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| Title: | 歐洲人權法院之氣候訴訟──以高齡婦女氣候保護協會訴瑞士案為例
Climate Litigation in the European Court of Human Rights: The Case of Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. Switzerland |
| Authors: | 黃子育
Huang, Tzu-Yu |
| Contributors: | 許耀明
Hsu, Yao-Ming
黃子育
Huang, Tzu-Yu |
| Keywords: | 氣候變遷
人權
歐洲人權法院
積極義務
碳預算
氣候訴訟
當事人適格
國家責任
Climate Change
Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights
Positive Obligations
Carbon Budget
Climate Litigation
Legal Standing
State Responsibility |
| Date: | 2025 |
| Issue Date: | 2025-09-01 16:22:12 (UTC+8) |
| Abstract: | 本論文以歐洲人權法院於2024年4月9日作出之《高齡婦女氣候保護協會訴瑞士案》判決為核心，探討氣候變遷下國家所負人權義務之內涵與法院審查標準之演變。氣候變遷已從環境政策議題轉化為嚴重威脅人類基本權利的全球性危機，尤其對高齡婦女等脆弱群體產生不成比例的健康與生存風險。本案係歐洲人權法院首次明確肯認締約國在氣候政策上負有積極義務，須透過有效減碳、制定具審查性之中長期目標與碳預算制度，以保障《歐洲人權公約》第8條之私人與家庭生活權。判決亦首度確認非政府組織之當事人適格，擴大氣候訴訟可用的司法途徑與適用主體範圍。
本論文首先從國際氣候法與人權法交錯發展的脈絡出發，整理氣候訴訟興起之制度背景與挑戰，並梳理歐洲人權法院對積極義務、因果關係、國家裁量權等核心概念之審查邏輯。其次，透過分析歐洲人權法院對本案當事人適格之認定與國家責任歸屬之論述，檢視氣候變遷訴訟如何改變傳統人權救濟架構。最後，本文評估本案對其他區域人權或國內法院於氣候議題上之審理趨勢及影響。
藉由本論文，期能補足台灣學界在歐洲人權法院氣候判決研究之不足，並提供國內未來氣候訴訟法制構築及政策制定參考依據。
This thesis centers on the European Court of Human Rights’ landmark judgment rendered on April 9, 2024, in the case of Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland. It explores the evolving content of State obligations under human rights law in the context of climate change and examines the judicial review standards applied by the Court. Climate change has increasingly transitioned from an environmental policy issue to a global crisis that threatens fundamental human rights, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations such as elderly women. In this historic decision, the Court recognized for the first time that States are under positive obligations to mitigate climate change, including setting verifiable mid- and long-term reduction targets and implementing a carbon budget, in order to safeguard the right to private and family life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Furthermore, the Court confirmed the legal standing of non-governmental organizations, thereby expanding the scope of potential claimants and available judicial avenues in climate litigation.
The thesis begins by reviewing the legal and institutional background of climate litigation and the intersection of international climate and human rights law. It then analyzes the Court’s reasoning regarding positive obligations, causation, margin of appreciation, and the standing of applicants in the present case, and how these reshape the conventional framework of human rights remedies. Finally, it evaluates the broader legal and judicial implications of this case for other regional and domestic courts handling climate-related disputes.
By undertaking this study, it is hoped that the current lack of academic research in Taiwan regarding the European Court of Human Rights' climate-related judgments can be addressed, while also providing a reference for the future domestic climate litigation frameworks and policymaking. |
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Peel, Jacqueline, Osofsky, Hari M., A Rights Turn in Climate Change Litigation? , 7 TRANSNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 37-67 (2017).
Peeters, Marjan, Nóbrega, Sandra, Climate Change‐related Aarhus Conflicts: How Successful are Procedural Rights in EU Climate Law? , 23 REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 354-366 (2014).
Posner, Eric A., Climate Change and International Human Rights Litigation: A Critical Appraisal, 155 U. PA. L. REV. 1925–1945 (2007).
Raible, Lea, States’ Extraterritorial Jurisdiction in Relation to GHG Emissions After Duarte Agostinho v. Portugal, 5 EUR. CONV. ON H.R. L. REV. 1–19 (2025).
Rocha, Armando, Sampaio, Rômulo, Climate change before the European and Inter‐American Courts of Human Rights: Comparing possible avenues before human rights bodies, 32 REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 279-289 (2023).
