, S.M., & Wyss, J.M. (1985). The involvement of the anterior cingulated cortex in blood pressure control. Brain Research, 340, 71–77.
    Cahill, L., & McGaugh J. L. (1998). Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends in Neuroscience, 21, 294-299.
    Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Rowland, D., Perrett, D. I., Hodges, J. R., & Etcoff, N. L. (1996). Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdale damage: Differentially severe impairment of fear. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 699-745.
    Campeau, S., & Davis, M. (1995). Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 2301-2311.
    Carelli, R. M. (2004). Nucleus accumbens cell firing and rapid dopamine signaling during goal-directed behaviors in rats. Neuropharmacology,47, 180-189.
    Chalmers, D. T., Lovenberg, T. W., & De Souza, E. B. (1995). Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression. Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 6340-6350.
    Chan, K. H., Jarrard, L. E., & Davidson, T. L. (2003). The effects of selective lesions of the hippocampus on conditioned inhibition and extinction. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 111–9.
    Chan, K. H., Morell, J. R., Jarrard, L. E., & Davidson, T. L. (2001). Reconsideration of the role of the hippocampus in learned inhibition. Behavioural Brain Research, 119, 111–30.
    Chaput, Y., de Montigny, C., & Blier, P. (1986). Effects of a selective 5-HT reuptake blocker, citalopram, on the sensitivity of 5 –TH autoreceptors: electrophysiological studies in the rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedeberg`s Archives of Pharmacology , 333, 342-345.
    Charney, D. S., Woods, S. W., Goodman, W. K., & Heninger, G. R. (1987). Serotonin function in anxiety.Ⅱ. Effects of the serotonin agonist mCPP in panic disorder patients and healthy subjects. Psychopharmacology, 92, 14-24.
    Charney, D. S., Woods, S. W., Goodman, W. K., Rifkin, B., Kinch, M., Aiken, B., Quandrino, L. M., & Henninger, G. R. (1986). Drug treatment of panic disorder: The comparative efficacy of imipramine, alprazolam, and trazodone. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 580-586.
    Chon, J. B., & Rickels, K. (1989). A pooled, double-blind comparison of the effects of buspirone, diazepam and placebo in women with chronic anxiety. Current Medical Research and Opinion , 11, 304-320.
    Chopin, P., & Briley, M. (1993). The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil blocks the effects of CCK receptor agonists and antagonists in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology, 110, 409-414.
    Christmas, A. J., & Maxwell, D. R. (1970). A comparison of the effects of some benzodiazepines and other drugs on aggressive and exploratory behaviour in mice and rats. Neuropharmacology, 9,17-29.
    Cloez, T. I., Harel, D. C., & Fillion, G.. (1992). In hibition of [3H] gammaaminobutyric acid release from guinea-pig hippocampal synaptosomes by serotonergic agents. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology , 6, 333-341.
    Cole, J. C., Burroughs, G. J., Laverty, C. R., Sheriff, N. C. Sparham, E. A., & Rodgers, R. J. (1995). Anxiolytic-like effects of yohimhine in the murine plus maze: Strain independence and evidence against alpha -2-adrenoceptor mediation. Psychopharmacology, 118, 425-436.
    Cole, J. C., & Rodgers, R. J. (1994). Ethological evaluation of the effects of acute and chronic buspirone treatment in the murine elevated plus-maze test: Comparison with haloperidol. Psychopharmacology, 114, 288-296.
    Collinge, J., & Pycock, C. (1982). Differential actions of diazepam on the release of [3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine from cortical and midbrain raphe slices in the rat. European Journal of Pharmacology, 85, 9-14.
    Collinson, N., & Dawson, G. R. (1997). On the elevated plus-maze the anxiolytic-like effects of the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, but not the anxiogenic-like effects of the 5-HT1A partial agonist, buspirone, are blocked by the 5-HT1A antagonist, WAY 100635. Psychopharmacology, 132, 35-43.
    Coplan, J. D., Papp, L. A., Pine, D., Martinez, J., Cooper, T., Rosenblum, L. A., Klein, D. F., & Gorman, J. M. (1997). Clinical improvement with fluoxetine therapy and noradrenergic function in patients with panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 643-648.
    Corbit, L. H., Muir, J. L., & Balleine, B. W. (2001). The role of the nucleus accumbens in instrumental conditioning: Evidence of a functional dissociation between accumbens core ane shell. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 3251-3260.
    Costall, B., Hendrie, C, A., Kelly, M.E., & Naylor, R. J. (1987). Actions of sulpiride and tiapride in a simple model of anxiety in mice. Neuropharmacology, 26, 195-200.
    Costall, B., Kelly, M. E.,Naylor, R. J., Onaivi, E. S., & Tyers, M. B. (1989). Neuroanatomical sites of action of 5-HT3 receptor agonists and antagonists for alteration of aversive behaviour in the mouse. British Journal of Pharmacology, 96, 325-332.
    Costall, B., Kelly, M. E., & Tomkins, D. M. (1989). Use of the elevated plus-maze to assess anxiolytic potential in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology, 96, 312.
    Craft, R. M., Howard, J. L., & Pollard, G. T. (1988). Conditioned defensive burying as a model for identifying anxiolytics. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 30, 775-780.
    Crawley, J. N. (1981). Neuropharmacological specificity of a simple animal model for the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 15, 695-699.
    Crawley, J. N., & Davis, L. G. (1982). Baseline exploratory activity predicts anxiolytic responsiveness to diazepam in five mouse strains. Brain Research Bulletin, 8, 609-612.
    Critchley, M. A., & Handley, S. L. (1987). Effects in the X-maze anxiety model of agents acting at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. Psychopharmacology, 93, 502-506.
    Csanalosi, I., Schweizer, E., Case, W. G. & Rickels, K. (1987). Gepirone in anxiety: a pilot study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 31-33.
    Cunha, J. M., & Masur, J. (1978). Evaluation of psychotropic drugs with a modified open field test. Pharmacology, 16, 259-267.
    D`Angio, M., Serrano, A., Rivy, J. P., & Scatton, B. (1987). Tail-pinch stress increases extracellular DOPAC levels (as measured by in vivo voltammetry) in the rat nucleus accumbens but not frontal cortex: Antagonism by diazepam and zolpidem. Brain Research, 409, 169-174.