Savaresi, Annalisa, Auz, Juan, Climate Change Litigation and Human Rights: Pushing the Boundaries, 9 CLIMATE LAW 244-262 (2019).
Savaresi, Annalisa, Human rights and the impacts of climate change: Revisiting the assumptions, 11 OÑATI SOCIO-LEGAL SERIES 231-253 (2020).
Savaresi, Annalisa, Setzer, Joana, Rights-based litigation in the climate emergency: mapping the landscape and new knowledge frontiers, 13 JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 7-34 (2022).
Savaresi, Annalisa, Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v Switzerland: Making climate change litigation history, 34 REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 1-14 (2025).
Schwarte, Christoph, Frank, Will, The International Law Association’s Legal Principles on Climate Change and Climate Liability Under Public International Law, 4 CLIMATE LAW 201-206 (2014).
Segger, Marie-Claire Cordonier Khalfan, Ashfaq Gehring, Markus Toering, Michelle, Prospects for Principles of International Sustainable Development Law after the WSSD: Common but Differentiated Responsibilities, Precaution and Participation, 12 REV. EUR. COMP. & INT'L ENVTL. L. 54-68 (2003).
Setzer, Joana, Testing the Boundaries of Subnational Diplomacy: The International Climate Action of Local and Regional Governments, 4 TEL 319-338 (2015).
Slobodian, Lydia, Defending the Future: Intergenerational Equity in Climate Litigation Symposium: Modernizing International Environmental Law: Honoring the Work of Professor Edith Brown Weiss, 32 GEO. ENVTL. L. REV. 569-590 (2019).
Sormunen, Milka, Rethinking Effective Remedies to the Climate Crisis: a Vulnerability Theory Approach, 24 HUMAN RIGHTS REVIEW 171-192 (2023).
Stoyanova, Vladislava, Correlativity Between Human Rights and Positive Obligations and Its Role for the Execution of Judgments Delivered by the European Court of Human Rights, 5 EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVIEW 455-486 (2024).
Stoyanova, Vladislava, Framing Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights Law: Mediating between the Abstract and the Concrete, 23 HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVIEW 1-34 (2023).
Stoyanova, Vladislava, The Common Law Tort of Negligence as a Tool for Deconstructing Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights, 24 INT’L J. HUM. RTS. 632-655 (2020).
Sunstein, Cass R., Changing Climate Change, 2009-2016, 42 HARV. ENVTL. L. REV 231-286 (2018).
Sunstein, Cass R., Climate Change Cosmopolitanism on the Imperative of Adapting to Climate Change, 39 YALE J. ON REG 1012-1042 (2022).
Tol, Richard S. J., Verheyen, Roda, State responsibility and compensation for climate change damages—a legal and economic assessment, 32 ENERGY POLICY 1109-1130 (2004).
Vilchez, au de, Savaresi, Annalisa, The Right to a Healthy Environment and Climate Litigation: A Game Changer? , 32 YEARBOOK OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 3-19 (2021).
Voeten, Erik, Borrowing and Nonborrowing among International Courts, 39 THE JOURNAL OF LEGAL STUDIES 547-576 (2010).
Voigt, Christina, Ferreira, Felipe, Differentiation in the Paris Agreement, 6 CLIMATE LAW 58-74 (2016).
Voigt, Christina, The Compliance and Implementation Mechanism of the Paris Agreement Special Issue: The Paris Agreement, 25 REV. EUR. COMP. & INT'L ENVTL. L 161-173 (2016).
Voigt, Christina, The Paris Agreement: What Is the Standard of Conduct for Parties? , 2 QIL .17-28 (2016).
Voigt, Christina, The climate change dimension of human rights: due diligence and states’ positive obligations, 13 JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE ENVIRONMENT 152-171 (2022).
Voigt, Christina, The power of the Paris Agreement in international climate litigation, 32 REVIEW OF EUROPEAN, COMPARATIVE & INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 237-249 (2023).
Weber, Teresa, KlimaSeniorinnen: Changing Legal Opportunity Structures in the Face of the Climate Crisis, 2024 AUSTRIAN LAW JOURNAL 100-116 (2024).
Wegener, Lennart, Can the Paris Agreement Help Climate Change Litigation and Vice Versa?, 9 TRANSNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 17-36 (2020).
Wewerinke-Singh, Margaretha, The Rising Tide of Rights: Addressing Climate Loss and Damage through Rights-Based Litigation, 12 TRANSNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 537-566 (2023).