    Davidson, R. J. (2002). Anxiety and affective style: Role of prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Biological Psychiatry, 51, 68-80.
    Davidson, T. L., & Jarrard, L. E. (1993). A role for hippocampus in the utilization of hunger signals. Behavioral Neural Biololgy, 59, 167-171.
    Davis, M. (1998). Are different parts of the extended amygdale involved in fear versus anxiety? Biological Psychiatry, 44, 1239-1247.
    Davis, M. Falls, W. A., Campeau, S., & Kim, M. (1993). Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis. Behavior Brain Research, 8, 175-198.
    Davis, M., Rainnie, D., & Cassell, M. (1994). Neurotransmission in the rat amygdale related to fear and anxiety. Trends in Neuroscience, 17, 208-214.
    Dawson, G. R., Crawford, S. P., Collinson. N., Iversen, S. L., & Tricklebank, M. D. (1995). Evidence that the anxiolytic-like effects of chlordiazepoxide on the elevated plus-maze are confounded by increases in locomotor activity. Psychopharmacology, 118, 316-323.
    Dawson, G. R., & Tricklebank, M. D. (1995). Use of the elevated plus-maze in the search for novel anxiolytic agents. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 16, 33-36.
    Deakin, J. F. W. (1983). Roles of serotonergic systems in escape, avoidance and other behaviours. In S. J. Cooper, Ed. Theory in Psychopharmacology, II. New York: Academic Press.
    Deakin, J. F. W., & Graeff, F. G. (1991). 5-HT and mechanisms of defence. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 5, 305-315.
    DeFrance J. F., Marchand J. F., Sikes R. W., Chronister R. B., & Hobbard J. I. (1985). Characterization of Fimbria Input to Necleus Accumbens. Journal of Neurophysiology, 54, 1553-1567
    DeFrance J.F., & Yoshihara H. (1975). Fimbria Input to Accumbens Septi. Brain Research, 82, 159-163.
    Degroot, A., & Treit, D. (2004). Anxiety is functionally segregated within the septo-hippocampal system. Brain Research, 1001, 60-71.
    Delgado, J. M. R., Roberts, W. W., & Miller, N. E. (1954). Learning motivated by electrical stimulation of the brain. American Journal of Physiology, 179, 587-593.
    Delgado, J. M. R., & Livingston, R.B. (1948). Some respiratory, vascular and thermal responses to stimulation of orbital surface of frontal lobe. Journal of Neurophysiology, 11, 39–55.
    Den Boer, J. A., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (1990). Serotonin function in panic disorder: a double blind placebo controlled study with fluvoxamine and ritanserin. Psychopharmacology, 102, 85-94.
    Deutch A. Y., & Cameron D. S.（1992） Pharmacological Characterization of Dopamine System in the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell. Neuroscience, 46, 49-56
    Dews, P. B. (1976). Symposium on pharmacology of emotive behavior- closing remarks. In: M. Airaksinen, Ed. Central Nervous System and Behavioural Pharmacology. Pergamon Press.
    Doherty, M.D., & Gratton, A. (1999). Effects of medial prefrontal cortical injections of GABA receptor agonists and antagonists on the local and nucleus accumbens dopamine responses to stress. Synapse, 32, 288– 300.
    Dooley, D. J., & Klamt, I. (1993). Differential profile of the CCK-sub(B ) receptor antagonist CI-988 and diazepam in the four-plate test. Psychopharmacology, 112, 452-454.
    Drewe, E. A. (1975). Go-no go learning after frontal lobe lesions in humans. Cortex, 11, 8-16.
    Duncan, G. E, Knapp, D. J., & Breese, G. R. (1996). Neuroanatomical characterization of Fos induction in rat behavioral models of anxiety. Brain Research, 713, 79-91.
    Durcan, M., & Lister, R. G. (1989). Does directed exploration influence locomotor activity in a holeboard test? Behavioral and Neural Biology, 51, 121-125.
    Eichenbaum, H., Otto, T., & Cohen, N. J. (1994). Two functional components of the hippocampal memory system. Behavioural Brain Science,17, 449-/518.
    Eison, A. S., Eison, M. S., Stanley, M., & Riblet, L. A. (1986). Serotonergic mechanisms in the behavioral effects of buspirone and gepirone. Psyharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 24, 701-707.
    Feenstra, M. G. (2000). Dopamine and noradrenaline release in the prefrontal cortex in relation to unconditioned and conditioned stress and reward. Progress in Brain Research, 126, 133-163.
    Feenstra, M. G., Vogel, M., Botterblom, M. H., Joosten, R. N., & de Bruin, J. P. (2001). Dopamine and noradrenaline efflux in the rat prefrontal cortex after classical aversive conditioning to an auditory cue. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1051-1054.
    Feighner, J. P. & Cohn, J. B. (1989). Analysis of individual symptoms in generalized anxiety: a pooled, multistudy, double-blind evaluation of buspirone. Neuropsychobiology, 21, 124-130.
    Fendt, M., & Fanslow, M. S. (1998). The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review, 23, 743-760.
    Fernandez, A., & Hunsperger, R. W. (1962). Organization of the subcortical system governing defence and flight reactions in the cat. Journal of Physiology, 160, 200-213.
    File, S. E. (1977). Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of exploration. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 6, 151-156.
    File, S. E., Andrews, N., & Hogg, S. (1996). New development in animal tests of anxiety. In H. G. M. Westenberg, J. A. den Boer, & D. L. Murphy, Eds. Advances in the Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorder, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    File, S. E. & Hyde, J. R. G. (1978). Can social interaction be used to measure anxiety? British Journal of Pharmacology, 62, 19-24.
    File, S. E., & Johnston, A. L. (1989). Lack of effects of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the social interaction and elevated plus-maze tests of anxiety in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 99, 248-251.
    File, S. E., Kenny, P. J., & Qugazzal, A. M. (1998). Bimodal modulation by nicotine of anxiety in the social interaction test; role of the dorsal hippocampus. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 1423-1429.
    File, S. E., & Wardill, A. G. (1975). Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board. Psychopharmacology, 44, 53-59.
    Finlay, J.M., Zigmond, M.J., & Abercrombie, E.D. (1995). Increased dopamine and norepinephrine release in medial prefrontal cortex induced by acute and chronic stress: effects of diazepam. Neuroscience, 64, 619–628.
    描述: 博士
    國立政治大學
    心理學研究所
    87752501
    93
    資料來源: http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0877525011
    数据类型: thesis
    显示于类别:[心理學系] 學位論文