Winter, Gerd, Climate Protection before the European Court of Human Rights: The KlimaSeniorinnen and Duarte Agostinho Cases in Perspective, 84 ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR AUSLÄNDISCHES ÖFFENTLICHES RECHT UND VÖLKERRECHT / HEIDELBERG JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 457-498 (2024).
Zahar, Alexander, Collective Obligation and Individual Ambition in the Paris Agreement, 9 TRANSNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 165-188 (2019).
Zahar, Alexander, Human Rights Law and the Obligation to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 23 HUMAN RIGHTS LAW REVIEW 385-411 (2022).
Ziebarth, Dan, Existing Challenges and Possible Pathways for Case Success in Climate Litigation with Human Rights Claims, 55 MARY'S L.J 511-572 (2024).
Benmarhnia, Tarik, et al., Review Article: Vulnerability to Heat-related Mortality: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression Analysis, 26 Epidemiology 781-793 (2015).
Žatková, Sandra, Paľuchová, Petra, ECtHR: Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland (Application No. 53600/20, 9 April 2024): Insufficient Measures to Combat Climate Change Resulting in Violation of Human Rights, 8 BRATISLAVA LAW REVIEW 227-244 (2024).
（四）NGO或國際組織出版品
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee & J. Romero eds.], IPCC, Geneva (2023), doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.
Commission on Sustainable Development, Report of the Expert Group Meeting on Identification of Principles of International Law for Sustainable Development, Geneva (Sep. 1995).
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Emissions Gap Report 2023, available at: https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2023 (last visited Mar. 6, 2025).
United Nations, Guiding Principles Applicable to Unilateral Declarations of States Capable of Creating Legal Obligations, with Commentaries Thereto (2006).
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation: 2024 Snapshot, available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2024-snapshot.pdf (last visited July 13, 2024).
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation: 2024 Snapshot (June 27, 2024), available at: https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Global-trends-in-climate-change-litigation-2024-snapshot.pdf (last visited July 13, 2024).
（五）內國法規
Administrative Procedure Act (APA), SR 172.021, art. 25a (Switz.).
Federal Act on the Reduction of CO₂ Emissions (CO₂ Act), SR 641.71, art. 3(1) (Switz.).
（六）內國法院判決
Asbl Klimaatzaak v. État Belge et al., 2015/4585/A (2021).
Asbl Klimaatzaak v. État Belge et al., 2021/AR/15gs, 2022/AR/737, 2022/AR/891 (2023).
Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG] [Federal Constitutional Court], 2 BvR 1481/04, 14 Oct. 2004, 111 BVerfGE 307 (Ger.).
Gbemre v. Shell Petroleum Dev. Co. of Nigeria Ltd., No. FHC/B/CS/53/05 (Fed. High Ct. Nigeria Nov. 14, 2005).
Lliuya v. RWE AG, Az. I-5 U 15/17, Oberlandesgericht Hamm (Ger.), May 28, 2025.
Neubauer et al. v. Germany, BVerfG, Order of the First Senate of Mar. 24, 2021, 1 BvR 2656/18 (Ger.).
Oxfam et al. v. France, Nos. 1904967, 1904968, 1904972, 1904976/4-1.
The State of the Netherlands v. Urgenda Foundation, Case No. 19/00135, 20 Dec. 2019 [ECLI: NL: HR: 2019: 2007], §§5.7.1–5.7.3 (2019).
Urgenda Foundation et al. v. The State of the Netherlands, The Hague District Court, Judgment, C/09/456689 HA ZA 13-1396, 24 June 2015, §§4.42–4.43.
Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz et al. v. Fed. Dep’t of the Env’t, Transp., Energy & Commc’ns (DETEC), Judgment 1C_37/2019, para. C (Fed. Sup. Ct. May 5, 2020) (Switz.).
Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. Fed. Dep’t of the Env’t, Transp., Energy & Commc’ns (DETEC), Decision A-2992/2017, para. A (Fed. Admin. Ct. Nov. 27, 2018) (Switz.).
Vereniging Milieudefensie et al. v. Royal Dutch Shell Plc, The Hague District Court, Judgment, C/09/571932 / HA ZA 19-379, 26 May 2021, §§4.42–4.43.
（七）歐洲人權法院判決
Akdivar and Others v. Turkey, App. No. 21893/93, Judgment of 16 September 1996.
Airey v. Ireland, App. No. 6289/73, paras. 19–26 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 1979).
Al-Skeini and Others v. United Kingdom [GC], App. No. 55721/07, paras. 149–150 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2011).
Andronicou and Constantinou v. Cyprus, App. No. 25052/94, 25 Eur. H.R. Rep. 491 (1997).
Association of Victims of Romanian Judges v. Romania (dec.), App. No. 47749/08 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2011).
Athanassoglou and Others v. Switzerland, App. No. 27644/95, paras. 53–54 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Apr. 6, 2000).
Austria v. Italy, App. No. 788/60, 4 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on H.R. 140 (Eur. Comm’n 1961).
Banković and Others v. Belgium and Others (dec.), App. No. 52207/99, para. 61 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2001).
Balmer-Schafroth and Others v. Switzerland, App. No. 22110/93, paras. 26, 40 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Aug. 26, 1997).
Brincat and Others v. Malta, App. Nos. 60908/11 et al., para. 112 (Eur. Ct. H.R. July 24, 2014).
Budayeva and Others v. Russia, App. Nos. 15339/02 et al., 47 Eur. H.R. Rep. 653, paras. 128–132 (2008).
Burden v. the United Kingdom [GC], App. No. 13378/05, para. 33 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2008).
Burmych and Others v. Ukraine [GC], App. Nos. 46852/13 et al., paras. 215–223 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Oct. 12, 2017).
Carême v. France, App. No. 7189/21, para. 16 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2024) (decision).
Camenzind v. Switzerland, App. No. 21353/93, Eur. Ct. H.R. (1997).
Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania [GC], App. No. 47848/08, paras. 96–103 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2014).
Cordella and Others v. Italy, App. Nos. 54414/13 and 54264/15, 80 Eur. H.R. Rep. 24, paras. 100–105, 157–160 (2019).
Catan and Others v. the Republic of Moldova and Russia [GC], App. Nos. 43370/04 et al., para. 104 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2012).
Cuenca Zarzoso v. Spain, No. 23383/12, para. 51 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2018).
Demir and Baykara v. Turkey, App. No. 34503/97, 48 Eur. H.R. Rep. 54, para. 85 (2008).
Doğan and Others v. Turkey, App. No. 62649/10 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2016).
Duarte Agostinho and Others v. Portugal and 32 Others, App. No. 39371/20, para. 28 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2024) (decision).
Fadeyeva v. Russia, App. No. 55723/00 (Eur. Ct. H.R. June 9, 2005).
Flamenbaum and Others v. France, Nos. 3675/04 and 23264/04, para. 137 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2012).
Folkman and Others v. Czech Republic (dec.), App. No. 23673/03 (Eur. Ct. H.R. July 10, 2006).
Giacomelli v. Italy, App. No. 59909/00, para. 83 (Eur. Ct. H.R. Nov. 2, 2006).
Gorraiz Lizarraga and Others v. Spain, App. No. 62543/00, paras. 36, 38 (Eur. Ct. H.R. 2004).
Lithgow and Others v. the United Kingdom, App. Nos. 9006/80 et al., Eur. Ct. H.R. (1986).
Zubac v. Croatia [GC], App. No. 40160/12, paras. 76–79, Eur. Ct. H.R. (Apr. 5, 2018).
（八）其他區域人權法院判決或諮詢意見
IACHR, Case 12.471(San Mateo de Huanchor v. Perú), Admissibility Decision, at §§52-55(Oct.15 2004).
Advisory Opinion OC-23/17, The Environment and Human Rights, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) No. 23 (Nov. 15, 2017).
Advisory Opinion OC-32/25, Inter-Am. Ct. H.R. (ser. A) No. 32 (May 29, 2025).
（九）國際法院判決或諮詢意見
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Ltd. (Belgium v. Spain), I.C.J. Reports 1970, at 32.
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, at 432, para. 46.
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), I.C.J. Reports 1997, para. 140.
ITLOS, Case No. 31, para. 103 (The Tribunal does not consider the Paris Agreement to constitute lex specialis that would exclude the application of the obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).
Indus Waters Kishenganga (Pakistan v. India), PCA Case No. 2011-01, Partial Award (2013), paras. 448–452; Final Award (2013), para. 87.
Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium v. Netherlands), PCA Award (2005), paras. 58–59.
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, at 293, para. 30.
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, at 35.
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway), Separate Opinion of Judge Weeramantry, I.C.J. Reports 1993, at 242.
Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. (July 23, 2025).
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010, para. 164.
Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with Respect to Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion, ITLOS Reports 2011, paras. 115, 117.
Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States v. Canada), R.I.A.A., vol. III, 1905–1982, at 1965.