    文件中的档案:

    档案 大小格式浏览次数
    index.html0KbHTML2823检视/开启


    在政大典藏中所有的数据项都受到原著作权保护.


    社群 sharing

    著作權政策宣告 Copyright Announcement
    1.本網站之數位內容為國立政治大學所收錄之機構典藏，無償提供學術研究與公眾教育等公益性使用，惟仍請適度，合理使用本網站之內容，以尊重著作權人之權益。商業上之利用，則請先取得著作權人之授權。
    The digital content of this website is part of National Chengchi University Institutional Repository. It provides free access to academic research and public education for non-commercial use. Please utilize it in a proper and reasonable manner and respect the rights of copyright owners. For commercial use, please obtain authorization from the copyright owner in advance.

    2.本網站之製作，已盡力防止侵害著作權人之權益，如仍發現本網站之數位內容有侵害著作權人權益情事者，請權利人通知本網站維護人員(nccur@nccu.edu.tw)，維護人員將立即採取移除該數位著作等補救措施。
    NCCU Institutional Repository is made to protect the interests of copyright owners. If you believe that any material on the website infringes copyright, please contact our staff(nccur@nccu.edu.tw). We will remove the work from the repository and investigate your claim.
    DSpace Software Copyright © 2002-2004  MIT &  Hewlett-Packard  /   Enhanced by   NTU Library IR team Copyright ©   - 回馈