（十）國際條約
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, pmbl., Mar. 22, 1985, 1513 U.N.T.S. 293.
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, art. 6, Sept. 16, 1987, 1522 U.N.T.S. 3.
Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone, Nov. 30, 1999, 2319 U.N.T.S. 81.
Convention on the Rights of the Child art. 24, Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 3.
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters arts. 4–9, June 25, 1998, 2161 U.N.T.S. 447.
（十一）國際組織決議或文書
1.國際環境法決議與文書
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, princ. 7, June 14, 1992, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I).
2.國際氣候法決議與文書
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, May 9, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107.
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Dec. 11, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 148.
Paris Agreement, Dec. 12, 2015, T.I.A.S. No. 16-1104.
3.國際人權法決議與文書
（1）區域人權法體系文書
European Convention on Human Rights, Nov. 4, 1950, 213 U.N.T.S. 221.
Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, May 11, 1994, Europ. T.S. No. 155.
Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean (Escazú Agreement), Mar. 4, 2018.
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, June 27, 1981, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982).
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador), Nov. 17, 1988, O.A.S. T.S. No. 69.
Inter-Am. Ct. H.R., Advisory Opinion OC-23/17, The Environment and Human Rights, Series A No. 23 (Nov. 15, 2017).
（2）聯合國大會決議與文書
Application for Advisory Opinion, Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change, U.N. Doc. 187-20230412-APP-01-00-EN (Apr. 12, 2023), https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/187/187-20230412-app-01-00-en.pdf.
（3）聯合國核心人權公約一般性意見及其他文書
General comment No. 36 on article 6: right to life, available at: https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g19/261/15/pdf/g1926115.pdf?token=XHRGxnneMRGBaN0fAI&fe=true (last visited July 13, 2024).
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, United Nations General Assembly, A/74/161, 15 July 2019.
Int’l Law Comm’n, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, art. 49, U.N. GAOR, 56th Sess., Supp. No. 10, U.N. Doc. A/56/10, at 43 (2001).
Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.48/14/Rev.1 (June 16, 1972).
（十二）網路資料
1.官方資料
Copernicus Climate Change Service, Copernicus: 2024 is the first year to exceed 1.5°C above pre-industrial level, available at: https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-2024-first-year-exceed-15degc-above-pre-industrial-level (last visited Feb 26, 2025).
Center For Climate and Energy Solutions, California Cap and Trade, available at: https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade (last visited Feb 18, 2025).
European Court of Human Rights, Guide on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights – Right to Respect for Private and Family Life (updated Feb. 28, 2025), https://ks.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr-ks/guide_art_8_eng (last visited July 23, 2025).
European Court of Human Rights, Guide on Article 13 of the Convention – Right to an Effective Remedy (Feb. 28, 2025), https://ks.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr-ks/guide_art_13_eng(last visited July 23, 2025).
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, DEPT. OF ENERGY, available at: https://www.energy.gov/lpo/inflation- reduction-act-2022 (last updated Sept. 22, 2023).
MeteoSwiss, Climate Change, FED. OFF. METEOROLOGY & CLIMATOLOGY METEOSWISS, https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/climate/climate-change.html (last visited Apr. 15, 2025).
Communication Pursuant to Rule 9.2 of the Rules of the Committee of Ministers by Greenpeace International, Climate Litigation Network & 31 Others (Jan. 17, 2025), https://climatelitigationnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024-01-17-Verein-KlimaSeniorinnen_Rule-9.2-Submission_NGO-Coalition-1.pdf.
Council of Europe, Committee of Ministers, H46-30 Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz and Others v. Switzerland (App. No. 53600/20), Supervision of the Execution of the European Court’s Judgments, CM/Del/Dec (2025)1521/H46-30 (Mar. 6, 2025), https://search.coe.int/cm?i=0900001680b476d8.
2.新聞報導
The Wall Street Journal, Trump Dismantles Climate Policies on First Day in Office, available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-dismantles-climate-policies-on-first-day-in-office-9c0d4b61?utm_source=chatgpt.com(last updated Feb. 19, 2025).
FINANCIAL TIMES, World breaches 1.5C global warming target for first time in 2024, available at: https://www.ft.com/content/fd914266-71bf-4317-9fdc-44b55acb52f6?utm_source=chatgpt.com(last visited March. 6, 2025)
Central News Agency, Taiwan's First Offshore Wind Farm Enters Commercial Operation, CENTRAL NEWS AGENCY (Aug. 21, 2023), https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aopl/202308210304.aspx(last updated Feb. 19, 2025).
3.評論文章
Blattner, Charlotte, Separation of Powers and KlimaSeniorinnen, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (Apr. 30, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/separation-of-powers-and-klimaseniorinnen/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Bocchi, Marco, The Effectiveness of the Pilot Judgment Procedure: A Comparative Case-Study on Inhuman and Degrading Treatment Against Detainees in Russia and Italy, Workshop on the ECtHR Tampere 2015 Blog (Feb. 9, 2015), https://blogs.tuni.fi/ecthrworkshop/yleinen/bocchi/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Carrillo Bañuelos, Jorge Alejandro & Tigre, Maria Antonia, The ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Climate Change: Key Takeaways from the 2024 Hearing (Part 3), Columbia L. Sch.: Climate L. Blog (Mar. 12, 2025), https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/climatechange/2025/03/12/the-icjs-advisory-opinion-on-climate-change-key-takeaways-from-the-2024-hearing-part-3/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Chris, Hilson, The Meaning of Carbon Budget within a Wide Margin of Appreciation - The ECtHR’s KlimaSeniorinnen Judgment, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (Apr. 11, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/the-meaning-of-carbon-budget-within-a-wide-margin-of-appreciation/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Cohen, Miriam et al., Reparation for Climate Change at the ECtHR: A Missed Opportunity or the First of Many Decisions to Come?, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (May 10, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/reparation-for-climate-change-at-the-ecthr/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Eeckhout, Piet, From Strasbourg to Luxembourg? – The KlimaSeniorinnen Judgment and EU Remedies, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (June 5, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/from-strasbourg-to-luxembourg/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Higham, Catherine, Keuschnigg, Isabela, Chan, Tiffanie & Setzer, Joana, What Does the European Court of Human Rights’ First Climate Change Decision Mean for Climate Policy?, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (May 15, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/what-does-the-european-court-of-human-rights-first-climate-change-decision-mean-for-climate-policy/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Jahn, Jannika, The Paris Effect: Human Rights in Light of International Climate Goals and Commitments, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (Apr. 25, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/the-paris-effect/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Lupin, Dina, Tigre, Maria Antonia & Urzola Gutiérrez, Natalia, KlimaSeniorinnen and Gender, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (May 9, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/klimaseniorinnen-and-gender/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Reich, Johannes, KlimaSeniorinnen and Choosing Between Imperfect Options: Incorporating International Climate Change Law to Maintain the ECHR’s Relevance Amid the Climate Crisis, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (April 18, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/klimaseniorinnen-and-the-choice-between-imperfect-options/(last visited May 19, 2025).
Staden, Andreas von, A Further Constitutionalization to the Detriment of the Individual? The Burmych v. Ukraine Judgment of the ECtHR, VÖLKERRECHTSBLOG (Oct. 23, 2017), https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/a-further-constitutionalization-to-the-detriment-of-the-individual/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Täuber, Niklas, Admissibility Revisited: EU Climate Litigation between Plaumann, Aarhus, and KlimaSeniorinnen, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (Oct. 16, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/admissibility-revisited/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Vidigal, Geraldo, International Trade and “Embedded Emissions” after KlimaSeniorinnen – The Extraterritoriality of Climate Change Obligations, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (May 1, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/international-trade-and-embedded-emissions-after-klimaseniorinnen/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Vinken, Moritz & Mazzotti, Paolo, The First Italian Climate Judgement and the Separation of Powers: A Critical Assessment in Light of the ECtHR’s Climate Jurisprudence, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (Apr. 22, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/the-first-italian-climate-judgement-and-the-separation-of-powers/ (last visited May 19, 2025).
Wegener, Bernhard, A Human Right to Climate Protection as “Life-Saving Treatment”? – Risks and Side Effects of the Climate Jurisdiction as Defended by Manuela Niehaus, VERFASSUNGSBLOG (May 3, 2024), https://verfassungsblog.de/a-human-right-to-climate-protection-as-life-saving-treatment/ (last visited May 19, 2025). |
| Description: | 碩士
國立政治大學
法學院碩士在職專班
107961051 |
| Source URI: | http://thesis.lib.nccu.edu.tw/record/#G0107961051 |
| Data Type: | thesis |
| Appears in Collections: | [法學院碩士在職專班] 學位論文
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Size | Format | |
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| 105101.pdf | 2729Kb | Adobe PDF | 0 | View/Open |
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